HomeMy WebLinkAbout0129.091• , .
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February 7, 1991
THE HONORABLE CIT~ COUNCIL
Palo Alto, California
urban Water Management Plan
Members of the Council:
Report in Brie'
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_'.; ".';",~l. !'lCe't...LIlij. fO.lS Staff Report
end Plan i.s distributed in this
pack.et for e.a.rly revie-.,.
Atta~hed is a copy ot the 1990 urban water Management Plan, a
major update and amendgent to the 1985 Urban Water Management
Flan (u~P}. This updated plan is scheduled for approval and
adoption at the Council meeting of February 25th. A copy of the
prqposed plan is being 5ub~itted in advance to provide
preparatory ti.e for review.
Baekqrourac!
The Urban Water Management Planning Act, Assembly Bill 797
(AB797}, required water utilities such as Palo Alto to prepare
and adopt an Urban Water Management Plan by December 31 1 1985.
The law also requires Palo Alto to review and update its plan at
least once every five years. Palo Alto's 1990 updated and
amended ~~ complies with and contains all the components
4equired by AB191 and is consistent with Pal~ Altols
Comprehensive plan.
The 1990 ~~ outlines existing and anticipated future conditions
as they relate to water demand, supply and operations. The plan
describes a stable historical supply situation and emphasizes
that there are no lonqer unlimited~ cheap sou~ces of water
available. Uncertainties about the future include both quantity
and quality of vater. As statewide ~ater resources are reviewed,
especially under the increased scrutiny due to the current
drouqht l it is clear that water must be used in the most
efficient way possible.
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The most important component of the 1990 UWHP is the section
d.~cribin9 the Utility's plans to implement new proqra~8. Staff
recommends that the Utility embark on an agqressiye set of
programs beginning in 1991. to increase long-term w~ter use
efficiency and assure that ~ater quality matches end use needs
for each customer group~ The decision to actually proceed with
the recommendations will be predicated upon Obtaininq reasonable
assurance from our water supplier that Palo Altots allocation of
water in the future will not be adversely atfected~
This report highlights key issues to keep in mind ~hile reviewing
the attached 1990 L~P.
Water 9upply~itpat]oD
Prudence dictates that the current ~ ... ater shortage be viewed as a
significant event "that is going to have widespread and long-term
implications. There are pressures on many fronts whicb viII
impact long held water rights ir.cluding those oL ~r suppller~
the San Francisco Water Department (SFWDJ. For example. the Bay
Delta Hearings will likely result in an additional diversion of
fresh water to comply vith minimum flow requirements for fish and
to improve Bay-Delta estuary water quality. Staft expects that
increased efficier~y and appropriate use of water ~ill become
aajor criteria for d2termininq water allocation in the future.
Already, -best manaqement practices· for water agencies are being
defin~d by the cities, agencies, and other qroups who are party
to the Bay-Delta Hearings. These best manaqement practices
inclUde a specified level of conservation implementation and
reclaimed ~ater development and m~y become a part of the
statewide water supply equation.
~~ Contract Issues
Unfortunately, our Supply Agreement with SFWD contains elements
which may discourage conservation efforts~ One concern is that
if Pale Alto aggressively purs~es increasinq water etflciency in
tbe coming years, which results in permanently reducing
consumptio~ levels, then any future drought-related allocation
redUction targets will he extremely difficult to ~eet~
Another way that the contract with SFWD provides a disincentive
to either conserve or develop another source of water such as
reclaimed wastewater. is in the assignment of water use
allocations by recent historical use~ As use rises, 60 do
allocations, until the group of JO agencies who buy water from
SFWD jointly reach a contractual limit. If an agency reduces
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water use by implementinq si9nifican~ long-term conservation
prograws or $pending money to develop a reclaimed vater
distr-ibution system. its allocation of high quality Hetch Hetchy
water may be reallocated to anoth~r agency whose use continues to
ir~rease.
Both of these contractually related issues will have to be
adequately addressed, in order to sove ahead vith any new
aggressive water reducticn programs.
The programs proposed in the 1990 UWMP would result in a cost
impact to the water utility. It 1s expected that rates would
need to rise to some degree in order to cover the costs of the
proqrams and make up for the lost revenue from reduced sales.
Programs will be available to all custcMers~ Even if tne per
unit cost of .ater rises. those who participate will use less
water and receive the resulting econo~ic benefit~
••• SODS to Proee&4
staff recommends that the Utility proceed with the aggressive
conservation programs outlined in the 1990 VWMP~ At the same
tiaP.p staff is workinq with SFWD mana9~ment to obtain assurances
that they support changes to the contract (or the manner in which
water is allocated both for the long-tel~ and for shQrt-term
d~u9ht situations) which will protect Palo Alto's allocation.
The SFWD has already acknowledged the need to recognize strategic
reductions obtained through conservation in determining future
allocations and drought reduction schemes. Staff recognizes that
there are no absolute assurances that these changes wIll be
forthcoming in the near-term. However, we are con£ident that
they will ultimately be implemented since vater supply is a
regional issue, and all agencies are facing similar pressures to
reduce water consumption~
ReooM_Relation
staff recommends that the City and the Utility proactively pursue
efficiency improvements in light of the uncertainty of the long
term supply sltuation~ As these programs are i~ple~ented,
utilities staff viII fully document the resulting-'Water savings~
rt is expected that this documentation will be required in any
allocation scheme that results frOD contract amendments~
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sta~t further believea that the slight upward iMpact on rates is
justi~1ed. Hopefully, the m~asure o~ comparison betyeen
surrounding cities ~ill shift from rates to relative efficiency or resource use.
staff recon~ends that Council approve the 1990 UWMP vhich ranges
tro. extended use of reclaimed water to providing incentives for
installing water saving devices. Assuming some version of the
Plan 1s adopted by council on F~bruary 25, 1991, selected
programs that were rcco~ended viII be brouqht to Council during
the 1991-92 aid-cycle budget process. However, Council may wish
to exercise a policy option ot withholding action on budgeted
programs until soch time as our water contract is amended to
protect the city's future allocations.
Respectfully submitted I
to ... 1,)'1 :.rTt'n.i(f' f ')0.1 <4
RONALD P. BELVAL
Enqineerinq Manager, Energy Planning
CXRa:1Z, •• 1
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RESOLUTION NO.
RESOWTION OF THE Cou:.~CIL OF .r.HECI1'Y OF PALO ALTO
AMENDInG, DIRECTING FILING, AND AUTHORIZING IMPLE
MEtlTATION' OF 'l'HE CITY OF PALO ALTO URBA.~ WATER
MANAGEMENT PLAN
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'f,;"HEREAS .. the Urban Water Mdn;lgE"ment Planning A.ct, ~'ater
Code section 10510 gt §.¢ .. g., requir-es every urban suppl ier of ":ater
providir;g rr.ora than 3,000 customers or supplying more t,han J .. OOO
acre feet of ~ater ~nnually. to prepare an Urban Water Manage~ent
Plan (I"Plan-) .. the primary function 0.[ which is to describe ar.d
evaluate reasor.a~le and practical efficient water uses and
conservation activities: and
~IEREAS. the Urban Water Management Planning Act requires
periodical raview of the Plan at least cncp.. every five years,
followed by any amendments or changes to the Plan w"hich are
indj~atcd by the review; and
WHEREAS. the City is an urban wdtcr supplier and in 1990
revie¥ol'cd its 19S5 Plan and circulated for public review proposed
amen,jments to the Plan, and a prop~rly noticed publ ic hearing
r~garding Plan amendments ~as held by the city Council on February
19 r 1991;
NOli, THEREFORE, the council of the City of Palo It-.lto do€s
RESOLVE as follows:
$j:CTION J~ The 1950 Urban water M.:3nagement PI an, a:=::
amended j3 hereby adopted .
. C:;RC:T.ION 2. The city Manager is hereby authorized and
directoo too file th!J Plan Update '.dth the Calii(~rnia D.crart:ment of
lil'ater He!::ources 'Within 30 days after its adoption.
f.Ec;i'ION_:!. Tho City Manager is h~reby authorizE>d to Cd\,Se
ir1plemc:nLati:m of the Dy-bar. Water M2:nagern('nt Plan J as an.ended.
~_F..crIQli. __ J". The Council finds th.Jt, pursuant to Hater Code
~H~ction J0652, ador,tion of the plan is not subject t,o the cal j Cc.r
nj~ Environ!'Jcntal Quality Act.
AYES:
NOES~
ABSTENTIOIJS:
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ATTEST:
City Clerk
APPROVED AS 1~ FORM:
City Attorney
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A~PRO""'£D;
Mayor-
CityManager
Director of Utilities
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Urban Water
Management
Plan /) 1990
CIty of Palo Alto
~ Department
P.o. Sole 10250
Palo ell 94303
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DRAFT
CITY OF PALO ALTO
UTILITIES DEPARTMENT
RESOURCE PLANNING DIVISION
URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLAN
UPDATE AND AMENDMENT DECEMBER 1990
PREPAItED BY '110!. tmLlTll!S DUAIlMENT
UNDDt '110!. DIRECTION ()II
RJOIAJU) YOUNG, DIJtECI'OR ()II ununES
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TABU OF CONTENTS
1. EXECUI'I\",E SUMMARY 1
PlltpoSe ••..••...•.. • . • . • • . . . . . • . • . . . . . • . . . • . • . . • • . . . . • 1
Background •••.•.•.••••••••.•••••••..•••••••.••.••.••.• 1
Conclusions ............................................. 3
PHYSICAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 4
Water Delivery and Storage Systems 4
Water Quality ........................................... 6
Operation of D~In"bution System (;
FORECAST ............................................. . 7
Historir,a! Water Use •. , . • • • . • . . . . • • . . • . • • . . . • . . . . • . . • . . • • 7
Historical Supply Deficiencies .. . . • .. .. • • .. .. • . .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . 7
Forecast Methodology ..................................... 10
4. EXISTING RESOURCES .................................... II
Supply·Side Resources ........................... . . • .. .. . . II
Sa. .. Francisco Water Department
Wens
Sanla Oara yaney Water District
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TABLE OF CON'IUiTS
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4. EXISTING RLSOURCES (Continued)
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Demand-Side Resources .......••...•.•..••.....•....•••••. 14
General Public lnfonnation
Metered Connections
Waler Rate Design
M"mimaI Water Kits
J...mdscape Guidelines
On-Sile Services
Worltsilop
Demonstrations
Direct Installation Program
Reeognition Awards
Water Management Committee
Water Usc Ordinances
Special Events
Hotel/Motel/R •• laurant Costorne",
Schools Outreach Prognun
Redaimed Water
City FllCIuties
MARGINAL CO&"l' OF NEW OR EXPANDED SUPPLY 23
Economic Analysis Teclmique •.....•••...•....•.....•••••.•. 23
Production Cost Model •••••.....•••...•.•.•.....•••....••• 23
DevekJpment of Plarning Scenario. ......•...•.•.••........... 24
Marginal Cost of Supply 24
.-llTURE RESOURCES ..••.. ' ..•••••....•....•...•••.•.••.•. 26
Supply-Side Resources • . • . . • • • • • . . • . • • . . • .. . . • .. • . • . . .. . . . 26
San Francisco Waler Department Ncar-Term
Water Supply Situation
San Francisco Waler Department Long·Term
Waler Supply Situ>ltion
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TABU; OF CONTENTS
" F1.1TUJ(E RESOURCES (Continued)
7.
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Wells
Santa Oara Valley Water District
Demand-Side Resources ................................... 30
WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PlAN .................... . 32
Water Management Programs 10 Implement in tile Next Five Years 32
Using ReclaimW Water
Usc of City Wens for Landscape Irrigation
l..aDds<ape Retrofit Program for Residential,
Multi·FamiIy and Commercial Customers
Water Managemenl Plan for City Facilities
Major Acwunts Customized Program
Multi-Family Indoor Water Ma!I2£elD"nt Program
Single-Family Residential Indoor Water Managemenl Program
Unnmercial Customer Indoor Water Management Program
ScbooIs Water Awareness Program
Pr~ and Service SUppliers Incentives Program
Water Management Programs NO! OIoscn for Implementation 55
&cbanges or Transfers
Management of Pressures/peaks
Flow Restrictors
Industrial Cooling Water Use -Air-Cooled Condensers
CONCLUSIONS 57
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APPENDICES
A 1985 Urban Water Managemerot Plan
B. Text of Leg!slation: AB191-Urban Water Management
Planning Act and AB266().-l990 Amendment 10 AB797
C. 19&9 Water U1111ry Plan Ret<lommeoo..OODS
D. Water C<llISWIIption -Historical and Projea~
E. Production C<ISt Model Desaiption
F. Planning Scenario Parameters
G. Service Area Information Worksbeets
H. &onomi< Analysis of Demand-Side Programs-Results
from WatcrPlanlV
I. Couna1 Resolution
J. Bibliography
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5.
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8.
L'lDEX OF FIGL'JtES
Water Facili!y Site Locations - -... -... - -... - -..• -.. - . -...
Historical "",d Projected Demand .. ' -.•. - -... --..•.•..••..
eo.. .. umptioo by Olstomer a... . ......... -..... ---...... -
F1$CaI Year 1989-1990 Sal •• by Cuotomer a... -_ ..... -_ .... .
T)'Pi<:aI Residential Water Use - -••••••.••••. -..••••. -• -••
Projected Sourus and Use. ..•.•...•.••••.... - - - -.... - - -
1988 Water Supply . -...•. -•••.•.•.• -••.••.•.... - -.... -
San Francisro Water Department Syst2m Forecast ........ -•..
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8
8
9
9
12
15
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LEGEND
ACRONYM DESCRIPTION
ABAG A!sodation of Bay Area G""ert1ll>eots
ARB ArcbilectuF'! Review Board
AWWA American Water Works Association
BAWUA Bay Area Water Users Association
BCA Baseline Consumption AllOWlUlCe
(;CF Hundred Cubic Feet
OSM Demand·Side Management
DWR Department of Water Resources
MOD Million Galloos per Day
RWQCP Regional Water Quality C<lntrol Plant
SAG Suburban Advisory Group
SCVWD Santa Qua Valley Water District
SDWA Safe Drinking Water Act
SFWD San Francisco Water Department
USGS United States Geologicaj Survey
UWMP Urban Water Management Plan
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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
PuRFOSE
The Urban Water Management Planning Act, Assembly Bill 797, required waler
utilities.. including Palo Alt~ to prepare and adopt an urban water management
plan containing prescribed elemenu by December 31,1985. The plan must be
filed with the California Department of Water Resources (OWR). In addition,
the law requires Palo Alto to review its plan at IeasI once eve ry five years and
make cltanges or amendments as appropriate. This plan is a major update and
ameods the 1985 Urban Water Managemern Plan (UWMP) adopted by the City
in its entift:ty.
AB797 requires water utilities to compare the costs of new and expanded supply
resources with alternatives such as reclaimed water and coIl5ervatioI! programs.
Palo Alto's 1990 updated and amended UWMP romplies with lllld contains all the
requlred components or AB7'T1. The UWMP outlines historical, existing and
anticipated future conditions as they relate to demand, supply and operations. and
..... luat .. altomotives for responding to those oonditioll.5,
Development of the UWMP is consistent with Goal VI, Objectives 8 and 9, of the
City of Palo Alto Utilities Department Strategic Plan and with Palo Alto's
CmnprcbeDOive Plan.
BACKGROUND
The City of Palo Alto Water Uuuty was formed in 1896 when the City began
operation of tbe municipal w.:U system, Well water was the City's sole source
through the year 1938 when the supply was supplemented with purcbases from the
San Francisco Water Department" (SFWD) Hetcb Hetcby water system. In 1962,
continuous operation of the wells was terminated and the SFWD became the
City's sole supplier.
in the last few decades. the Watel U!luty bas been operating, for the most part,
as a distnlrution .service wherein maintenance and infrasUucture activities
dominated. The City's wells were maintained as an emergency source of supply.
Water quality monitoring and faciliti .. maintenance tept pace with evolving
situations and regulations. The drought of 197f>. n and tile current drought focus
atienti{Jn on water as a limited resource, stimulating a higher level of water
awareness among the City's private and oorporate citizens. Recently, bowever, tile
heretofore stable environment of the local water indUSlry has begun to change.
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The high ra,e 0( growth in population and commercial(mdustrial activity in
California l5 pushing the limits 0( the Woo," Iimi'ed wat.r r.source,. State action
may a1t.r eenlUry-old ..... t.r rights and modify the statc's cxiSling water allocations.
FurtherlllOU, increasingly stringent dri.nkins water standards may roquire
extenm-e capital investmeftts in treatment Cacilities. This all comes 8t a ltme
when much of the infrastructure 0( Palo All" is reaching the end 0( its ~fecycle
and will continue 10 require exlensi •• and C06tJy rehabilitation.
Long-term water utilily planning is critical in the face of this changing
environmenL TIle 1989 Water Unlity Plan (WUP) was adopted in New.mber
1989 as an attempt to capture tile essence of lhat environmenl The "''UP made
recommendations for guiding the City's Water Utility through the uncertain
future. This UWMP expands 011 the VlUP by providing an economic analysis
comparing e:<panded .upplies to alterruotives induding redaimed wastewat.r and
DeW ronservetion programs. A first step In planning for the future is forecasting
the City'. long-term water needs.. A twenty-year water consumption forecast,
completed In January 1990, projects virtually no growth over 1984 levels.
Variables affectinB the forccast include raInfaI~ tempera .. ,r. and population.
Wbile the areas surrounding Palo Alto have e>perienced significant growth, the
City has maintained and is CIpe<"ted to continue to mainlain a r.latively stable
population. In addition, the Cit)' is an urban area with no agricultural customers
served by the Water UtHity. The forecast represents a slight decrease In per
capita consumption, reflecting the City'. commitment toward continued empbasis
OD incrcasbg efficiency of use.
The nalur. 0( the Cit)"s contract with the SFWD means that if. in ract, demand
stays cIo5e to current levels, the City ",ill be guaranteed. !.arge ponion of that
demand. Nonetheless, a gap l5 still anticipated between supply and demand. This
gap, in addition to the eircumstan<:eo involving the SFWD syslo m, requires that
the City be proactive on supply iosu.,.
In the near term, the mid-199<Jo, the SFWD system may race a peaking capacity
shortage due to the size limitations of its cross-valley transmission faolilies.
DuriP.g high-demand periods, whicb coincid. with bot summer weather patterns,
the transmission system may reach its bydraulic capacity limiL In the long term,
the SFWD system will be unable 10 meet currently projected levels 0( demand.
Additionally, the State Water Resources Conttol Board'. Bay-Delta Hearings,
whicb are currently in progress, could impact the SFWD's water rigbts sudt that
fu rther entitlementS would be limited or ptobibited.
As a result. supply alternativco to Hetch Hetcby are being pursued. Alternatives
include the Santa aara Valley Water District (SCVWD), the City weU system and
waler reclamation. The utilization of any 0( these sources would involve initial
capital outlays for transmission facilities and possible compromises in waler
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qualil)'. Consideration of tbe.se sources lends itself weU to the concept of Lie
segmentation of the water market into use. witb bigh-and Iow-qualil)'
te<jUiremenls.
Another option lhat can be used in conjunction with the allemati •• supply·side
measures is the adoption of demand-side programs. Demand-side management
(DSM). like sources of supply, can reduce tho gap between supply and G< mac,c.
bul bas the advantage of fewer political and environmental impacts.
CoNCLUSIONS
The requirement to write the UWMP give, PaJo A1lO the opperturnl)' to describe
its water manqemenl plans for the nexl five years. Allhough Palo Alto bas had
demand-side manaaemenl programs in place for years. the currenl droughl and
~ty aboul Ioo&-terro supply availability prompts an expansion of those
prograa ...
The Utilit)l plans 10 emba,k on an aggresm·. sel of programs beginning in 1991 to
increase Ioo&-lerm water use efficien<y in Palo Alto. Different programs target
each CU5IOmer class 10 effectively address the waler end-use characteristics of each
group.
Evaluation of a1ternatiyC5 eubninated in the selectio. of many C06l-effective
options for Palo Alto to pursue. The "",ter savings estimated are significanl and
long-tenD. These ¥ogRms help meel the goal of .DSUrL~g thai all waler
consumed in Palo Alto is used in the mosl e!fident mllIUler possible as is
n«essary for a limited natural resource.
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2. PHYSICAL SYSTEM DESCRIPTION
WATER DELJ:YEIIY AND STORAGE SYSTEMS
San Fralicieco WIII8r Dapartment Connections
There ore four connections to the SFWD pipelines wbere Palo Alto's waler
distribution system re~ives its potable water supply. The .. are ""own on
figure I as the Lytton, California, Page Mill and Arastradero Stations.
The ~-regulating valves and fluoridation eqwprnent at these stations are
inspected every other day. The regulating valve, are over!lauled every three to
four years. Repairs at the connection facilities are performed on an as-needed
basis with 110 preventative main~ program due to currenl staffing levels. A
consultanl bas been seleaed to malte recommendations relative to updating the
waler re~Mng slations and the related monitoring systems.
WeIB
The Cour klp-producing wells were fitted with chlorine and fluoride injection
pumps and were operaled contlnuously during the summer 0( 1988 in response 10
drought conditions and SFWD rationing. In spit~ 0[ the 31-year-old equipment
and past maintenance on an as-needed basis, these four wells were able 10 pump
~ _ter, In <:<Injunction with strong conservation etroru, to meet
consumption needs and still avoid any penalties from the SFWD.
During nonnal years the wells are lesl-pUmped three or four limes a year. These
four wells have been recommended for refurbishing to maintain them in good
operating order.
Reservoirs
Reservoir> ]Qeated in the City', bigher .levations are operaled on a ""ntinDal
basis from ApriJ through November. In November, the reservoir> are filled and
the boosIer pump stations are secured Cor the winter due 10 minimal demand
during this period. In March, the waler, which has been stored during the winter
months for emergency purposes. is drained ba<:k into the system. Th. reservoir>
are then refiUed for use during the summer lIIODths. Repairs at the reservoir
Cacilities are per/o;med on an as-needed basis. The five foothill water reservoirs
are aureotly undergoing internal recoating and seismic prot~on improvements.
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WATER QUAUTY
AI. the water wboleoaler, SFWD is responsible for verifying that raw water sources
and treated water al their treatment facilities are in compliance with the Safe
Drinkins Water A<I (SDWA). To that end, a complet~ alUllJ5is of general
mineral, metal, and nitrate concentrations of all water sources is conducted at
least annually by SFWD. Herbicide and pesticide concentrations arc cbecked at
l.ast eveJY three years and radioactivity is tested ev.ry four years. In addition,
SFWD checks the turbidity ¢ all treated water on a daily basis.
AI. the ..... I~r retailer, Palo Alto is currently responsible for monitoring color,
odor, turbidity, clJIorine residual, temperature, conductivity and pH on a monthly
basis. The City tests fluoride and bacteriological quality ... e-.llly at representative
customer taps.
OP£JtATION OF THE DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
Main Rushing
Water mains throughout the City are flushed 00 an annual basis, except in
drought yean. The process of Oushlng the .ntire distnbution system is performed
within a o""-wc<ok period. V .... hydrants are ~ncd in order to flush out any
sediment that may bave coUectcd during the winter monlhs when water usage is
low. An estimate is made of the quantity of waler used in this ~ and,
therefor., is 110( considered to be a part of the system Io!;ses or unaccounted·for
water.
BacIdIow Pra..mion
TItle 11 of the California Administrative Code requires assignmenl of staff 10
investigate poI8b1e water/wastewat.r aoss-connection problems. Respon.ibilities
include continually survcyins the water system for cross-ronnection potential, and
maintaining and enforcing the cross-connection program. The City's cross
connection program has been app!oved by the State and the system survey is
Il~rway.
Water Valve 0p.llilion
Of the 3,900+ water main vaJves, approximat.ly on. third are inspected and
exercised annually. This does 110( III«t AWWA standards thaI require thaI all
valve. within a water cflStnDution system be inspected and operated annuany. AI.
staff time allows, yalves found to be DOn-functiolUll are replaced on an as·needell
basis.
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3. FORECAST
A Iong-Ierm fore<!ast 0( lotal Cily waler ronsumption is produ<ed annually. Th.
most rea:nl foreeasl, done in Janu81)' 1990, predicts virtuany no growth through
the twenly yea!' period (Figure 2). Reasons for this leveling out include the
slowing 0( population growth and bwlding ac-.ivity and the conservation ethi<
re<ulo"8 from the two r«:en! drought periods (1977·78 and 1~87·9O). This
forecast is the most likely case. Actual use will .ary with deviations from
expected values in temperature, rainfall, and population growth, the latter of
which is significantiy influenoed by City Council policy.
The most nolallie aspect of !be foreast is that the base case predicts total City
consumption will remain below pro-1977 drought levels throughout the nexl
twellty yean.
HISTORICAL WATER UsE
The two drought periods baye had • profouDd effect on UtHity and customer
attitudes as wen as the mechanism used in water consumption. Substantial capital
investments were made in 1977 toward more water-effident equipment in the
commercial and industrial sectors.. New construction in every .sector-is subject to
increasingly stringent regl..llaOO!l! regarding water-ronsuming appliances and
fixtures. Additionally, the re<:ent drought has added significantly 10 the
de>elopment 0( extensive demand-:;ide planning activities in the water uulity
industry.
Figure 3 shows that !be per<:entage 0( consumption of each custome, class has
remainod virtually conslant for lbe last twenty years and, based on ;he City-",ide
Land Use and Transportation Study, no major shifts in Ihis trend are expected.
Examination of IT 89·90 ronsumptiOD (Figure 4) reveals that the resideDdal
sector (single-and multiple·fL'71i1y dwellings) is responslble for 50% of total City
sales. The commercial and industrial sectors consume 39% and pubUc and City
f""mlles use the remaining 11%_ Further breakdown 0( a .ingle fanuly residential rome (Figure 5) shows that irrigation, shower> and toilets r.pr""enl over 80% of
Ihe typical home requirements.
HISTORICAL SuPPLY DEFICIENCIES
The Cily of Palo Alto's water utility has experienced no r.gul .... Of frequent supply
def1ciencies during the period of record. However, curtaIlments were requested
by our supplier during !he 1976-n droughl and t1v, current drooghl period. The
25% curtal1ments in 1976-n were adlieved by voluntary reductions. !be
1
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CITY OF PALO ALTO WATER CONSUMPTION
Historical and Projected
10
MlllonCCF
•
•
7
S
4~~~~~~~~WW~~~~~~~'~~~ _ 1812 1816 11180 _ !N& _ _ 2000 2OIJ.C 2008
4
3
2
FI8C8I Year Ending
Figure 2
CITY OF PALO ALTO WATER UTILITY
CONSUMPTION BY CUSTOMER ClASS
ro n ~ n n ~ ~ ~ • N ~
fISCAL YEAR EHD\tIO
FIGURE 3
B
•
CITY OF PALO ALTO WATER UTILITY
FY 1989/90 Sales By Customer Class
Mut!l Family
"$
City FacWtlis e...
lndu:strJal
1711
FIGURE "
TYPICAL RESIDENTIAL WATER USE
Irrigation ~
~\
TOIi.t~~II'
FIGURE 5
.. <-:,.
establisbmeDI of. an inverted block water raU schedule, the development of. •
consemuioD program, and mandatory allocations and penalties. for the 25%
curtailmelllS effc<:tive durini the curreDI drought, Palo Alto implemented a
Droujbt Rate Schedule and expancle<l Public Information ...,d Conservation
Edua.tion programs.
FORECAST MEntoooL06V
A regression analysis was penonned tha. relales the historicaJ purchases to City
population, local rainfall, and local temperatures. In conjunction "'ith the use of
variables accounting for >easO!laI and drought condition." the .. factors combine to
closely approximate historicaJ purcJwes.
The ~ projections reOect the foDow'.ng conditions; drought restrictions eroding
in May 1991; normal temperature and raln!all as defined by the State Oima
tologist; and population growtb as publiShed by the Associ.tion of Bay Area
Governments (ABAG).
High and low projections were developed using likely high and low values of the
independent variables. High and low ,1I1u .. for rainfall and temperature are
based on the five-year average high and low durations from normal. Population
bandwidths were derived from discussions witb Planning Department staff. Using
variable width bands tends 10 smooth out the transition from current levels 10 the
high and !ow ...... in comparison to standard deviation bands that produce
dramatic in<:ongroities from current 10 high and low values.
The most notable element of this forecast i:; the current droughL Although
roDSU rnption bas remained below pre-19n drought levels, the exlent to wbicb
consumption rebounds to pre-1988 droughl levels will greatly impact the accuracy
of Ibe forecast as well as its effectiveness as a planning loot Sioce the demo
grapbic circumstances of the City are do..<e 10 buOdoo!. there is • high ckgree of.
comfort regarding the slow growtb rate. Thus, it is the level rather tban the
slope of the forea.st about which there is the most uncertainty_ Examination of
figure 2 shows thai the forecast seems to /snore the possibility of future droughts.
Given the recent history and assuming the state wIll bave an increasing propensity
towards shortages (mcreasing population, increasing demand. but s:atic supply),
it is reasonable to assume a number of shortag .. in the lleJIt 20 years. This
possibility is disa.....:! more in Section S where plaruting scenarios are developed.
10
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4. EXISTING RESOURCES
SuPPLy-SIDE RESOURCES
San rr.1deco Wner ~
Contract
Sin<:e 1962, Palo Alto bas purclJased e"",ntially all of its wale' from the SFWD
with two short-term eltoeptiOIlS wben wells were used. In 1974, Palo Alto filed •
lawsuit agaimt its water supplier, the City and County of San Francisro, in protest
of an increase in water rates thai was hig.~er (or suburban wholesale oustomers
than il was for direct ,et .. " <U5I<lmers. Palo A110 is one of 30 water agencies, or
suburban purchasen, that purchase water wholesale from SFWD. All olber
..,burban purchasers later joined Palo Alto in the suit.
In 1984, settlement ""gotiations resulted in lbe "Settlement Agreement and
Master Water Sales Contract Between the City and County of San Francisro and
Certain SIlburban Purchasers in San Mateo, Santa Oar. and Alameda Counties"
(Agreement). The Agreement was approved in 1984 and will remain in effect for
2S years.
When the Agreement was slgntd in 1984, eacb agency's minimum water
allocation, or supply assuran<e, was set. The Agreement stipulates thaI, every
three yean, Ibis supply assurana: is to be adjusted to reflect the average amount
of water used by each agency during lbe preceding three-year period.
Ad'JUSllllents are made for 1D<rease.s only; an agern:y whose average purchases
have decreased from the preceding period will contlnue to receive its prior
allocation.
The first three-year period was recently completed and the new aDocations are
based on usage during fiscal years 1984-85, 1985-86 and 19116-81. Palo Alto'S
guaranteed annual water purchase amount bas been increased from 1,580,463
bundred cubic feet (CCF) or 1554 million gaDollS per day (MGD) to 8,020,744
CCF or 16.44 MGD (Figure 6).
It should be noted that !be period CO\Iered by lbe three·year provision can be
changed by una,1imous collSent of the purchasers if any of the years are abnormal.
For example, the current dtougbt years will not be considered in the next
calculation.
11
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~
PROJECTED SOURCES AND USES
Supply Assurance VS. Projected Demand
Million CCF ______ ~ _________ __,
'J ~.""a.~~~ . '. .. . . .. I
7
6.15~
61 ! --'---' I
1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008
Fiscal Year Ending
D Heloh Hetchy Supply -+--ProJeoted Oem and ~ Helch Hetohy or
Other Supply
FIGURE 6
,
.
It
/.
The increues in supply .... urance will continue until the 30 suburban agencies
readl I combined total allocation 0( 184 MGD. As 0( July 1, 1987, the latest
figure unaffected by drouuJlt-relatcd conservation, agencies were purchasing 170
MOD. Oaa: the waler agudes reacb the 184 MGD level, all waler above each
Individual ",en<:y's alIcx:arlou will be charged al a higher unil .... te. This bigher
rate ,..,11 rcflecl lbe SFWD's loss in power .. Ies rovenue that may direcily or
indirectly result from the sale of water above the 184 MOD level to the suburban
agencies and • subsequem cleaease in hydroelectric generatio,,"
Although the Agreement .Ial" that the SFWD guarantees water deli""ries only
up 10 184 MGD for the 30 SIIOOrban ",eodes, the system is capable of delivering
additil)nal water. Based on the Bay Area Water Users ... .ssociation Planning
Committee-' involvement in the SFWD Master Resource Plan, it is known Illat
the system Qln currently deliver a lotal of 325 MOD to both suburban and direct
San Francisco CUS1Omers. While the Agreement rec:ognizes the SFWO's long-term
""mmltment 10 supply potable water to the suburban ",encies, it does not addre"
the relatioosblp between the eaisting system capabilities and the contractual
limitatiOJl5. Staff will continue its involvement with the Planning Committee in an
effort 10 better define this unresolved contractual issue.
Mmi"m tration
The Agreement recognizes twO advisory groups. The first group is the Suburban
Advisory Group (SAG) thai is made up of one representative of each 5Uburban
purclwer. The Agreement states that SFWD and SAG shall meet for diJ<;ussions
en an annual basis to keep the suburban purchasers apprised of SFWD pions and
programs.
The second group is the five suburban representatives that are selected by the
SAG to represent the suburban purchasers in the month-to-month administration
0( the Agreement with SFWD. Palo Alto has been appointed as ODe 0( the fIVe
suburban rcpresentetives.
A group that is not formally re<:ogniz<d by the contract hut which coordinates the
",encies' eoneetiV< planning efforts is the Bay Are. Water Users Association
(BA WUA). BA WUA is an association 0( the rhirty water agencies served by
SFWD. Recently, BA WUA has taken steps to become illCOJpOrated in order to
expand its rights, powers, and protectlo","
By providing staff and time to lead the suburban representatives and BAWUA,
Palo Alto remains involved in and bas opportunities to influence issues that will
directly impact the City's ability to provide potable water into the hlllre.
13
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.~ 1-
The City of Palo Alto establlihed ill weU S)'tem in 1896. The ~ntire ..... t.r supply
Cor the City was derived from weUs until 1935 .. he.o the purrhase 01 H.tch Hetchy
wale. from SFWD was initiated In 1962, the contim1Ot:S operation 01 the well
system was terminated and SFWD water became the City's main source 01 supply.
Nonetheless, len city _Us were mainla.ined until 1988 as an emergency ..... ler
supply (F'lgure I). Four of the weUs were sealed in 1988 and 1989 aft~r a study
indicated that ~ were no loItier seM~l ..
SiD« the introduction 01 SFWD .... ter inlO the City syslem, tile remaipJng six
wells have been used minimally for .... ler production. The exceptions ha"e been
durin!! • 1976 SFWD strike and apin durirl& the summer of 1988 when the wells
were used to IUpplement the Oty's waler supply due 10 reduced water allocation
from SFWD (F'lgur. 7).
A Report on the Cogditiqn ql Ib-Cil)' ql Palo Altp w.!! System (Repon) was
prepared in early 1988. The purpose ql the Report was to review the adequacy of
the Cit1. ten wells. The Repon and its re"""""".dations were approo.d by the
City CoonciI.
ReCOllllllendations were made fot improv.m.nts to four wells (Hale, Rinconada,
Peers Park, and Meadows) and ibaDdonmenl of four .... 11 siles (Park, Tower,
Seale and Middlefield). The Park wen was sealed in 1988 and the Tower,
Middlefield and Seale wells were Iealed in lWlt 1989. Furth.r waler quality
ewluations on two wells (MaIUao and Fernando) will be rruode prior to a final
recommendation 10 abandon ot improve them.
The City of Palo Alto, by virtue 01 its 1ocation in Santa Oara County and the
existence 01 the City wen 5JI$Iem, is considered a SCVWD relaU water agency.
Although Palo A110 does no( dirCClly receive .... ler clcliveries from SCVWD waler
treatment facilities, SCVWD asseoaes a grounc!waler withdrawal charge (pump
tax) wilen the City wells are used.
DEMAJID-SIDE REsouaca
Deman<J.slde !II&IIagOIIlOnl caD provide a means of meeting Palo Alto', water use
needs with Ie!s ..... ler. Also demand-side management can be considered a source
of additional water supply Cor the limpl. reason that water cor.se rved by currenl
users becomes available for oew lISen and uses. This conserved water supply is 01
high.r"luality than a1ternaUve supply sourCOl &uclI as groundwater or imporied
waler. Further, using this supply Is elMronmentally sound wd avoids the political
14
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-'"
1988 Palo Alto Water Supply
SFWD and City Well System
Thousand CCF
800r------~------------
600
400
200
o I --'
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Month
CJ SFWD Supply -i--Total Water Supply ~ Oily Well Supply
Figure 7
,
, -
,
< -
problemo MSOciated with most new waler supply projects. Active DSM programs
can also provide the Cily with a bedge against tutu,e drougbts by lowering basic
warcr requiuments for all custome~.
By onaIyzins eonsumption patterns and both customer and "Wily needs, • palette
of DSM aetiYities have been desisned and implementeil. These have • nabled
Palo Alto to continue to serve high quality waler to its customers.
DSM encompasses a wide range of activities. programs ami se;vices designed to
increase water use efficiency. reduce overall water use and influence when water
is used. Promoti<>na] and education programs, financial incentives, product
installations, guideline., regulations and strategic rate setting .. well as drougbt/
emergency planning are cumples of DSM.
The IlexJbility 0( DSM is one of its peatest assets. Levels or DSM efforts, and
the resulting _ter use impacts, can be adjusted quieldy 10 accommodate
uncertainty and rapid ebange in load powth, weather conditions and aval1ability
and price of. other supply sources. By contrast, most other supply sources do not
offer such O"",'biIiry because of. a>Dtract restrietions, construction lead limes, and
investment commitments.
Some disadvantages &£SOciatcd with using DSM as a source of supply include
reUabDity and acceptability. The U@ty loses • leYel of. control wben the source
lies in the individual customer'. use patterns and, thererore. also looses • Ie\leI of.
reliability. Additionally. DSM programs are sucassfuJ only to L~e extent that they
are embraced by the customer. Programs designed to elkit significanl behavior
modiflClltion or to introduce new or unfamiliar technologies may meet with
rustomer resisUmce.
Since the 1m drougbt period and continuing to date, staff bas developed water
conservation informational resources for residents and businesses as wen as
regulations 10 guide the City lowards maximally efficient lands<ape waler use.
The following section describes a ~st of current and past DSM prngrams
implemented by the City of Palo Mo.
Palo Alto has an extensive eolJection of educational ractsheets, brochures and
prnduct supp!ie~ guides de,igned to advise residents and businesses Oil all aspects
of. indoor and outdoor water management. Infonnalion is regularly updated and
expanded. The City also maintains a library of water management books, videos,
magazines, ele, aV3l1able as a resour~ 10 botb staff and customers. Conservalion
message. are disseminated via utilities bills and videos that are run on local cable
16
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cl181\11e!s. ~Mltion "",te ... signs. ,tkk .... bookmarks, etc. ar~ made
~ 10 !he public. A I'O\o'ins display circulates among City facilities and
various cu.stOmer sites to promote efficient ", .. ter ll13llagement.
News releases and advertisemen15 are used 10 bring .neotioo to water supply
developmeDlS and tonseIVatlon opporturJries. Targeted maIling<, including ien.rs
and neW!lette ... are seot 10 specific customer classes and groups to deliver
tailored water conservation information. BelWeen 10 and 16 utility bill inserts
prcMdins water supply and conservation information are is.'rued every year, (ten in
1990). Reaponse card> are frequently enclosed to ~Dcourage customers to roque"
more information or on-sile services.
Palo Alto has received recognition for ils information ~sources. 10 1989, it won
the Northern California Xerisc:ape Award of Excellence for il. Public Information
pf<lll"lUD. Other water agencies have iIlcorporaled Pal" Alto', faClsheets,
brochures, and guides into !IJejr own information campaigns.
One bundred pereent of the wat~r coooectio.,. are metered i 0 Palo Alto. This
has been t= !or over 3S yean;. Ouuging customers for water they actually
ronsume provides CUSlomers a way to cootroltheir water bills and creales an
incentive 10 use water efficiently.
Water Rae. Dill ..
Among a variety of ratemaking criteria common 10 !he industry, the crilerion of
promoting the efficient use of oeMee greatly influences Palo Alto', rate design
rompared with other Califorrtia water utilities. This is evidenced by the fact thaI
Palo Alto is amoog a small minority of Califorrtia water utHiries that incorporate.
an in\lerted rate structure in its rate design.. This rale structure charges
iocremeolaDy higher price. for higber-usage ineromeDIs.
Palo Alto provides water oeIYice to customers under a rale scbedule that comist.
of • mootItIy service charge based on the customer's meter size and .. schedule of
sill COIlSlUIIpIion rate blods with ascending prices for higher-usage kvels. The
initial rate block provides a minimum "baseline ano"'lU1ce" of 400 cubic feet
priced .t the lowest romrooc!ily rate.
This form of rate stru<ture was introduced in 1976, iD part to promote the
dlicient use of water. Then, as wen as today, most ulllities iD California
employed a descending water rate structure that lowers the prices as consumption
rises. "The City has viewed this declining blnck rate structure to be iDefficient in
17
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this era of decHnjng natural resources and high marginal costs to procure
additional water resources. Thus. the inverted rate structure is likely to continue
as the rate design al clIoice for Palo Alto.
J n addition, Palo Alto introduced a "Drought Rate Schedule" in May 1990. The
schedule was made effec:tive by the Oty OluDcil for the duration of Ibe C\1rrect
drought period.
C\l;tomets, however, are currently DOt under mandatory rationing from the uuilty.
Residential a..tome" are requ~ed 10 stay within the usage allowed in the two
lowest rate tiers; usage at higher tie" is charged at signifiantIy higher rate •.
Non-residential a..tome" are assigned baseline consumption allowance, (BCAs)
that are based on indoor usage. The BCA drives the rate scbedule for each
QlStomer with up to 90% 01' the BCA falling into the lowest cost tier, between
90% and 150% into the next lowest cost tier, etc. The highe't rates are charged
as c:omwnptioD goes above two times the BCA The higher-rate tie" prO\ide
reveDUe for Palo Alto to pay SFWO', fInancial penalties, should Palo Alto, as a
",!>ole, u=d its allocation from SFWD. The schedule allows for hardship
exemptions to·the Drought Rate Schedule.
Water kits that include toilet bap. leak detector tablets and basic home
conservation information are advortised and availabl. upon request. Shower flow
re,trictors are not included ir: these kits because they produce unsatisfactory
,howe" and unsatisfied customers. In tieD al the restrictors, 'pecific inf<>rrnalion
on high~fficiency showerheads and where to buy tbem is included.
The Utilities Oepartmenthas worked together witb the Planning Department 10
produce a set of Landscape Guidelines for use in planning new and renovated
landscapes in Palo Alto. The City's Architectural Review Board (ARB) review,
all plans requiring a City permit (mostly commercial properties) 10 ensure tbey
comply with these guidelines. 'The guidelines call for selection 01' plant materials
appropriate to Northern California', semi-arid climate, correct planning practices,
mulehing. and use allow-volume Irrigation systems.
In addition to the speci!'!. guidelines, • UKr'S Gujde has been prepared
descnbing the rules, procedureo and options in greater delan. The User's Gyjde
aJ.o serves to eapIain and promote water~ffic' .. nt landscape practices to the
residential sector.
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The Energy Services. .taff of the Utilities Department provides oo-site waler
audits and consultation vWts Cor both resideotial and commercial custome ....
Und5cape audits are patteme.l after !hose ~1ope<I by the California
Department of Warer Resour .... Master Water Auditor program and cover
irrigation ~m efficlency and appropriate turf ..,Iee-Joo. Indo<>< wat .. -saviog
measures are al50 1deDtified.
WorJcshops for various types of customers are developed to targe I specific needs
in the community. Examples are worJcsbops covering residential water use,
principles of xeriscaping and rommercial indoor process water use.
DemoIIlllrIlliol18
A collection of prodU<:! samples and demonstration ooices is maintained to belp
C\lSlomers become familiar with wbat is available. This coUection includes a
demo unit with a number of low-volume sbowerheads coone.red 10 • one pipe
fnme; tbuo, waler flow from the various lIIOd<ls can be compared. Additionally.
there is • demo unil comparing low-and rugh-flow showerheads 10 demonstrate
the difference ill waler use between the two models_ Touet dams, different
models of aerators and toilet flush lI'.cchanisms, as .... n as low-volume irrigation
components, are available for customer perusal.
Direct /,..., M lion ProgIam
A program the City offers seawoalIy involves direct installation of basic
residential conservation measures.. These m.ea.sures include low-volume
showerbeads and faucet aerato.... Promoted in utility bill inserts and occasional
ads in loc3I ncwspapen, installation is performed by either local high school
students or a small oumber of Ictnporsry personnel specially trained by the utility
staft Qu;1OmeJ$ pay • subsidized cost for the items. Thi< program is not
operated annuaJIy and its moot recent run was in the fall of 1987.
Recognition Awards
Commercial and industrial customers who have under..aken extensive or
inno'lative water conservation efforts are r«ognized at an annual luncheon hosted
by the Energy Services section. City staff also prepares Dominations of deserving
companies for water cooseMltion awards presented by other local or national
groups.
19
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In 1987, • Water Manqement Committee was Cornled to ""nduct waler
maD2&emenl Plannina for the City. Coordination ol the City response 10 the
current cIrouiht fell to thi& commiu.c. Committee membelS repr.senl all
appropriate City divilions -hrb, Facilities Maintenance, Planning. R Wocp,
and Utilities Customer Service and Billing. Energy Services, E..ergy Planning. and
Rat .. -in order 10 share infe>rmation and ""licH feedback on various elemenlS of
tbe plan 10 respond to tile drouibt and mandatOf)' restrictions from SFWD. This
c:ommittee bas been an effective way to communicate wHh all City departments
and the City Council about City-wide WIlte, m&nagement plans.
In 1989, a permanent ordinan<:e regulating water use was added to tile municipal
code ol the City ol Palo Alto. 'The ordinance prohibits flooding of gutt ... or
other unlandsc:aped areas, washinJ or hosing down vehicles or hard outdoor
surfaces unless the bose bas an oper&ting automatic .but.off valve, use of potable
water in CODStruction if redaimed water is avaiJable, and requires that broken
plumbing or ~ be repaired .. lOOn AS poosible.
With continuation of tbe currenl drOUibt. an em..rgenq ordinance was passed in
mid·I990. Untol r~n&:.I by tbe City Council, tbe emergency restrictions include:
(I) proJnbition of landscape watering between 10:00 a.m. a."Id 6:00 p.m.;
(2) proJnbition against use of pocablc water (other than from containers of five
gallons or less) for cleanina waJb, drivcways. parking lots, or otber hard surfaces;
(3) no use of potable waler 10 clean or maintain decorative fountains or ponds;
(4) DO serving of water in restaurants unless requested by tbe customer; and (5) a
prolubition on filling ncwly-constructed pools. bot rubs and spas ... ith waler from
the Palo Alto Water Utility.
A series of postcard notices and more sever.: violation notices bave been
developed for use in notifyiq dtiuns wIlo violate either ordinance. If custome rs
ignore warning notices, flow resIrictions are iDsLalled. In addition, "Gush Busters"
bave been hired to patrol the City by bicycle and moped. Their work enlal" both
enforcement of tbe orl!inan<>es ODd education of persons who may be ",osting
¥taler.
SpecIal &ems
SpcclaJ events are beld for th. geaecal public and sl"'cific groups. For example, a
water aware .... fair witb de~tions, exhibits, and a "Rain Dance" was held
at tbe Palo Alto Civic Center Plaza in November 1990. Energy Services provides
20
exhibits, demonstrltiollS and factsbeets for 'Water Awareness Days" at local
cnrponole or commercial offices, ~rgy Services staff also make presentations
upon request 10 local groups such as tile Board uf Realtors, Senior Cente., tile
SoroptlmislS and garden clubs,
1fotII/IIoIeI/flMtaunInt CuaIIgmera
A special effort bas been made to ... ork witll tills sector of til. business
community. Factsheets and water conservation bookie" aimed spedfically ..
these facilities bave been distn"buted. Also table tenl ca.li. with conse!Vation
messages au made avaOable free of eIIarge to restaurants and visitor
accommodations. The restaurant cards discuss how much water it 1<Ilc .. to wash,
fill and I<e an 8-oUJICC sJass of water and tell patrons tIlat wate r will be served
only upon request. The hotel cards alert visitors to drought and water supply
issues and request that people use water·wise practices while in town.
Sc:hooIa 0utreacI\ PIOfji_"
The Utility bas been actively involved in educating local school cluldren for many
years. This outreaell program directly reacbes about 400 students eacb year in
grades IC-12 tIlrougb classroom presentatiuns and bands-on demonstrations.
Additional students are reacbed through speciaJ poster contests, school assemblies
and eDVironmental fain. A special Water o.tective "oo.il yourself' bome audit
booklet was ~eated and sent home with all elementary school eIIildren (about
40(0) prioc 10 !beir 1990 summer vacation.
Nearly 175 elementary scbooI teacbers, librarians. media cente. technicians and
principals reaiv. our educational new;leners tIlat include article .. e>periments
and activities on various water topics. Energy Services also has a reference library
of curriculum materials like software, videos, films, curriculum guides, demonstra
tions. etc ... that are avai!able on loan to teachers. Oass ~ts of water educa1ion
materials are also provided to te.eIIers upon request. An in. eractive energy
software program was reprogrammed with a waler conservation component and
made available to scbooI cbi1dren and comu:ners.
The process for public purchase of reclaimed waler bas been simplified by
working with the manager of tile City wastewater treatment plant. Permitting was
streamlined and a source of supply made clearly accessible.
21
--
C\IrteI!tly Green Park is belna irrigated with a blend 0( potable and reclaimed
water, Plans ezist to clelivcr blode4 water to lrrlpte the City Golf Course which
is adja<lcltt to the treatment plant.
CIIy FacR ..
Indoor retrofits include d!anain,lhowerhoads and installing displ_nt devices
in tank toil.ts. Flush·redudna voIvd were tried in toilets but were removed due
10 user complaints; faulty tec!mology is considered the culprit. Conservation
remin<ler sip and >tidters are di5tn1lutod throughout City facilitie.. As. result,
leW are boins more promptly reponed to facilities management staff and are
quicldy Iixed.
Most 0( City water use is for irrigation 0( parks and other landscaped areas.
Work bas begun on the 10", and apensive process to renovate tbe City's aging.
inef!idellt irriptioo S)'1tems. A ceDlnll irription control unit is being imlalled
that wiD ~ be booked up to 1Il park irrigation systelIL'. eu. .... "'_')'.;,:.
boins set up to c:ootroI a uewly espaodod (7-... "j park that wiD also be irrigated
with a 5fJjSO blend 0( potable and reclaimed water. l.ands<:ape at tho City's
Water Quality Control !'Iant is inipted entirely with reclaimed water. Irrigation
systems at a major part (MiId>eU) and the City's CUltural Center have been
JC:DO'vated
Many 0( the City park plaotinp are drougb!·roleraot. A program is under way to
<:reate identilkatioo signs for ~ plants as I means 0( educaliD& the public
when tbe"j visit ~ parks.
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5. MARGINAL COST OF NEW OR EXPANDED SUPPLY
Ec~c ANALYSrS TECHNrOUE
11K technique used to evaluate future "'ater supply options and alternatives
... nsist5 of comparing the marginal cost of additional supply sources and til e =t
of alternatives. Since this analysis requires making assumptions about the future,
clearly UDOCnainty e.tists. Therefore, it is impossible to determine exact
oost:benefil ratios, nel benefits, elc., for eacl! alternative.
This uncenainty about the future has been addressed by creating more than ODe
future scenario. Tbese planning seena .... ios are then used to test the alternatives
and the ranse of results helps planner> decide bow volatile the alternatives are.
For example, if an alternative loots positive under an planning scenarios, it is
perhaps a better choice than one that look> good under some, but Il{)( other,
scenarios.
PRoouCTXON CoST MooEL
A production cost model for the waler ulllity was created as a planning tool It
calculates the production cost of meeting furecasted loads for • 2O-year planning
borizolL Production costs are costs incum;d in tbe production of the resource in
question and are usage·related \ ..... tot.al production cost falls if I"" resource is
used and rises if more resource is used). For example, the wbolesale cost of
water Crom each source is included. Distn'bution system maintenance costs are
oot included since lh<y are DOl dependent upon water flam;. Capital costs of
developing reclaimed water, for example. are aIS<> nor included.
Production cost models are useful in demand-and supply-side planning. espedaBy
to determine prO<IucUon OOSI savings due to programs such as conservation or
reclaimed waler development. The cast of-lhe program (including ""pita! costs,
operation and maintenance COSts, and program costs such as advertising) is part of
!be anaJy.is and is calculated independ • .,tly. Saving> and costs can then be
ccmpared and criteria sucb as benefit:COSI ",tics and nel present values can be
evaluated.
Appendix E contains a detailed description of the production cost model for Palo
Alto.
23
· .
DEvELOpnEtIT OF PUUlNXNS ScE.ARIOS
Th¢ Palo Alto Water Utility is f=d witll many uncertainties. In order to
apprecia!c bow these uncert&inties affect plannin, deNions, three scenarios for
Ibc future have been developed.
The mool likely scenario, called "Iikelies!.' contain> the t.e.t guess about wbat is
~ecI in !be future. lbe "Iow-production-cost' scenario assumes generally
lower IoaAl 8fOWIl! and less expensive water commodity eo<!5. The "high
produ<:tion-cost" _nario assumes bigh growth, expensive wate, eo<ts and limitetl
water awilable from SFWD.
Appendix F details !be parameters and -.aIues IlSed to define each scenario.
MARGXIlAL CosT OF SuPPLY
Th. marginal COSl oC 5Uwly is equal to !be production cost change resulting from
a change in water US3j!e. Production cost here is defined as tile cumulative
discounted 2O-year cost oC production. This is, !bea, the net present value or th.
produetion .:os! or meeting fMeasled loads for the 2().year planning period.
The re.<ults are depeodent upon whether !be dlange in waler usage is inside use
or outside use. This is true sin« inside waler US<> incurs waste",,,ter expenses
IIIMe outside water use does not. 'The average !MOraD use for Palo Alto is about
40% outside and 60% inside 011 an annual ba..is. The results oC this acaIysis are
shown helow:
s.;nado
High P.e.
Likeliest
LowP.e.
CHANGE IN PRODUcnON COST
FOR 100,000 ~/YE.4R CHANGE IN WATER. USE
lOG'll. o.tsIde lOG'll. IIISick A.e ... .ge o.eran
WgCl'U. WIler LIM W.CcrUs
S 1,725,000 S 2,110,000 S 1,935,000
S 929,000 $ 1,263,000 S 1,156,000
S 586,000 S 861,000 S 781,000
Translated into S/CCF, the marginal cost of additional or expanded suW1y is
shown in the chart below.
24
MARGINAL COS1' OF SUPPLY ($/CCF)
100'lI0 o.ltIde 100'lI0 IlI5lde A.-uqe o.tTall
Smario Wdcr U• Walcr V " W"er lTse
High P.e. S 0.86 S U)6 $ 0,97
Lhliest S 0.46 S 0.63 $ 0.58
Low P.e. S 0.29 S 0.43 S 0.39
This ~ assumes that the marginal resource (last increment of water
pun:based) would be purcha5ed from the SFWD. 'tIVben Palo Alto's long-term
con_a! aDoallion from SFWD is reached, ;he aJSt of additional water
includes the COS! of foregone electric revenue 10 SFWD.
However. this water may DOl be available or deliverable to Palo Alto due 10
envirot1mental or polili<:al objections. Therefore, it is prudent 10 assume that the
long-term marginal water resource for Palo Alto Is the rr.arginal water resource
for Northern California.
According to the Slate Department of Water Resources (DWR). this source is
likely 10 be Auburn Dam. The costs for this sour<:c are estimated 10 be
SS8Sfacre-iooI ($560 for construction and $2S for IocaJ treatment and
.r .. tribution) or $1.34 per CCF. This amount will be used for evaluating demand
side alternatives using WaterPJan"'. the software from DWR. Results frore this
evaluation are in Se<:tion 7 of this UWMP.
2S
6. FUTURE RESOURCES
SuPPLY-SIDE RESOURCES
s.n F, ........ W" Dep.bnent tte.·Term Waf« Supply
.. 'al
&akinr
Ie the earIy-10 mid-l990s ther~ emts the possibility that Ille SFWD ",.Ier
rupply system will have dilliculty meetiDi peak fl<>ws during hot summer daY'
.... hen demand for water is grutest. TIle peaking problem will be Olused by •
"boItIe neck" in SFWD ..... ter traosmission facilities. SpeciJkally, there are only
thr~ pipeliIIes Wt convey waler from the fOOlhills of Ille Sierras to the Bay
Area. It Is anticipatt<! that, in the allning decade, peak summer system demands
will exc:eed tl>e hydraulic capacity (325 MGD) of the thr~ existing pipelines.
One solution is to constnIc'l & fourth pipeline. However, political and
envitonmen!al groups in CaIifornI& may be opposed to this coostruaion for
various reasons. This option will require more exploration in the 1990's.
Another approach, which SFWD ;. investigating, is the addition of storage
facilities in the suburban .. rvice areu that could he used to meel peak needs. In
addition, Individual waler 811"ndes may have to operate their own distnbution and
Io<al ston&C facilities in order 10 meet Io<al peak demands.
Fjltratjog
The U.s. Envitonmen!al Protection AgeD<:)' has modified the Safe Drinking Water
AC'_ which will require the filtration of all surf ...... water systems, such os SF\1f"[)'s.
TIle California Stale ~partmenl of Health, wblcb enforces the Federal waler
quality regulations, is requirins SFWD to filler all wate r delivered to the sut-llrban
service area. A conservative estimate of the cost for filtration of SFWD w~ler is
$20().$300 million. Implementation will be requirt<! by 199~94.
San Fr.ucl_ W ..... Department Long-Term W ..... Supply
Slbldon
Bay·~U. tkarinp
Om •. nlly, the SlBte of California, through. series of bearings before the State
Water RC5OUI'ceo Control Board, is evaluating waler flows, water "",IS. re .. nloir
26
apentioa 1IId return trows u • mecbanism to addr ... the Sacramento-San
JoaqIIizl-SID Francisco Bay-Delta area', water quality issu... These Bay-Delta
HcariDp, IS they bave been named, amsiS! of four phases to ,ather data and
t.ostimclnJ about the water quality in the Bay-Delta and 10 determine bow waler
rijIdI mi&JIl be adj;lsted in onIer to preserve the fnIile ecosyslem ol the Bay
Deha. The bcarinp are scIIeduled to condude by the mid-199O's_
TIle pOlSibiL'Iy cdsu thaI the Stale may modify SFWD's wale' rights on the
Tuolumne River and/or require operation ol the Heleb Hetchy reservoir system
...... thai more fresh water would flow into the Delta. Sucb operations could
mean reduced 01' maintained (I.e ... no allowances for increases) water deliveries to
the ~ ol SFWD, Considerinc that Palo Alto is <me ol the largest
wI>t ] Ie c:ustomers ol SFWD, this could have slpificant reperrussions on the
__ 01 water available 10 our c:ustomers.
fecJirict J"RP'll'MPrn1S
The 30 IUburbu purcbasers a=UDt for twc>-tbirds ol the SFWD sys\em
COftRtmpticm. The OIber third is used by the Oty and County of San Fraocisco_
V1rbWIy .n or the srowth and inc:rcased demand for water will be in suburban
pun:IIoKrs' service territories siDoe the City and County ol San Francisro
COOP'mp'iou is proje<:ted 10 be IlUdy flat inlO the next century, The long-term
ability ol SFWD 10 DlUt proje<:ted water demand may be dependenl upon
CIpOInsiou or thdr existing fac!lities.
III onIer 10 DlUt the projected water demands into the next century, OJq>anSlon 0(
SFWD facilities will lII05I likely need 10 occur (Figure 8). The realization 0( this
CIpOIDSiDII will depend upon two ra.:tors: SFWD', ability or desire 10 e>pand the
system 1IId 0YerC0IIIing the politicai and environmental forces thai would oppose
upaDSioa 01 the SFWD system.
w ..
Although the Oty is relying on weD equipment that is 31 or more years old, the
""ns bave been maintained in good working order and produce water t..iat meets
drinking water standards. It is, therefore, appropriate 10 examine the feasibJlity 0(
apandi.ng their role in the Utility'. supply miL Depending on future demand,
price, and Oty policy ~ the extent 10 which the wen. are used could range
from cmergeDC)' pwposes ouIy to fuD utilization.
Although wen water meets drinking waler standards, aesthetic qualities 0( the
water were a problem wheD _ns were used in 1988. These problems were due
10 sediment in !lie pipes beiDa miaed with the water because ol the turbulence
27
: ;'
•
N
'"
SFWD SYSTEM FORECAST
Historical and Projected
MILLION CCF
190 ~ -----:-]
170 I .... .....• . ...\
q.-a Q 89-Q;......sH89BElAeleiaQ B .:: 160r iii B ~B 9 9.:.izP iii m=4-9 EI !iii t
130~
110
90
70
50
/-.....' , .
1970 1915 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Fiscal Year Ending
-<-HI.lorlcal --0-Low Projection
.--High ProJeclion -<0-Trans. Capaclly
FIGURE 8 SOUfC:G SFWD
introcluccd into the system by the pump opcratiOlL Pre..,.,e controlling Yalv~ on
the pumps have addressed this problem.
Palo Alto if hi an advantaSeous situation in that it can counl its weD. as one or
multiple soor<:es of I\lpp!y. As inc:reasing demands challenge .xistin, supplie.,
securiDa hieb-qwWty water may be liS difficult .. securing a<lequale quantitie ..
One possible response is the. seglIlOlltation of the marketplace 'Ollie,." higher·
quality water (SFWD supply) caD go toward high-<jUality requirements
(i.e. ddDking Wllter) .... d Iower'<[U8tity (i!lcluding non·potable) waler is suppHed
exclusively for uses thaI can use Iower-quality _ter (i.e. irrigation, bunding
cooling).
Such a segmentation scheme could be implemented initiaDy 011 • small scale in
Palo Alto by ~ the wen. for irrigating parb and other large turf areas. The
extent 0( the implementation could range anywhere from irrigating Ibe parks
where IW<> of the wells are Ioca~ (peers, Rioconada) to distribution throughout
the City. Development of new wells is anotIler po<$I'bility. A dual system of
delivery may be required 10 segregate supplies for specific uses.
The United States Geological Survey (USGS), =PODding to a request by Ibe City
of Menlo Park, is proposing & ,wdy of the pOIlndwater aquifers in eastern San
Mateo County and northern Santa Oano County. OurentIy, data regarding the
hydrogeol"IY, water quality and characteristics of the aquifers in this area is
incomplete. The objectives of the regioll8l study are to defioe aquifer properties,
the quality of ground ... ater and the potential for local groundwater development.
The potential benefits would Ill"'" prudeat long. and sbort·term development of
groundwater for potable and DOD-pOtable uses and identification 0( effects of
urbaniution 011 recbaJp and ~ of groundwater. The proposed Sl11dy
would be complementary to a study already under way in the City and County of
San Francisco.
The scope of work, .111dy boundaries and participants in the Sl11dy has been
defined as has the appr<Wmak total <XJSt This project is on bold pending the
USGS receiving funding.
Given the limitations of Palo AIto'. con1ral:t with SFWD and the minimal
pD"-,ibilities f'X expansion of the SFWD system. SCVWD <auld be a fu.ure source
of water. Alternatives for additional future water supplies carry w,ill them several
complicated issue5. For example. the SFWD Agree.mnl stipulates that Palo AlIa
29
..
cannoI purchase water from any otber suppller without 1M writlen permission of
SFWO or withoul giving SFWD 1M opponunity 10 supply 1M additional waler.
In other words, SFWD bas !he fiIsl rigbt of refusal as Palo Alto', primary water
,upplier. This eontractual issue must be coosidered in future evaluations, in
addition 10 O'.l1or issuos such as cos~ quality and quantity. This should nO! be a
stumbling block 10 obtainiD& suppUes but CO\Ild .nte, into any negotiation.< that
0<:CUr.
DEMAND-SXDE RESOU1lCES
As iterated in Section 4. DSM can be considered an al1emative waler supply
source. "The advantage. or DSM being • higber-quality and environmentally
benign ~ often outweigh !he disadvantage. ,ucb as some loss of control
O'Ier reliability and acceptability. The costs and beDCfits of DSM programs should
be evaluated from !he perspectives of the custon,.r. t1ie agency and society. The
m<lomer penpcctive compares the expenditures made b)' customers participating
in a program to !be waler and dollar .... ving beDCfits they achieve. For customers
to be motivated by • program, it musl pIovide dire<"! beneli ts 10 them.
A second persp«tive is that of !he utility or agency. who offers a DSM program.
For • conservation program, this JI&CIIQ p;pijX'ctive oonsiders 1.'" utility's cost 10
purchase waler compared 10 !he cost or implementing !he program, as well as !he
Impacts or loot revenue from !he reduced sales due to conservation. Alt.'lOugb
conservation pr<>gram> reduce the amounl or water • uolity musl purcbase, they
do DOt ne=sarily reduce fixed utility operating costs. Therefore 10 generale
enough revenue to cover those tOMS" minor rate increases are often a resll~t of
conservation programs.
The third perspective is that or !he City or Palo Alto as a wbole and is ealled the
~ II"~. This societal perspective is the one Ibal Palo Alto bas
chosen to weigllt !DOSI beavily in deciding the nature and exteot or the
conservation programs il proposes to pursue. The societal perspective sUi,·e, 10
find !be least-cost source or waler. Using \his perspective, society benefits from a
CO!l5el\lItion program when the cost or saving waler is low .. than !be COSI or
StIpplying thaI 5an1C water. The societal perspective differs from the agency
perspecti>·e in Ibat it does DO! have 10 consider agellC)l lost revenue.
DSM encompasses a wKk ,'ariety or activities, including promotional education
programs, financial incentives, suategic rate setting and eme'gellC)l drought
planning. Its inherent flexibility allows for adjustment 10 variable load growth,
weather conditions and supply sources, as wen as accommodation (oc uncertainty.
Palo A1lo bas long bad • group in the Utilities Department that administers and
implements DSM programs. This group. Energy Service., maintains contact with
30
an of the customer classes &DC! offen asmtan<e for aD of the utiliti.os delivered -
ele<:tricity, natural ps and waler. This group is able to communicate quickly and
effectively with utilities CUSIOIIIe1'I about short-term events (e.g.. electric
interruptions. natural gas curtailmeDts, or drought restrictions) and longer-term
progra .... ( ...... res<JIII"(e conseJVation assistana; new and emerging rOSO<irce
efficient J><O<Iu<--ts. or rebate programs 10 encourage efficienq improvements)_
Sin<:e Energy Serviees already exis1s, many of the programs planned could be
"""""'!'Iisbed by rediredins staff priorities. However, a shift in priorities will
meAl! greater costs 10 !be water utility and reduction of conservation services
focusing 011 the electrk and gas lItilities. Also, bud&ets for advertising. incentive
payments, and product purdJases will need I<l be inaeased to accommodate
enbanced levels of DSM activities.
F"15C8i realities, however, can be a 1arge comtraint for DSM program planning and
implementation. The budget process is a dehberate planning effort which results
in • two-year m.dget that estabIIsha City priorities. Plans made now may DO(
result in actual prosram implementation for several yean.
1be sectioo thaI fonows desQJ"bes ten demand-side programs that are planned to
reduce water use City-wide. Note thaI all aspects of each planned program
(environmental, social, health and safety, e<:onomic, technological, scbe<lu1e and
budget) are diseussed. FoIlowiDi these descriptions is a list of programs that staff
«>IISidered, but chose not to punue_
31
I
7. WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
WATER MANAGEMENT PaoIiRoilMS To I .. LEMENT 1M 11IE
IIExT FIVE YEARS
As described previously, the City of Palo Aho aJready has an active waler
conservalioa program and intends 10 continue existing activities and selVice.. The
programs defiDed below would represent enllaDccments to the basic selVices
aJready provided. The budget figures. therefore, rolleet incremental costs to
provide these enhancements. For example, water audits are already being done,
110 OOOIS ~ WO\1Id cover time and materials for new features. e.g.. installing
deYicos during oo-site audits, and/or salary cosls for performing mo;-e audits !.'Jan
existing staft could complete.
EcoDomk evaluations were performed on some programs using WaterPlan"'. a
softwart pac:tase <Ii'tnOOted by the DWR. WaterPlan'" results show the
benefil/aJ6t ratio for society. the utility and the participanL Assumptions used in
these analyses and the results from WaterPlan'" are contained in Append", H.
An underIyinjj: pbilO5Opby delennining when and where financial incentives will be
offered is that the City sbouId pay only for state-of-the-art teclmology. For
eumpJe, while information will be ava~.bl. on all hlgh-efliciency shawerheads,
rebales or free installations will only be offered for uhra-Iow-Oow ~ls.
Finally, a general <omment needs 10 be mack on scheduling. Essentially, all
programs discussed are raled high and are expected 10 be started within the nen
year or so. This scheduling reOects Palo Alto's commitment 10 long-range water
manasement. The scbeduIes descnbed indicate that more effan will be placed in
the first year or two 10 reduce outdoor water use. However, should drought
conditions continue, it Is inappropriate to enoourage IICW land.<icaping, even if it is
drougbt-!oleran~ .ince all new planting. require significant amounts of water 10
become established. Therefor., the City would chanse the schedule and focus on
indoor retrofitting as long as the current drought continu ...
32
;;' .
•
Sun ••• , UIt 01 Poogra:lll8
I. Usiq Reclaimed Woter
2. Ute d. City Wells Cor Large Larulscapins Irrigation
3. LandJc&pe Retrofit Program for Residential and Multi·FamiJy
Ccmmucial CustomerS
4. Water Managemem Program for City FlICIlities
S. Major Accoums OlStomized J>rosram
6.. Multi·FamiIy Indoor W.ler Management Program
7. SinaIe·FamIIy Residential Indoor Water Management Program
8. Co!lDllel"Cial OJStOmet Indoor Water Management Program
9. SdIooI5 Waler Awareness Program
10. ProcIu<t and Service Supplier Inc:cnlives Program
AIten!atlw: Uslug Reclaimed Water
De.aiption: The City of Palo Alto operates and is • part-<lWDer of the Palo Alto
Reg>onaI Water Quality Control Planl (RWQ(.'P), a tertiary troat=nt
W:ility that troaIli wastewater from Palo Alto and otber <UrtOIlndlng
COIIIIDWIitics. This plut', <:apecity is aboul 40 MOD and the present
Joad is less thlll 2S MOD. There is a reliable pumping capacily of
aboul4 MOD to deliver reclaj_1! water, An existing pipe carrie.
recWmed water througb Palo Alto to Mountain VlCW, • neighboring
COIIIII!WIiIy and part-owner of the plane, which biends it with potable
waler for use on • golf oourse. In January 1991, Palo Alto tapped this
IiDe to irrigate its new\y~an<!ed Greer Park.
Erooomic:
Presently, reclaimed wator can be picked up at the RWQCP by trud(s
for ronstruc:lion and OIber permitted uses. This ·.iater oould be
dislribu~ further 10 many water·intensi.e, non·potable applications
thrOlJ8houI Palo Alto. Eumples of such applications include L-rigation,
welland6 mainlenance. cooling and process water, and toilel flushing.
FlII1ber treatment of the water oould make it aroeptable for
p-ouDdwaler aquifer recharge. In addition, an expanded delivery
system could tnuuport waler to adjacenl communities such as Stanford
University, wbicll already bas • oon-potable distn"bution system in
place.
A recWmed waler feasibilily study jointly funded by the City of Palo
Alto Water Utility and the RWQCP is CI1rTently under way. The study
will result in the Recl8jme.l Water Master Plan. This will identify the
"",entia! uses and users in Ibe sel'Vke territory. tlJe a=ptability of
33
•
redaimed was_r lM.iIable from !be R WQCP for specific uses, and
!be estimaled cost 10 install a reclaimed waler distribution l}I'Iem.
Ourently, the RWQCP offers reclaimed waler free of cost 10
wboIesaIe customers II the R WQCP fenceline. Therefore, th~ pria of
nsIni reclaimed water consists of the costs 10 construct and maintain
the distribution system. Until the Reclaimed Water Mas!er Plan is
compleled, the5e COOlS are nO! known. When they are·known, the cost
of reclaimed water will be compared with the marginal rost of
additional supply to determine the cost-dfectivenes.s of inc:rease<1
redaimed water \lie.
Environmental: The eIlYironmental effects are complex and unclear at this time. On
O~ hand, usin& rec!aime<I waler to irrigate turf and landscapin8
conserves the .IlIte', supply of pUle drinking "'ater. In addition,
reducing the treated water discharged into San Francisco Bay belps
meet tbe fortbeoming stringenl regulations regarding boa»' metal... On
the other hand, diverting trealed wastewater from the Bay 10 irrigare
landscaped areas produces questions of bolb the effect of less incoming
water on !be llay'l ecosystem as well as lbe long-Ierm effects of using
water with higher metal contenl on that landscaping. These issues are
more regional, S1ale-wide, and national, in scope and cannot be
resolved by the City alone on a local leveL
Social: To allay fears relatiD& 10 the use of reclaimed wastewater, a public
relations campaign will need 10 he conducted to ell>ure succesm.1
implementation of a reclaimed water distnbution sl"tem.
Health/Safety: Using reclaimed water requires meetiD& various health and safety
guidelines. Title 22 staDdards must be met as wen as requirements of
the Departmenl of Heallb Se"ices and the Regional Water Quality
Control Board. The SCVWD', regulations would be :"valved if
reclaimed waler is being considered (or groundwater recharge.
a.51omers: The impacI on customers will depend on !be rale structure developed
for the distnbution of reclai~ water, This subject will be
iIlvestipted in the Reclaimed Water Master Plan.
Technologi<al: This subject will be investigated in the Reclaimed Water Master PLan.
Raring: The Reclaimed Water Master Plan will include. benefit/..,.! anal)'sis
of varioIls redomotion optio!l5. When complete, Ibe feasibility srudy
will help guide decisions on the implementation and pha>in8 of •
reclaimed waler distnbution sy>tem. This project is raled hi&b!y, as is
34
..
Savings:
Program:
Budget:
Summary:
cvidcoced by the commitment to spend SISO,ooo on the feasibility
Iludy.
A WIJib estimate 0( savings potential is about 10% 0( the waler
consumption In l'IIo Alto or 700,000 CO' (1,600 "'''To-feet) per year if
a distribution system is in pia« and able to serve large non-potable
uses. A reasonable estimate 0( e(Onomic pol<ntial is about 300,000
CX:F per year.
As a lint step, the City will conduct a feasibility srudy concluding with
• report. the Reclaimed Water Ma.<Ier Plan. 11 is expected !hat an
ordinazK:e will be implemented wben appropriate, requiring reclo.imed
.... ter be used for oertaln applicatiODS.
In Febnwy 1991, !he <OIIS\lIlant will be sele<1ed to prepare the
Redaimed Water Master l'Ian. The expeeIed deli.e!)' date 0( the
Redaimed Water Master P'.an is Oc:tober 1991. In May 1991, a "50%
report is due that will identify an projeclS whicb can be implemented in
less !ban one year. If~, an ordiDance will be developed and
enacted after reviewiD& !be <OIIS\lItant's =mmendations. A schedule
for !be phased iDstaIlation 0( a r«!aimed water distn1rution system will
be included in !be final study.
The Palo Alto Water Utility and the R WQCP have each allocated
$75,000 for !be feasibility study. Staff time for project management
and data coDectioa 10 support !be study is <ocpected and is !ncIuded in
budaeted duties.
Capital funds for cfistnbution system funding bave not been budgeted.
The estimated COS! and how to ~ the project will be determined
aft.er the feasibility study has been concluded.
The City is in the process 0( hiring a consullanl to conduct a feasibility
study for the use 0( reclaimed water. Until the srudy is complete, it is
WIknown to what extent the City should pumle the development 0(
teel&imed water.
The City is an aaiv. participant in regional task forces and bearings OD
the subject 0( reclaimed .... ter development. Palo Alto is strongly
committed to • complete investiption of the use 0( reclaimed ",ater in
Palo AIU>, in the territories 0( other pIIlIMrs of the R WQCP, and
po.sibly in oIher DOiabboring rommunlties.
3S
".
Description: The City of Palo Alto own; row weDs that ore capable of pumping
grouDd ... ter. Together. the well! can produce about 25% of the
unuaI. non-drouaht yearly eonswnption if operated al 80% capacity.
tbe ..... ns are maintained at standby status for use in .mergencies.
Thc weDs pump water either directly into the City water distnbutioo
system or into a ~ tank first and then • booster pump pumps
!rom the tank into the distnbution 'Y'tem. Although certified [or
cIrinkil!s waler, the water is 0( lower quality than that received from
SFWD. Uslns this water for parllind irrigation eonserves the higher
qualil)' wa~ for other uses.
Economic: The weD water coots Ilmoot as much as Palo Alto', imported supply
because 0( fees payable 10 the Santa Oara Valley Water District. An
evaluation of feasibility and capital coots must be dnne. The
~ of this project will vazy depending upon the feasibility and
costs of using reclaimed wa~r instead of weD water for similar end
uses.
Environmental: Unlike muclI of Santa Oar. Cmmty, Palo Alto is nOl likely to have
preble"" with suboidelK% due to groundwater pumping. Saltwater
inttusioo from the Bay, however. is a possibility after .><Iensive
pumping.
Social: Customers would be eXpected 10 react favorably 10 the use 0( lower
quality weD .... t.r for irrigation and, rhus. lessening the likelihood this
wa~r would be needed for the drinking supply.
Health/Safety: Wen water is tested regularly and meets all health and safety
guidelines. Title 22 Standards must be met as weD as requirements of
the ~part.m.nt of Health Services and the Regional W.~r Quality
Control Board.
ustomers: Thc likely customer for this water .. 111 be the City itself for irrigating
the pub near the weDs: Using this water for park irrigation WIll save
water purchased from SFWD, but lncrease water purchased from the
Santa Qara Valley Water District ';a the pump tax e""ctee!.
Thcrefore, little money ... m be saved by the City and, helK%, the
tupayers, but using this ... ter will lessen City-wide impacts wheneve r
mandatory !OStrictioos are placed on the City by SFWD.
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TedlIIoJogiaI: The techaicaI fe8S1"bi1i1y of roMeCti"i the wells to use !be waler for
iniptina adjacent !aDd must be determined. The valv .. and controls
must sIilI aDow _ k> be .ble 10 be pumped into tbe waler
distribution system In order to JUintaill the wells' erne "cDC)' staudby
stalllS.
Rating:
Savings:
Program;
Schedule:
Using the wells 10 irripte Cily !'.vb may cause $Orne operational
problems within our existing system. When !he wells are used 10
supply water 10 the waler distribution system, !hey run for a laug
period of time, usually day>. We would 00: waDI to uoe the current
Ci\)' wells 10 supply the pressure 10 drive !be park irrigation systems.
The large w1ume wells we currently opeme are DOt .Jcsigned to
operate 0<1 short interwls but, rather in • loog'lerm steady state.
TI)'lne 10 pul booster pumps on Hale or Peers Park wells would also
cause the deep turbiIIe wells to cycle on and off 10 fill the small
reservoirs at Iheoe sites. Building larJer reservoirs at tbe wen siles
wooId aDow !he wells 10 fill the tanIcs and Jmal!er booster pumps C<.uld
dellver !be water 10 the few users on tine.
It may be better 10 instaIJ sman wells at eub park site to be used to
SUJIPIy the water for the park irrigation systems. The smaller wells
could be deQsDed to 61 the irrigation demand al each park and would
be cheaper In labor, electrical power comwnption, chemicals and
maintelllIla: 10 operate. By CODStrueting omall wells al each park site,
the Utilities Department Operatiom staff would not have to chlorinale
or lIuoridate !be pumped water.
This project merits consideration, but !be aYaiJabiJily of staff time and
budgel monies is Hmited Therefore, this is rated lower than tbe other
a1lematives.
~Dt jrnption system eflkien.., improvements, this alternative will
DO( save water. H"",over, lbe higb-qua1iry SFWD waler will be saved
and the Iower-qualily wen water will serve an eoo·uoe thaI does Dot
require bigh quality.
Wells will be studied as to water ~odu<:tion capabiliry, proximity to
Cily parks thaI rouId use the water for irrigation, technical feasibility,
and cost:. of construcUng ne=oaJY pipe systems and controls.
Utilities staff will WOfi with the Paru Division and otI!er customers to
allempllO identify irrigated sites located near the wells and the
""",nk:aJ feasI"biIiry of using the well water. These findings will be
containe<l in a report that will identify parameters ror evaluation The
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availability 0( utilities staff {oe this project is limited due to higher
priority projects (Le, ps and water main replacement) that are
planned. Tberdor •• I study is unlikely to be punued for several yean.
The f ... ibility of the redBimed water option wJ1l be " Ilrhoina factor
dcterrnininJ the urgency 0( this study.
Budget: No fuDds are being budgeted for this study at this time. It is huly the
SIudy will be done by existing Utilities Ensineering staff, as fune
pennits.
Summa.y. Depending upon the fea.ibility 0( the reclaimed water alternative, the
City may investigate the use 0( weU water for major landsc3pe
irrigation. implementing such a program would IICI nece..arily save
water. but it wouId use Iower-quality water foe irrigation, prese"",,,
more higb-quaUty supply foe conswnption.
AIterDaIiooe: ! ...r.a,pe Retrofit Procnua ... Residential, MuIti-FJIlIliJy
..... Cc-Merda! Casto.en
Dacription: Landscope Irrigation by our customers consumes allllOSl 35 % 0( the
City-wide W1IICf supply. A targeted proaram to improve efficieocy 0(
irrlption and appropriate landscaping for our customers would result
in large water 18vinp. Palo Alto is IIOl • growing community. but has
DI8Ii)' eslablisl>ed residences and businesses. Many of these properti ..
are landscaped with !a.-ge turf areas and non-native plant species.
In light of the CU?fen! droughl and in consideration of the conservation
0( future precious resources, droughl-tolerantlandsc:aping and efficient
irrigation must be promoted. The City already has a variety of water·
conserving landscape infommoon resources, including lawn-walering
guides and over 30 other handouts on specific topics. The City
condu<:ts workshops and provides individual consultations to cu>tomers
as welt The goal 0( this new landscape retrofit program is to provide
JTe&ter incentive to customers to replace existing plantings with more
water~fficienl alternatives, while still maintaining a beautiful and
diverse Palo Alto landscape.
To promote watu-efficienl landscape in new ronstruction, the City has
landscape guidellnes in place that must be met by commercial and
multi-family property owucrs who want permit approval. In early 1991 •
• ~ 0( these guidcllnes will be developed for residents and
included In pukets handed out with building permil information. For
38
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residenl5, the ~ will be Itrongly e1l<OU!3ged but not
ma"..datory.
. -,,,-;.--".-".;
The proposed retrofit program would have fiye key components: (!)
iDoentlYes to remove I:rigated hili; (2) Incentives for irrigation system
rr.rolhs; (3) irrlption ami planting design assistance; (4)
demoIIStralion projects ami ease studies; and (5) certification of
properties thaI meel specific landscape guidelines. This program is
targeted towards an our "''8ler custODIors wbo currently baYe in<:fficieot
1lodKapi", amll:rigatiou systems or who, for other reasons -i. ...
previous 1.~ was destroyed during a bome remodel -are
plannini new la'Mb<apes
Economic: WbiIe the water savIDg potential of landscape chanse is very greal, the
coot of waler is ~ low relative 10 the cost of landscape work.
Therefore, the _mlc justification of the retrofit program requires ..
Ioo&-term perspective. For customers who are going to ~ their
\aMKaping 0II)'W8Y. there is \irtuaL'y Jill extra cost to achieve
tremendous 11I8ter smnp through xeris<:aping. Also, because
environmcDllll COD«nII (e.s.. preserving. dwindling resource) and
acsthetia goals (e.s.. DOl having an ugly brown lawn during droughts)
are major factors in landscape retrofil decisions, cronomic
considerations are Jess critical.
Environmental: In addition k> reducing lbe need for additional sources of waler, this
;:rogram redoces lbe need for fertilizers, pesticides. and labor. Th.
physical environment will be enhanced in the long term by appropriate
plantings efficiently irripIed that 5WVivc ", .. n through periodic
droughts. Hardscape eliminales the environmental and aesthetic
benefits plants prooide; although strategic use of bardscape will be
eDOOIl,.,.ged, complete replacement of planted areas with bar<bcape will
DOt.
Social: As people learn about the v.ide variety of green and colorful drought
toIeranl plaDt materials, as well u cllico¥cr ways 10 strategically use
limited turf, it will become inereasingJy easier to promote p1antinss
8ppIopdate for our semi-arid climate. Society as a whole will benefil
cIramatica1ly from the resulting reductions in outdoor irrigation, the
single grealest water use in Palo Alto.
Ocber parties who regulate or advise on landscape issues will need 10
be involved in and oupportive of the program for it 10 succeed. These
parties lDciude the Palo AlIO ARB, the S!anford Lands Management
39
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Healtll/Safety:
Tecbnol<JSical:
IU.ting:
Savlngs:
Program:
Group and local landscape designers and contractors. Educational
e1fort5 will be WJeled toward these groups.
'There are no mown adverse health or wely consequence. from Ibis
propam.
CUstome" who participate will SIIye dramatically on Ib,ir liWIlI11er
water bills and be ab!e \0 maintain attra..-tive land.""'ping even in times
of drought.
Xeri5cape information and irrigation tedmology exist 10 achieve major
savings. No barriers eoist on this front.
Detpite the relative high cost of this program, il is rated high because
it can be implemented by existing staff and it promotes waler-efficienl
landscape practioes WI are critical 10 any effectiye long-term .... al ..
managememeffOl'L
If irription by our custome" could be cut in half through long-term
prosrams (over several decades), moee than 1,000,000 CCF (2730 acre
feet) of waler eouId be saved. 'These savings amount to about 15% of
total City-wide water use. &sed on our preliminary program targets,
Ibe parts of the program modeled by WllterP1an'" should yield an
colimaled annual savings of 181,000 CCF after five years.
In order to save waler used for irrigation. the utility will provide
ineentive> 10 customers who replace turf with shrubbery. drought
tolerant plantings, or hardscape. Incentive payments will also be
available to custome" wbo replace waoteful or inefficient irrigation
systems with drip Irrigation, low prroyitation sprirJderbeads, soaker
bases, or automatic controls with moisture sensors. The goal will be to
reward landscape chang .. that conform with established landscape
guidelines.
The utility will provide Irrigation and planting design assistance in the
form of guidelines, workshops, arfunding of consultant services,
suppliers lists, City detll{)DStration and test gardens. turf audits, and
design and analysis software. In addition, the utility will sponsor
detDOllStration projects at selected customer sites and create
recopItioD/c:ertifi<ation programs for custome" who foDow .eriscope
prindpIes.
Schedule: .~5"minl droughl ooodilioDs ease, 11>0 City wooId expect)O design and
impIemeDt major procnm elemeD15 in lime for Ihe Fall 1991 planting
IeUOn. Participati<>u ratea and proeram activity leYel would be
expected 10 escalate eaclI year thereafter, until • leveling o!r in 1995.
U effective, the program would continue )1851 1995.
Budget: The primary program cost would be the incentive payments, which will
depend on the type IIIId leYel of program participation. Whe. the
program design is more fuIl)I estahlisbed, incentive costs can be more
acru. .... tely estimated. No addillooal staff would be needed.
Swrunaiy: Outdoor irrigation is a primazy water end-use in Palo Alto. To reduce
this amsumpOOn, an agrasiv. program, including financial incentives,
is proposed 10 .I1<0Il. .... Q1Slomers 10 retrofil existing Iandsalpco and
irrigation systems accordin& to xeris<apc principles.
Alternative: Water Management Plan for Cit)' Facilities
Description: The City owns many buildings, parks, IIIId a golf course thai use
approximately 6% of the IOtal City waler u.... Irrigation aax>unts for
about 7S % of total City facility water consumption. \\!ben the City
il5elf is the water customer, the public outreach efforts are not
aecessary 10 .ffect .fficieJH:)l improvements. Inslead, City management
musl be convinced of the 'IlIIidity and appropriatene .. of specific waler
efficiency improvements.
The City bas aboul 2S() acres of parklands, aImoot all of .. -hieh is
currently irrigated by inefficient, outdated 'Y'lems. Automati<:
sprinklers still require manual Oidjuslmtnt of tIleir rontrols, which
mates it very Iabor·intensive 10 modify schedules in response 10 hot or
rainy periods. A new control system wooId allow the Parks Division to
quickly and precisely control water use and apply only ..nat is needed.
lD addition, irrigation piping and sprinklers need 10 be r.trofitted or
replaced. Many City sites, sucl! as median strips, .re ideal candidates
for xeriscaping.
The City owns III&I!)' buildinp (i .•• City Hall, b'brarle., theaters,
firehouses, the Utility Control COnler, • municipal service cenl.r, and
community and r«reatioo cent.rs) that are the workplaces for about
1000 City employees as wen as meeting pIaocs for members of the
c:ommunity. MaDY ..... t.r conservatioo opportunities exist in these
1 ... Minas For uampl., toiI.ts, sbowerbeads, and faucets can be
41
repI&<ed with more _~fficienl fixtur.... In tho larger (",litios,
c:ooIina oystem retrofits may r..wt in waler savings.
Economic:". SiDce the City is both the agecq and the customer. the economics are
sttaigbtforward. No ronce"" or Ios1 revenue exist be<:ause the saving.'
10 the City are equal 10 the marginal coot or water and are II()(
dependent upon the utility's retail rate sl.-u<:tore. Based on preliminary
program targets, the erooomic analysis from WaterPlan'" shows a high
beDefit:rost ratio from. societal perspective.
Environmental: An ImprOYed irrigation oystem with a new irrigation controner will
maNe the City to majntain park landscapinJ with minimal water
.. """'nption. Increased water efficie'xy would allow the Oty til better
survive droughl periods wbile being able 10 maintain Ii,ins turf in
public perks and playing fields, H>ing tre .. in parks, and adequate
water Cor ronswnption by employ.es and the public at City-owned
facilities. For cooUng oystem retrofits, water savings in air conditioning
rondensers often result in saving< of wat.r treatment chemicals.
Social: Water awareness among citizens will incre ... when thoy see the City
"practicing wbat it preaches." Also, residents and busi ...... can 1earn
from the Oty's experience.
Health/Safety: 1bere are 00 knoIo." ad>erse health and safety Impacts from this
alternative.
Olslomers: By saving the City money, taxpayer money is saved, or additional
servi<es for the same amounl of money can be provided to the
customers.
Technn!ogical; 1be technology exists to perform the.e retrofits. For the new irrigation
oootrol oystem for the parks, the "brain" ronsists of a computerized
remote. control unit combined with a weather station that moniton
temperature, humidity, rainfall, and wind speed and direction. The
weather information helps 10 determine the evapotranspiration rate for
various plants and the appropriate amount or walU thaI should be
applied. Waler efficient fixtures such as ultra-low-flush toilets, ultra
Iow-flow showerheads, and automatic .butoff faucets Iote DOt
experimental leclmo!ogies. They have been prOllen in many
iDstallatioos throughoul California.
Rating: This program is rated high due 10 the economic rosl-effec\i •• ness and
the phOOsophical appropriat ...... of the City itself providing an
example to Palo AIto residents and businesses.
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Savings:
Budget!
." _.
If 35% of irriptioo consumption and 15% of indoor consumption can
be reduced, about 120,000 CCF (275 aa~-!eet) annually could be saved
51 City facilities. A 25% savinp ollnigation consumption is e:cpected
&om ceotralizini irriptioo controls alone. Based on preliminary
pI'OIrAIII targets, the parts of the program modeled by WaterPlan'"
rosult in estimated savinp ol19,OOO CCF !year after five years.
The City will proceed by ensuring Ibat an Cily-owned facilities are
fitted with water efficieot1eChnologies. Specifi<:alIy, these will consist
0{ (1) .erisalpiog specific properties; (2) developing demonstration
prdens accordiDg 1C xeriscape principles with llndergrouDd drip
~m; (3) retrofittina irriptioo system components; (4) ins1alIiog a
central irription I)'I1em controner with weather Stlltioo; (5) auditing
City facilities; (6) Ietrolittina faucets with infrared or other self-closing
tbutolf conttols aDd YaIves; (7) replacing an tank-type toilets with ultra
low-flush fixtures; (8) replacing an sbcwerheads wilb ultra-low-flow
fiJ!ures; aDd (9) evaluating cooling ~m condenser retrofit
alternatives for water aDd treatment chemical savings.
A 1987 study by IIIevios &: Associates, which evaluated the costs and
benefits 0{ cenlrali2ing the City's irrigation system controls, will be
updated in 1991. The computer hardware for the control system will
be lnstaDed in early 1991 and ",,,,neeted to Gleer Park soon after.
Connecting the CODI1OIs to additional parks, along with other City
facility improvemeDll, will be proposed through the capital
improvement program portion 0{ tbe bi-annual City budget process.
The cost to WI implement a City-wille central <antrol. system will
likely be from $350,000 to $500,000. Specific proposals for an
impraument projects, iud"ding iildoor retrofits, will he presented for
CoonciI approval during the FY 92-94 budget process. Tempor.uy staff
may Deed to be hire:110 help complete water audits, sct up jGitiai
Irription scl>eduIes, et<.
The City'. facilities aDd parb make ideal Io<ations to install and
publicize the latest ocst~fi'cctive indoor aDd Olltdooc wateI
lDIUI88ement technologies aDd practices. Each improvement then
becomes • cIemoostratioo oite to educate costome" about awilable
options, prOYidc evideJloe 0{ the (easibUity aDd effectiveness of the
actions taken ODd display the City'. commitmenl to waler managernen~
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1M Utilities EzIergy Servi<:cs se<:tV.ln has a Major AC<XJunts group that
provicIeo resowu I11811a£"ment assistance to larger commercial and
industrial CllSIOIDCtS. Each of these major customer accounts bas an
assiped Utilities Resource Advisor who maintains contact with them
In repr<! to an the utilities (water, wastewater, natural gas, and
electricity) provided by the City. These major custC>!ners are l!()(
homogeneous and are best served on • case-by-case basis.
Major account customers consume abou t 30% of the lotal City water
use. About 30% of the maior account water use is outdoor and ?O% is
Indoor. A large fractioD of the indoor use is process water use. The
pre co .... are ~ and specific tn each business. Each customer
must he iDdMduaily analyzed in orde, to identify water saving
opportunities.
Qurently, the wuteWater of many large customers is monitored by the
RWOCP. Discharge standards of certain substances into the South
Bay are heonmir. more and more stringent A majO!" change is that
the liIandards will be mass-based rather than dilution-based standards.
This means that reducing the total amount of di..«harged substances is
required, rather than simply decreasing tbe roocentration of substances
in water. Waste minimization efforts are being conducted by the
RWQO> to teduce the discbarge of specific regulated suhstanCes.
CItotomen can no longer meet the standards by dilution with ... ater.
As custome" revi .... their processes for compliance "itb the discharge
requirements, it is expected thai major water savings can occur.
Economk: ne economic impacts of water efficiency improvements are project
specific. This program will survey customer sites and identify "'aler
consern.tion opportunities. Possible pr~jeC15 will he evaluated for
economic viability 10 determine appropriale level of uulity support
Environmental: Waler use re4uctions at businesses help to conserve City-and state·
wide water and lessen the demand for future, more-environmentally
destructive water projects. A thorough review of waler use for process
needs may also result in savings of treatment chemicals or energy
requirements in addition 10 water savings.
Social: Businesses tIlal spend money to conserve water will be viewed
positi.ely by the pub&. Good corporale citizenry gives an example 10
the community and shows a commitment to helping solve regional
problems.
Health/Safety: No proc:eos c:baDieS I>ilI be underuken 10 save ,.,"er if tbere are
oeptive flDpIICIS CD be&Ith aDd safety.
Customers: ParlidpatiJla CIIIIOmen will save on their water and sewer bills,
aIIow!ai them 10 operate their bo'sines,es more efficiently.
Teclulological: TecIuIolOBical facron I>ilI be • pan of cad! customized plan. aearly,
0IIIy cbanges thai can be a<XOIIIpiished te<:lmicalJy will be pursued. Ii
llelVes no ODe 10 install tedm<>lope. thaI won't work or ~ ollk!r
problems.. Peer m.""'i", belpo 10 &OlYe this problem when similar
eus10metS share Ulformation aboul product! and contractors.
Rating: nu. program is .. ted highly because il concenlnles on !arse water
_ resultins in a very cost..,1I'edive use of staff and incentive
resources 011 specific projects.
Savinss: Due 10 the eustomizcd nature of Ilk! program, it is diffi<:ull 10 estimate
the savinp potenIi&l. It major aerounl c:ustomers could save 25% of
their indoor ""ter use, the savings would be aboul IS IDlllion OCF
(3450 acre-reet) per year.
Progr6m: The Utilities Resource Advisors, along with re!aiM<I COIISU!tants as
needed, I>ilI COIIduI:I • !IIornugh review of aD process water
requirements aDd researdI alternative water efficienl tedmologies and
pr..a-. Tbe water -mp, utility &Willed COOl, customer bill savings,
and project COllI will be ewIuated 10 determine utility participation in
the fundina: of any given project. II is eJpe<Ied that projects identified
thai have sbort paybad: periods for the eus10mers will be paid for by
the QI5IOmels. Tbe utility I>ilI evaluate other projects 10 determine
whether aDd bow muclJ financial ioeentive will be offered by the utility
10 achieve the savings. Incentives will be offered on a S/OCF saved
basis.
S<Mclule:
To Cacili1ate the sbariD& of information between customers, a poer
matdli", program will be ioatilUled. In this program, customers wI1J
be Iinbd with their CDWIterpans in similar businesses .. both inside
aDd 0I!:.i<k Palo Alto -'IO!!o have I5UC<lCSSfuIIy made efficiency
Unprovemems.
The Utilities Resoun:e Advison hay. already completed waler audits
for some of the major aaxlUnt CIIIIOmers. HoweYer, the availability of
utility ineeutives .... _ contemplated at the time of these audits.
SIaff I>ilIllqin immedialely ooodueIills water audits 10 identify specific
projeccs and prepare of COiS1 and savinp estimale>.
4S
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Budget; The Major Accounts program already exists and customer contact is
being maintained. This prograns will add GO new staff, but will shift
priorities of existing staff 10 concentrate on completing waler audits for
caeb customer. Money wllI be budseted to bire 'P<cialiud consultanls
for more complcl[ audits at"ld reviews. UtilitJ.e5 money for incentlves
will be budgeted when prognom detalls ..,.. specified a."d Ibe City
Council awr""es the <>penditu ... s.
Summary: Major l«Ount automen use indoor water for complex and varied
processes. A customiud program. expanding on existing activities,
WO\Ild be inrorporated 10 perform water audi ts on each customer 10
identify !be potential for indoor water savinas. As. result of tbese
audits, projects can be evalualed and the appropriate mix of peer
matching. utility ro-funding and in~ntives can be applied to implement
feasible projects. Addlti<lnally, matebing up these customen wilb o!ber
sinular companies with suc=,ful conservation programs will fumer
stimulale change.
Alternative: Multi-Family Indoor Water Management Program
Description: Multi-family usage accounts for 11 % of lotal City-wide water use.
Many of t!lese ~nts do DOt have separate meters for each housing
uniL During times of drougb~ it is diffirult for tenants to relate
perwnal conservation efforts to their own bill savi1!g);. This customer
group has oeeds Ibal differ from single-family residential in many
significant ways. Landowners or homeowner associations may pay Ibe
utilities bill directly, SO tenants may no( see either the bill itself or •
consumption history. In .~dition, this class of cuSlomer uses less waler
ouldoots, so indoor conservation opportunities are tbe primary on ... 10
be pursued. For many of the measures discussed, hOle Is and mole 1,
..,.. being treated as multi-family properties.
Eco!lDmic: Landlords have direct control over the equipment used in indi"idual
units and so t'conomies of scaJe are realized when ODe owner is
convinced 10 install retrofits in a multi-fanuly property. Water cost
savillp often dir~ occrue 10 OIIIIler/operalor profits. If utility COSts
are paid by tenants, even indirectly, Iben tbey get economic henefit as
weD.
Environmental: This alternative has no known Mgative environmental impacts and
should make this customer group more aware of its effects OD the
envirOD:lDe'Dt. To the eKtenl that savings occur jn inside use. savings of
sewer treatment costs accrue in addition to water savings.
46
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Social: Working logether to .... ards a OODmlOll community goal -saving water -
helps 10 maU!his customer group ruJ a part of the rommunity.
Health/Safety: 'Ibue are DO 1mown adve .... impacts from !his alternative 10 beallb
aDd safety.
Customers: Customers, either landlords or teJWlts, who pay tl>eir own bills will
save money as .... t.r use is reduced. It is hoped that, in tl>e ca.es
where tl>e landowner or homeowner association pays tile reduced bil~
rents or fe .. would decease 10 tl>e tenants.
Tedmological: The teclmologies beiDa proposed arc not new. bul have been proven
aDd dcmonstra!c<l in many areas in the nation and in California.
Rating: This program is rated hip because it addresses. customer cl ... with
~t indoor use bul mlnimal oootroI over tenant wat.r usc
pn.c1i..... Existing staff can implement this program.
Savings: If indoor usage can be reduced by 2S%, about 130,000 CCF (300 acre·
feet) of water will be Ja.ed. In addition, energy and sewage treatment
costs arc reduced. Based on preliminary program targets, tile parIS of
the program n:oo&led by WaterPlan'" yield annual savings estimates of
14,300 CCF after IiYe years.
Program: SIaff currently performs OIl-sitc water audits and provides waler
~rvation informatioo. The proposed program consists of (I) a
5tepped·up Information campaign 10 clI<lOurage toilet tank retrofits and
tl>e insIallation of ultra-Iow·flow 5howerbcads; (2) ull1ity rebates on
ultra·low·flow showerheads and ultra·Iow·f1ush toilets; (3) retrolit kits
availahIc for ~ at wholesale rosts (same as resid.ntial
program); (4) a demonstration project where the u!July WOUld pay for
effkienq improvements for one romplex; and (5) evaluation of both •
meter dlange-out program to separately meter irrigation and separately
meter individual units, includiD& a poosibl. maMate for separate
meters in new roostruclion. (Otbcr outdoor multi·family water usc
programs are incorporated into the Lands<:ape Retrofit Program.)
Schedul.: Audits are currently prOYided and r.bates wiD be added in late 1991 or
1992, deJ>cndinI upon when fuD program proposal receives City
Council approval.
Budget; Current staff can ~ aU proposed elements of this program.
Additiooal c:col5 for promotio.nal materials and inocntive payments will
be iDcu.md.
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Summary: A program to target waur we reduction !n 1M multi-family sector
must be Ia.ilo<ecIro the cirCUIDStan<:es of these customers, including
laDdIord/knant iSS'Jts and common areas versus individual ~Iling
unilS. A rombination 0{ incenw.s and targeted outreacb i5 being
pt'OpOSed.
A1lemailie:Sm.Je-Family ResldentlallDdoor Water Management
Program
Description: Palo 'Alto's single-family residences use .bout 40% of t..ie totaI City
water ase. Approximately 45% of !be water is used outside. This
customer group c:onstitutes !be vast majority of City residents.
Economic: "The <:06t> and savin&t of Indoor retrofits are very predi~le for this
customer class and actions typically have quick paybacks. CUstomers
benefit eCOllOmically when capital <:<>sIS are either reduced due to
utility wboIesaIe purdwe 0{ devioes or eUminated due to free
iDstaIlatiom. WawP!an '" results show very high net benefit fO!" society
from this program. "The barriers are usually nol, therefore, e<onomio
as muclJ as !be I&ct of information about reliable. effective products
and where to gel them. "The utility benefits from program components,
suc:IJ as direct installation, wbidl !ncro ... the veriJi able saving5 per
program dollar expended.
Environmental: This alternative has 00 known negative envirollI'lental impacts and will
hef&hten this customer group'. awareness of its effects on the
environment. To !be extenl thaI .avings otaJ.T in inside use, savings of
sewer tteatment allIS acc:rue in addition to water savings and
comervation of future water ruources.
Social: "The majority of Palo Alto residents live in single-family ~Ilings. By
infIuencin& the behavior of this customer group, oyerall social
a>IISdoII1l1ess ri.-.
Health/Safety. "There au no Imown adverse impacts from this alternative to health
and safety.
CUstomers: CUstomers who pay their own bills will save money from reducing their
waler use. Customen will appreciate the reduced purchasing hassle
and !ncreased reliability of utility-provided products.
Technological: "The tedIIIologics being propooed are 1101 new, but have been proven
and demonstrated ill many areas in the nation and in California.
~:
Program:
Schedule:
Budget
Summary:
This program Is ~ high because it uses existing staff to ea5l1y
apand !be scope 01 aurent pr<>8J1lln5. Although additioMi ,talJ would
be needed seucmally. tbooe minimal costs are offset by potential water
.mnp.
If indoor usage can be reduool by 25%, about 375,000 CCF (860 =e
feet) of ,..ater will be saved In addition, energy and sewage treatment
COStS are reduool. Bued on preliminazy program targets for tbe parIS
of lIle program modeled "';!h WaterPlan"'. annual savings are
eatimated 10 be 64.000 CCF ai'.er five yean.
The program will <OGIimle !be City's Iong~ing information
campaips 10 ~ eflideot resource use, but would be e:q>anded
10 lDdude more ....arbbops on water-reducin& technologies and
practices. Water audits will continue, bul include the offer 10 install
without aJSt, higlI-efficienq showerbeads, IOOe! dams, and faucet
.. raton. These same devices will be offered fO< sale in Lits al
wholesale rost from the utility or community group'. When possible,
voIunleen (sacII as saM 1rOOpS) would be l15ed to deliver conservation
information and devices. In addition, rebates for the purchase of ultra
klw-flush lOilets and IlItra-Jow-fIow showerhead< will be offered.
Rebales are offered for showerhead5 10 allow cusromers !be option of
puzdlasin& cues !bat malcll their spectfic deoor. For residents with
pools, pool COYers will be encouraged "';th informalioMi Caetsbeets and
suppliers /isis.
Alldits are c:urreDlly prcMded and the dire."! ins!al1ation and rebate
components will be added in late 1991 or 1992, depending upon wben
a dewled program proposal receives CowIciI "PPfovaL
In addition 10 aurenl smff, it is proposed that, in 1992 and beyond, a
lempOrary sta1f pefSOll be hued on a seasonal b&is I;) perform
additioMi water audits and ins!al1ations. Other program aspects can
be bandied by currenl staff. Additlooal costs for program promotion
and incentives will be incurred.
Residents can dramatically reduce indoor water use with toilet and
shower ntrofilS. This program uses direct installations, kits, and
rebates 10 we !he pwdlasing guessw<>rk OUI of acquiring appropriate
devices.
49
•
\ Alternative: Commerdal Customer Indoor Water Managemenl Program
Description: 'This prosram """]d IarJeI the i!>door use of small-and medium-siud
c:ommerc:ial busb rsaes. 1besc businesses seldom have au emplO}'ee in
c:harge at utilities cClllUmplKlD and expenses. They olteo do net bave
the 0lIpU!ise or time to research products or practice< that will
cooserve water. Tbese busiDesses consume al>oul 15 % of the City's
I<>Ial water use, usina 30% outside aDd 70% inside.
Economic: Mosl water use by tbeoc customers is indoor and an often be re<luced
cost-effectively by bathroom fixIure retrofits. The" tility benefits from
cIirect instalJatiolll, whieb guaraDlee .... I.r savings.
EDYiroDmental: 'This alternative has 110 known negative eiMronmental impacts and
shauld heighten Ibis cuslOmu groop's aware .... of irs effects 00 the
environmeDL To the extent that savings occur in inside use. savings of
iIO'lter treatmenl CO$IS accrue in addition 10 waler savings and
1lO1l5,,,"atkm of future water resources.
Social: Wodcing Ingetber towards • common community goal -saving water -
helps make this customer groop reel a par! of lbe community.
Health/Safety: 'Ibeu are no !mown advene impacts from this alternatiye to health
aDd safety.
Custumer.: CUstomers who pay their own bills will save money from reductions ill
water use. These customers have very liltle time available to evaluale
water conserwtiou alternatives and te<bno!ogies. so the ulllity does this
far \hem. Paying up-front capital costs is usually a problem for these
customers and Ibis barrier is diminisbed by millty finandal incentives.
Teclmological: No special lechnolo&i<a! barriers are anticipated to impl:mem this
program. Peer matching aDd staff follOlli-up will help to ensure that
produCts installed will perform as expected.
Rating: This program is rated high because existing staff can easily expand the
""""" at current procrams 10 prOYide ..,;stance to small businesses
short on cash aDd lime. Although additional lemp.>rary staff would be
hired seasonally, !bose minimal oosts are offset by pote.tial ",aler
savings.
Savings: If reductions total 25% of inside water use, annual water savings total
230,000 CCF (530 acre-feel)' Baerg)' and sewage treatmenl roots are
saved 81 well. Based OD preliminary program targets, for the parts of
so
Program:
!Iris JK<lIr&m modeled by WaterPl8JI'" e.timated annual savings are
12,000 (X;F /year after five yean.
'The utilil)l WIll amtinue and -=Ierate its audit program for these
eustomero 10 identify water efficiency impro¥ement opponunitles.
Audits will iDclude tbe offer 10 inst&lJ a retrofit kit (simllar to
residential prosram). Purchase 0( retrofit kits at wholesale costs will
.Jso be ..aiIablo. Rebates 011 ultra-low-flush toilets and u1tra-Iow-r.aw
showcrheads wi!! be provided.
Peer matcbin& between CUSlomcn who face similar constraints will be
arraDjIed 10 an"", Cll!lto=ts to Jeam Crom each other and share
Information and uper1enceJ.. Rebate.! for equipment retrofits, such as
COIIY'ening single-pass coolin& !oops, will also be considered for this
program.
Schedule: Audits are currently provided and the direct installation and reba:e
components will be added late in 1991 or 1992, depending upon when
a detailed program propooal receive.s Council approval.
Budget In addition to current 5laff, it is proposed that from 1992 on, a
lemporazy slaff polSOn be hired OIl a seasonal basis 10 perlorm
additional water auditsfmstallations. Other program aspects can be
bmdled by ~.nt staff. Additional "",II for program promotion and
in«ntive5 wiD be incurred.
Summary: nu. program 10 accelerate indoor water use reductions by business
focuses on utility analysis, iost.allations, and rebates to remme the
guesswork and lessen initial cost for instaJlin& water-efficient devices.
Alternative: &hools Waler A'll'lU"elless Program
Description: ScbooIs are an imponant place 10 disseminate water Information
because students Jeam a basic water awareness that they relain for life.
In this way. educating Y"1lD& people about the realities 0( limited
resourceo< benefilS the community in the long run. Also, students bring
the coneeptS and practioes they Jeam bo:ne 10 parents and other family
rncmbcn. OlrreDlly. the Oty's !ehools prosram consists 0( classroom
presentations, hands-on demonstrations, Io<m, classroom malerials,
educational newsletters, interactive so!tware programs and a resource
IibraJy -an available 10 Ioc:aI educalors 81 no cost.
51
, .
The proposed J>fOi'IJIl involv .. oonliJruing Palo Alto's long-standing K-
12 ICbools education I'fOIV&Dlo bul expanding il 10 include water use
aWyses that the stude!!1! = a<tualIy do at the scltools themselves.
The prosram will DOl 0IIly educate the students, bul also help the
ICbooI 10 save water by recommending waleHfficienl <!mce
illstallations. This propam educates the end-users, namely the
students, and then ub them 10 help 10 change wal~r-... ing behavior al
the school i!se1L Further, these students will carry their changed
behavior borne 8lld, eventuAlly, into the work pla<e.
Economic: The incremental cost of this expanded program it; small since staff is
already actively involved with schools. The schools benefit from the
work students do 10 ...... w:uer-saviDg opportunities and help
implement cbangcs.
Environmental: Teaching environmental awareness 10 .he young people in the
community ~Ids eDVironmeDt&l benefits in terms 0( their improved
Ii!e-Iong behaviors and decision-making in regard 10 resource use.
Introducina water-wise practices and products 10 this group of people
iDevitllbly affects the studeDl, their family, the school, and the
mmmllnity.
Social: Part of the role of the schools is to leach young people how 10 be
respollsible citizen>. This involves making them aware of .l:ey issues
facing the rommunity, one of which is improving water resource
management.
HealtlI/Sakly: TI>ete are 110 known adverse health and safety consequenoes to this
program.
Customers: The water CU5tomers in this ellbancement to our general schools
program are the scboo1s themselves, ... ~Jch will benefit by saving wale r,
mOlle)' and """sibly maintenance. lD addition, the information
obtaiDcd in this program will benefit the S/lldeni and be brought borne
to the rest of the family 10, hopefully, influence home waler-use
behavior_
TedmoIogi<:aJ: The schools have old, outdated fixtures and irrigation systems, so
replacement by water-efficienl technologi .. would reduce water use
while DOl requiring eIlensiye technkaI knowledge to operate_ All
likely tedu>ologiel to be implemented have exisled for many years and
are proven effective.
52
Rating:
SaYinp:
. ,
1'hii program is rated bighJy becau.<e it ca~ I,e implemented wilh
emDng staff aDd requir .. minimal materials costs, yet represents an
\mponaD1 inYes1mellt in deyeloping a water-aware community.
D.peDding upon the level of implementatioo, !his program could resuit
in uYinp at school properti .. totalling about 20,000 CCF (45 .cre
feet) per year. Additiooally, the students will l>rins • greater water
aware:xos home 10 their wr.ili .. that may result in further savings.
The current schools program would continue, bul with added
CO<flpOnellu. the main one being 10 have stu.Jents them.<elves perform
water al<dits on their own schooL The waler audit will involve
idellli¥"ll aD II5C8 of water at the school, estimating the water use<l for
each use, and, fiDally, defining alternative waler efficient products or
praeticct that can be implemented at the school. Utility staff will assist
IlUdents in performing the audits. PrimaIj' and secondary . .cbooI
students will be teamed up to conduct the audits so that different age
aud sIrill le\>els can join forces, le&m and teach.
The Qty will also coDSider providing assisla:ll« packag .. that could
include incentives for combined projects, such as leak-detecti<ln
programs aud demonsl1ation gardens. The City will also investigate
offering teacher rraining sessioDS and working will! local conege
Slu!lent5 10 procIu<e additional teaching resources, such as video and
computer programs.
Schedule: BeBinDina in 1991, enllanud schools program activities will be
ImpIemetlted as exmin& staff alIow_
Budget Incremental COSII for program enhancements will be minimal and
consist primarily of costs for materials. These material costs would
likely be under SS,OOO per year.
SuIDJlW)': The curreotiy active Schools Outreach Program will be enhanced with
• program to 1110 students to audit aDd effect changes at their own
school sites. Expanded services to provide materials and training for
teachers will be developed.
AIIem8tive: Product lind ServIce Suppliers Incentives Program
Description: All important loop is left open II the utility 0"""""'8" the installation
of waleH&VioB rotrofits, but c:ustomen cannot find devices and servic ..
locally. Equipment vendors, retail stores, maintenance contractors,
S3
Environmental:
S!lcial:
HcalllI/Safety:
TecluIoIogi<:al:
Rati"".
landseape arcbitecU, and tht: "ifU1I industry" are a few of the
Imponant panicilWlU in influencing customer decision5 about
offldeDC)' impro¥emcnt investments. 'The utility can leveraae its
influence on customer beb&vior by working with these suppliers.
When cuslomen readily find coooervation products and ser.i«s, they
au more likely to act. 'The economics of other promotional progrdlIlS
au enhanced by effective <oordiDation with suppliers.
There are no known nepti've environmental consequenCfS of this
aIlemative. Fo< tht: products Ihl conserve indoor water IL."", ...... age
treatment costs are abo reduced.
H ""ppliers are COIIYinced that !bey are making • good business
decision, they will stocII: resource effidenl products and provide
resource efflcieDC)' improvement seJV'..:es. Woen people see the
produels and serviees readily available, llIe awareness of society
~ about resource managu.enl.
Federal safety and bealth reauIations apply to resource e!lident
produ<:ts, SO there au DO known adverse bealth or safety impacts from
this propam.
Qlstomers benefit by more easily acquiring materials and services 10
reduce wakr use and, IS • result, paying reduced water bills.
Suppliers have an iDeentive 10 stock and ..,,,;u products llIat will work
as promised. 'The produeIs 10 be promoted will be those thaI bave
been proven in IDstaIIatIons elsewbere,
This program is rated VOl)' bigbly bea.use il can be implemented by
existing staff, tht: proposed COSU are minimal, and the compounding of
other program bonefits is great
II is difficult 10 assess saving5 from this program as it is uncertain when
and bow cuslomer purcba. .... decisions are made. For example, a
customer may b&ve had & utility audil that recommended instaJIation of
eenain device.. H the CUSIOmer easily finds and buys all needed
devices at a local hardware store that stocks them because of this
ublity program, the program should get aedit for some of the savings.
However, il is unI<novm whether, if the store badn'l stooked the water
ef5cienl d~ the CUSIOmer would 0< would not bave proceeded to
search eluwbere (or them. Anolbe, way the program could influence
savinas is when customers beonme aware of and purd!ase products for
•
Scbedule:
Budget:
Summary:.
1M first time ",Illl. aIKrppin& at a store which slocks tMm because of
!be utility's program.
~ Palo Alto is • natural JlS 8!Id ele<:lric utility in addition to •
water utility. !his program will apply 10 products that save energy as
weU .. water. Supplie", who are wiIIiDa to stock specified products
will be kepi informed of utili!)' program5 8!Id will be included in utility
paid-foe adv.rtising. This advertising will be in the form of special IisIS
made aYailable to utilily custome", as weD as media time ane! space.
In addition, the utility wi1l purchase some items and seU them on a
eonsfsnment basis at IUpplier businesses ",ho provide sales space. The
utility will deslsnate items that provide significant resource savinp as
"<ertified" or winne .. of a "Seal of Approval." Also, the utility will
COIIduct IarJeIed outreach 10 service and procluct suppIie'" to e4uc:ate
wm about eomervation deviee& 8!Id practice ..
Supplier prog>ams will be implelDelltcd by staff as time permits, with
acl¥crtis!ng adivity 10 begin in 1991 an<! oeMr components added in
. later years.
No increased .taft or budget is required for 1M planned advertis~1&
bul funds will need to be budgeted for !be purchase of items to offer
on c:onsignmcnl In addition, !n<entives to supplie .. may preY. to be
!be most effective way to iafIu.nce their actiono and, in that ..... ,
inCIentm fImds may need to be budgeted.
E4uc3rins an<! Ill!lIivarins rupplie", to stock prOOucts an<!1Upp1y
services beinB recommended by !be utility is essential to "closing the
loop" started by utility programs to prOlilOte Ql5torner conservation
action.
IMTER IWIAGDIEIT PLAIIS IIOT QIOSEJi FOR IMPLfJEIITAnOll
&.cherllll or T .......
Palo Alto Iw not Investipte4 1M issues relating 10 exchanges and transf.", of water
between "Iencies. Tbese ilrIeotipti0D5 will be done in conjunetion with the Uti> main
IUpplier of water. SFWD, an<! SA WUA.
55
."
1be potential problem of peak deliveriea by SFWD to its suburban wbolesale customers
is being disaJsoed with SFWD &JId SA WUA Presently, there is tittle data 10 determine
the .. tenl of the problem, it any ezisu, or an estim&tcd future date wben problems may
arise. Apln, the Oty of Palo Alto plans to work ,.;th SFWD and BA WU A to define
and fIIId solutiotlS to !his probl.m.
Flow resttieton inserted into oon-C>01l$OMng showerbeads or fauats reduce wat.r use by
constricting the opening water can Dow through. Since these devices are very
inexpensive, the water savings are ememely eost-drective for all parties -the ag.ncy,
the participant, ancIlOciety. However, Palo Alto bas found that tbese devices result in
an UllSatisfacloty shower and are quic:tly removed. 1be dissatisfaction leaves • had
impression in customers' minds and leads to skepticism with regard to other devices thai
promiso to conserve resources. Palo Alto will DOl J>f",ide or promole tkJw restrictors for
these reasons.. 1be Utility wishes to promote products that r.tain or improve user
satisfaclion &JId wishes to separate the <OncepI5 of conservation from th •• "P"rience of
saaifioe.
hdnltrial Coo" W.ur Ule • AJr-Coolal Coadeuent
Usin& air-cooled CODdensers rather than .... t.r-cooled condensers for
commercial{tndustrW cooling or air conditioning saves "lIl.r. Howev.r, air cooled
condensers on cooling systems use oubstantlally more electricity than waler cooled
amdensers. Condensers are the final heat oink for cooling systems. Efficiency of these
systems increases u the temperature of the beat oink decreases. During Palo Alto', dry
summenime cooling seasons, waler cooled condensers are able to take advantage of low
wet-bulb temperatures rather than the higher ambient, or dry-bulb, temperatures <Oen by
air cooled condensers.
As an .Iectric and gas utility, as wen u • water utility, and as • government entity
concerned about resource conservation, the City ol Palo Alto will not recommend that its
utility aISIomers ~ an option that saves one resource at the expense of another.
56
./'
8. CONCLUSION
'The 1990 UWMP provides IIIl overview of issue. and concerns facing the Utility.
The historical supply &iluatiOIl Is described, but it is clear that !be days of
un/tmIted, dIeap sources of water Ife OYer. Uneertalnli •• about the future
iI!clude both qu.lDtity and quality of water. As stale-wid. water resources are
reY!ewed, especiaUy nmler tbe Increased scrutiny clue to the currenC drought, it is
clear that water must be used ill !be most efficient way possible.
Palo AlWs UWMP descrilles its commitme~t to the pursuit of long-term water
oonservation. Although long active in promo!in& tbe efficient use of resources,
Palo All., will JIOW dedicate I!I(n staff time and money to the gcal of ma1rin&
every drop COUDt The demand-side programs p<esented in the UWMP are many
and varied in their approacll. Mini-programs target eacb customer c:Iass 8lld vary
the approadl and tacti<:s 10 achieve savings depending u:>o" that particular
customer class' cbaracteristics.
The software provided by DWR, W.t.,PIa.o .... was used to estimate rost·
effecti·.eness ol IIWI)' of the p<ograms and measur .. planned. However, not all
planned programs could be modeled using !be software. Wac,rPlan'" caleulates
rost-effectiveness from !be perspectives of !be water utili!'/. the participant, and
society. The society pe~ is !be on. chosen by the City of Palo Alto to
determine program rost-effectiveness. This perspective sI>aw> p<ograms to be
cost-effective if the cost ol the .:onserved waler (COS1 of installed device divided by
the lifetime water saYings) is less than !be marginal cost of water.
For those measures modeled in WaterPla.o"'. savings estimates are 300,000
CCF fyu.r L'ter ~ yean or about S% of forecasted load. Assuming that !be
p<DgrBmS DO! modeled sav. at least as much wat.r. the total saYings wou1d be
about 10% of forecasted load a!ter five yean. In addition, wb.n the utility pins
experience with !be incentive and insta1lalion programs planned, it is expected
that targeted p<ograms can be modified 10 increase savings with little inere ased
effort.
When all !be programs analyzed by WaterPlan'" Ife grouped together. their costs
outweigh !beir economic benefils. However, !be otberwise positive results are
skewed by the poor e<:Dnomia. ol the landscape r.trofit program.
Landseape retrofits can yield subslAntial wat.r savings and, as a result,
significonlly reduced water bills. However, the cost or water is so low compared
In the cost of retrofil:l::j; Lmclscape thor it takes a very long time ror water savings
to pay for laDd$aope retrofit costs. N .... rtheless, many customer.; am be
motivated to make landscape cbanges for reasons beyond utility bill saYings.
These reasotlS iI!clude SII1IiDa a dwindling. p<eclous resource. reducing
S7
maintenan<:e time or coolS &lid the ability to IIllI.intain • beautiful !and5<:ape in dry
yean. II iI in the utility'. intercs1 10 promote landscape retrofits for the same
reasons.
Exclu<lins the _ for the landscape rotrofit meiSUre .. WaterPlan'" results show
tI.a! the real of the programs planned by the Oty 0{ Palo Alto ""e root-effective.
Society'. net present value (present ¥a!ue 0{ program benefits minus present value
of program toots) is $3,743,000. In other words, the avoided cost for the saved
water outweigh. the COOl 0{ the efficient devices plu, the program costs by that
much. Wlter saved over the 2().yeac plonning horizon totals 2.358 billion gailODS
or 3.2 million CCF.
Implementation 0{ the prOJr8lllS is planned OYer a period 0{ the ne:<\ five year.;.
Some 0{ the .-..:ommended programs will require further study to determine
detailed ()()UneS 0{ action. In addition, it is expe<:ted that progra:ns other tha.n
1hose oudiDed in the UWMP may be p""ued. As new information is develOped,
plans may cbaDge, but the common denominator w-:U always remain improving
water use efficiency in Palo Alto.
58
APPENDIX A
1985 URBAN WATER M~EMIENT PLAN
CIT Y or PAt 0 A L T 0
UTILITIES D,PARTMrNT
RESOURCE PlANNIfIi DIVISION
URBAN WATU MANAG EMENT PL411
Dec <!IIbor. 1985
A-I
URBAN WATER ~.At<AGEM<~ PLAIINIIG ACT
MSle PlAN
A. GfNERAL INfORMATION
H .... of Util lt1: CITY Of PALO ALTO
Address: P.O. BOX 10250
PALO XLia, tALIFdP.IIlIA'-________ _
94lb3 -
Telephone: (415) 329-2~18
Nuse of Person C(lJ1pleting Plan: lCenneth J. OeDario
Population Se~ed: 56,400
Nlllber of Servke Co"n~t1ons: 18,893
Date of last Census or Inventory; 1984
B. WAT£R USE RECORDS
Historical Water Use:
-Period of A\laflable Retards; Year: 1960 to present.
-Water Use Records are: X
~!onthly •
Annual :r
Other
Source of Records:-Water Sa'es: X
Source Meter{,': X
Other:
A-2
.: .',
•• -<.
Page 2
-Water Sou"'e., Ictleck .11 .ppropd,tel
Q Groundwater l
o C"""ent "". of Attlv. Well s 0
(Note: All ten .. 115 are malntnliR""u emerqency!standby
water sources only.)
o SuTface llater ____ _
o Pu",hased yater I
Historical Data'"
Ffs.cal Year'*'*
1975
19]6
1117
197B
1979 !!lao
1981
1982
19~3 1_
1985
Tot.1
8527
8700
nBS
539B
6881
6992
7669
7392
7060
8104
8208
Use
leef
KeeF
lcer
IceF
~CCf
KCCF
[CCF
kecr
KCCF
KeCF
kceF
Current Water Use·
-Most CUrrent Year of Recorcl: 19B5
Total Water Use: 8208 KCCF
Projected Water Use·
*
'ea" _-,1,,-98,,"5,,-_ W.ter Us.: ~~ kCCF
'oar: _-,1c=.9",9C,,-_ Wat.r Use: 9510 [eCF
'.ar: _...:1",99=5_ Water Us." 10600 [reF
IncludeS unaccounted· for water U$4!o and h based upon historical
d. ta and wti If ty recoNts
fiscal 'e.r ending Juno 30
A-3
Page l
Witer L'se Percenta2es··u
Customer CIa .. Pertent
Resldenti.l: 43.4
Industr! ,I : 22.S
C""",erei,! : 12.8
Gover-mental: ~.6
Ottler: r CHyl 6.4
Unaccounted-for': R.3
,...",. Data frtl.'l current year" of record -F'1 stal Year 1983/A4
c. CURRENT CONSERVATION MEASURES
tlJrrent conservation lAet1sures il"l practice today ",,"ic~ tl'le Palo ,41to
Utility ill!lplements are indicated be7ow. Progl"'aPls not currently 'in USE
a.e indicated and addressed in 5ection D. At TERNATlVE: CO~SEP.VATlO~
I'\[ASURES.
-WHe r ... ter s: _-,1,!8:...0089::.;3,-:, of system: 100
Source meters! __ ..!.;I'=--_ ~ of sources: 10D
Water use records by ~ser t~vpe
(cOImler-cial. etc~l:
teak: detection progrp:
~ters instl11ed only on new
YES
C;Onl1ectl(lflS ~I"l the sys.terr.: =.:.;YE"S:,;...
'Meters. are instal1 eel en al' connections to tne system}
Publ ic edocation school programs: ~!O
Publk fnfomation Cgenera1) prcgrMts:
Plge 4
Rate structure to encQUTage conSl!rYat1or.: YES
!I",erted block ... tor rite 'tructure) --
~ connection restrletlons or conditions: HO
ISaoe limItations on Master ""terlng) --
Hone retrofIt of pl..olng fllture,: YES
Wa 5teW'a ter reclalftltfon and reLlSl!': YES
System pressure control progY'a9:
landscape irrigation progra.1I:
Other [pIe ... describe':
D. ALTERNATIVE CCNSER~ATION MEASURES
I. leak DetectIon Pro~ram: ThIs opt!on would ~.v. no negative
... fro_ntal. soc .1 or he.lth impacts. A tecMnolog!cal illpact
.'Y exist In that eQui""",nt and personn.l n"e not In the post
been .. sIgned in this Utility fer leat detection ..,.t. Tne
.sti ... ted ecO.DlllIe '''pact indicates that a one-person I •• k
detection prog .... Incl udfn~ eQulpllent and transportltlon ""u' d
cost $50,000-$60,000 .nnually. Average lI'Ioccoll'lted-for ... ter 'oss
over the past nine yeoars is 1.4 percent.
2. Publfc Education SChool Progra.s: Since the City ,'r •• dy has .n
effectf.E school prog .... dE" 109 'oIi til 9" and .1 ectrft i ty
consel"Vation hSLles. there would be .fni_al expense fn adding ,
water c:on$e"rv.tforl canJXlnent. Thi 5 p.rograM I«)ul CS have pos;tfve
(:\lsu.er '_pact wit" no nl!gathe !conomic. environmental. social.
heal til, or technologfcal results.
3. W~ CG"nectfon Restr1ctfons: Restrictions otner tnan MIster
MOterlng 11~ftitlons are not needed at ~'fs t!me; .d~ou.te
suppHtS of qu.lfty ",tor .xl,t. lID he.1t~ or teeMo1ogieal
issues are evident. Growtn fssues currentiy exfst llrithin the
City.
A-5
Page 5
E. 5UPPlY DEFICIENCY ANALYSIS
Soure! <:apadty= Pa~o Alto's w.eter supply it this time is limited
only by ccntnctual agreement between the Suburban Water UsersJ of
which Palo Aito is iii member. and the CHy and COLmty of San francisco.
Pa'o Alto's currer.t vested interest in an aval1ab1e 1B4!1'i9d is 15.53';
n'19i1. The o;estfn9 schedule cans for adjustments every three years.
Palo A1to currently ltIail'1tair~s 10 standby wells
of 8.5 mgd .
. C;OLif'Ce Typ! and .-verage Year Producti;)r.:
Surfac e WeI ter
Groundwater
p",r-chased Water
o ~CCF
---0-~CCF
'440 ICCCF
(Average oyer 1980·1984 Fi se., V •• r,)
Tne Palo .l.lto }later Utility has exr-erienced no r~l.ilar or frequent
s\Jpp1y deficiencies dUl"'ing the period' of re::ord. -
The Plll0 Alto Water Utility dfd experience vo1untary curtailment of 25
p.ercent during the 1976·1977O"ou~ht period.
Impacts and a.ctions. taken by Pal 0 ~1t1) dudl\g the 25 percent cut' tail -
ment period 1nc1 ud'ed:
-Vol untary C!Jt Back.::
.. Estahlishment of an Inverted Block ~ater Rate Senedule
Oeve1opnent of it CO!'1servatiorl Pro~"'am
!"!andatory A1 J ocatiof1s and Penal ties
At this t;me. Palo Al to has r:o cir-ect pl ar,s regarding th-e deveolopme"1t
of new source cepaci t.Y to !nee t drought shortages or projecteri
demarxfs.
Pale ,\1tc ..-ill continue to purcilase water from 5an Frdr'lcisco as
needed, and therefo!"e cO'!"1tinve to increase tile size of the vested
interest in the SuburbBr'i Water User's 184 r.wj contrl1lcted Clvailable
capacity_ Sufficient data ;s not yet availab1e tc deteomine when
additional capacity. beyond l~ lI"!r;ld. will boe requir~ by the Suburbctn
Water Users.
"~-6
~.9. 6
r. !~LEMENTAT!ON SCHEOULE
WATER NANAG£M£NT CONS,RVATIOM PROGRAN
The Bay ""'" Water users Assoc:fltion Ind San Francisco W.tI!r
Department h". agreed til (aoperltl! on I systall-wlde Water Man.g .... "t
Conserv.tlon PrograM. Thl' Water JII.n.g .... nt progr .. will b. part of
.. c~ wtillti., sibmittal for the lrrban water Manag .... nt Plon Ind will
be .peclUc to Ucl! utilitfu' 0'" so .... lc ....... The specific detail.
for .IC~ lIe.sure d.slgned for the P.lo Alto service .r •• will b. the
,ubject of future Staff Reports for Council action.
CcnserYition Measure
!. Educ.tlon ,nd PuI>lIc l.fona.tlc.
A. lI.tor Cons ...... tlon IIorl:109
C_lttoe
B. Conservation Li tor.tur.
1. Ge •• r.l Water Cons.rv.tlon
Brocher.
2. lIndscape Brochur. witl1 Plant
Ust
3. Brochur.s fo r SpecifiC Wa ter
Users.
C. Previous rea,' s Us. on WOte, Bill
(Note: This Is al, •• dy be',,!! done
on I mnt"l y bash)
D. Promotlon.l Measunos
I. Pul>lfc Relotlon, (",""Ia)
2. Pub' Ie Spe.klng Presentations
3. Demonstr,tlon, of Uw Water
Use Landscapes
•• Pro.otlonal C_palgn witl1
Nurserres
5. -'wards for" COnservlticl"l Progrilll'l5
and Projects
E. Werl: with Large Wate, Users
r. In-School Education
G. InfoMOatlo. on Fed.,al Ind State
lIws Ind Prog,.."
A-7
!O!pl .... ntatlon Goal
January I. 1986
January 1. 1987
January 1. 1987
Jonuary 1. 19117
J.n.a"y I. 1988
January 1. 1988
Janulry ] .. 198R
January I, 1981
Sept"'e, I, 19116
Jan,uary 1. 1987
11. Woter llan,g_rot Progr ....
A. ~.ter LOB Re<luctlon t.o~n!oue.
1. 5y.t .. • .. , <Ie Wa w Alld It
t. Luk !loteellon Progr"'"
I. for Pepar't..nt'!nt'-s Syst!9R
b~ For Cust~er~t Si~e
3. Meter callbntion .nd Reol.t""ent
P'rogram
4. Corrosion Control
~. Metering An Cust_ .. (~()te: 1111 <"stem." or. being meure.ll
C. Device Distribution
1! 1. ~egul.tion.
~. Envirorrne nu ' Impact Reports af'ld Sta~."ts I~ developments)
S. If.ater Co-nsenatiol'l Ot'dil'ililr.ce-S,
1. R.quir .... nts for large ~.t.r
\;$ers
2. lJ> ..... ter-Use landscapes
Januery I, 1981
July 1, !9~1
Jul Y I, 19S8
~u'Y 1, 1988
January 1, i.r;S6
July 1~ 1987
Jul y 1, 1981
January I, 1981
January 1, 1988
APPENDIX B
TEXT OF LEGISLAnON
AB787 -URBAN WATER MANAGEMENT PLANNING ACT
AND
AB2880 -1990 AMENDMENT TO AB797
CHAPTElI 1009
"?~ ~.". '-(-
/.
An act to 4d<l and repeal Part U (=eotini with Section
1(610) to Oivision 6 of the Water Code. relAting to water C<>ruerva.
tion_
[ ........... '" """"'-_ ... 11"'-FIIod "'"" ........,,01 ..... _ ... -J
1..ECISI....A.TT\1t COtINSEL'S DIGEST
AS 797, KIehs. W.t." maaagemenl plamlioj.
(I) UDder eWting law, loco! ...... JUPPlien may, bul are oot
requi:ed 10, adopt and enCwoe ...... cooservatioD pI.a:u.
This bill WOIIlc! ""luiu every urban .... ter JUppIier p<ovidins
water for mumdpal purpoIIeS to more thaD ~OOO customers 0:
suppil'iDi more thm 3,000 acre-feet ol.,aler .",ltwly to pnpore and
odopt. In """"nIaoct. wIlb presoribed requirements. ID urban ..... er
~emenl plan c:oa!olnina prescribed _IS. The bill would
require the plan to be filed .. i'" the Depou b .... , orwa:u 1Ieoour=
.. "ld would ~ the deportment to annually prepare and submit
to the LesiJ!ature I report summarizing the status of the plans. The
bill would require ..ch supplier to periodically review ;q plan in
accordance ",;all presoribed req-ts. would specify
requirements rw ""tiam or p<aeee<:Iinp """'" _ the bill. and
would specify related matten. .,
The biD would ....u !eplative lincIincs and declarations In litis
,-"OI1neetion. .
The provlsiom ol the bill would remaiu ill _ oaIy until January
I, 11191.
(2) Article XlII B of the c.JiCornia C.",titu!icn and Sectiono 2231
and 1234 of the Revenue and Tuau.. Code require the Jlate to
reimbune Joc.l ","Dcies and sc:bcol districts lor certalD costs
mandated b)' the state. Other provlsiom require the Department of
Finance to rev;.,w statutes di,claimine these costs and l>fOVide, in
certain cases, lor maIdnc claims 10 the State Boord of Control rw
reimbursement
This bill would impose • JlaI .. 1IWIdated loco! ~ u its
requizemeob would be applicable to local public ~
Howewr, the bill ,.,.,wd pro\'ide that DO ~ is made and
no noimbunomout is required b)' this "'" tor • -opeci6ed reason.
Tbe peopIo 01 1M ~te 01 c.!iIiJnJjo do ....., os folJo...,
SECTION 1. Part U ("""""encinc with _1(610) .... dded
10 Oivisioo 6 oC the Water Code, to fOMI,
lII'IIMf
8-1 .. III)
I
:.~':->-. . J', ;.,',_""':''','
Z.. -=i='---~
-!-
,AlIT l.ti URBAN WATEII MA.'lACEMENT PL\NNlNC
Ci<t.J>TD< 1. C"""",,-\)ECLAMTIO" ANO Pouc'
10610. This part shaD be known and may be 'ited as the -Urban
Waler Mana_, Pianoln( Act.-
10610.2. The Legislature lVuh and declares as [000'""
Ca) The waceM of the state arle' a linured and renewabl~ resource
Albject to n'er ~ demand!;,
(b) The conservotioo and efficient ...... orurln.> water lUppU .. ue or ..... wid. CODeem; ~. the plmniDg Fo.-tha, .... and the
implementation or tboo. plM, <an best be """""'~ at the local
Iev.l
10610." The Lqislature find. lind d.<l.,. .. lhat II is the policy or
the ..... as roa..w.,
fl} The ton.serVIlt:ioD and efficien~ ase of water sha!'1 be .actively
pursued to prated both the people of the .sta~e .and their ar,ater ==.
(b} 1'be COftServatioc and efficient i15e of DTban water !RIppIles
shaD be • guiding <riterios> in pobDc cIocisiocu.
(0) Urban ..... , suppliers shaD be requ;zed to develop wat",
management planJ to achieve coruervatioo oUId efficient use.
CHAYn:III. DUlNt1lO>IS
I06U. Unless the contut otbetwfse requires. the definitions or
this chap'er govem the <:OnSIruc:II<>f or "'" part.
1061\..5. -Conservation-......" thOR measur .. that limit the
amount of water used cmJy to that ..... hK:h is reuonabJy necew.ry for
,be benelicial .... to be aerved.
10611 .. Customer" ~ I purchaser at water &om • water
mpp/ier ",ho uses the _"" ro, municipal purposes. including _tial. commercial, lovemmental, ..,d ~ ......
10613. -EfIk:Ien' "",-......,. _ .,.."...,....,. oeuuus Ulal
result in the most effective we of water JO IS to prevent ib ... lUte or
UJU"'Cll'.~ "'" 0< __ Ie methad of _.
1061.. -Penon-meom any individual. &no. association,
orpniution. poitaersbip. busin .... tnat, coq>ontioa, company,
pobllc _. or ..,y "'.".,. or such "" entity.
)()615. -Plan-means an urban ...... raanqement plan propored
pursuant 10 this port. A plaD "'all _ and evaIu#~ ;euonable
and prac:tical elllcieut .... and cooservatioo activilies. ~
CQIIlponen!> 0( tho plan may vary oecordin& to on individual
community Of' area~s C'~ and its capabilitia 10 efficiently
.... and <ODServe .... Ie<. n... plaD shaD addrea ~ ro..
reridemiaI, co.=en:IaI, lO"enuaectal, and inclustrial water
.,...,qeme •• as aet forth III luticle I (coD.meodng with Sectio.
10630) of ChapteT 3. In addition. a 'lntesY and time .. ~u1e Fo.-
B-2 '" .,
...
-3-a.. lOOll
iroplementv.tion JIWI be ineh>ded in tIw! plan.
!061~ "Pubfic agency' means any board, c:ornmission. eounty.
aly IIld count]!, o~.1'eIionaJ agency, district. or-other publir: entity.
10617. "Urban waw suppli ..... means a supplier. either publicly
or printeiy "",-ned, providinll ... tor £or .,unidpol purposes eitl=
directly or iDdirectly to mono than 3,000 l'USt<m>er1 or supplyin& more
tban 3,()00 ocre-feet of ... ter onnuaDy. AD ",bon water supplier
includes • mppIier II< COII_ £or .... or. regardless of the _ of
righ~ whIoh dlstribu.., or ..n. For ultimate ..we to _en. This
part applies ouIy to ....... ,",pplied &om public "' ..... S)"S!ems oubject
to Cbaptu 7 (<>omme!leing w;!h Sectioo 4010) of Part 1 of Division
~ of !he !!ea/th and Sokty Code .
. '-rticle 1. GeDeral Prc,is\onS
106l!0. (a) Every urban _er JUppIier IOI"Ying water directly to
customeT> ohaII. not la ..... than ~ber 31. 19B3. pcepare and IdopI
an lU"ba:l water IJWl&Ie1DeDt pkn in the m&nne'Z'" :tel forth in Article
3 (<OOlIlleDciDa' with SecIlon 10&10).
Cbl Eve<)' person tbt.. l>eoornes an urban "",ter supplier after
December 31. 19&4, ohaII adopt an urban water manapme11' plan
within """ yur 1ft .. ft Iw become an urban .... ter """,tier.
(e) All. urbon ...... r ruppfier iDdirectly p<ovic!ing water 10
customen may adopt an urban water management plan or
puticipaIe in areawide. resional, .... tenbed, or basinwKle urbon
water _oment ~; provided, h."..,.,er. 111 urbon ,....er
sup:>Iier lDdirectly pn>Yic!!ng water ohaII DOt iDclude pIaru>iDfi
elements In Ib .... ter ~! plan as ."..,wIed in Article 2
(coounen<Ing v.ith SecIlon 10630) !hal would lie oppIicable 10 urban
water suppliers or public .agenciet di..-ectly ~ water, or 10
their custom ..... w;thoul the ooo.sent 01 those soppllen or public .....,....
(d) An orban ,..,..er sopplie: may sati>iy tIw! ~ts of this
part by porticipolion in .,eawKle. ,..;onalwotenhed, or basinwide
urban ........ management pIan:\inI ",here those plans will reduce
preparati.o;n costs and contribute to the achievemer'lt ot conservation
and eIficieol water use.
<e) The orban .. ter supplier may prepare the pion with its own
_. by 0CIIIIn0t, or In cooperation 'lrith other goyernmental
qeod.es.
1062l. Eaeh urban water supplier ohaII Per;odicaIly r.view its
plan at least once e,,'e-ry five years. After the review. it shaJl make any
amendmoots or chanps to Ib plan whic:b are indicated by the
review. Amendments 0< chana .. lI1ils plan ohaII be adopted aDd filed
in the DWtneI" let Forth in Article 3 (commencing ,.;th Section
1(640).
8,3
IiIO uo
a.. 1009 -4-
Article l Contents of Phms
10!i:J0. [t is til< IntentioD of the Legiolature, In enactini this part,
to permit levels of water m&na&eme:nt pluming com.meruurate with
the aumben r.l customen 5el'\Ied and the volume of .,.,.ter supplied
10631. A plan shall iaclude aD or the IOIIowing e!ementso
(a) ContaiD an Htimate of ~. cu.rrent,. and projected water we
and.. to the extent reeords are available, segregate those uses
between resideatial, indwtri.d, commercial, ODd governmental .....
(b) Idontify conservation measwes currently adopted and being
ptaetiml.
(e) De:so:n'be ahemative conservation measure!, • my, which
wouJd. imprm'e the efficiency of ... al~r use with an evaluation of their
costs ed their environmeDtal .and other tignineanJ impacts..
(e!) Pro.;de. ",hedule of implementatioD foe proposed actions as
iDdk&ted by the pt.r.
'e) Describe the frequency and magnitude oisupply deficiencies,
indudins CODditions of drought and emergency, ... d the ability Ie
meet morN,,,,, deJicieaaes.
10632.. In addition to the element5 requiJ'ed purruant to Section
10631. • plan proj<ctins • f.1ture use whicb lndicates • Deed lor
ezptmded or add!.t!onal water supplies shaD contain an evaluation of
tIu!~
(a) Waste-water neJ·m.tjon
(b) Exchanges or transfer 01 water OIl • short-tenn or lons·term
bam.
(e) Mamgement of water S)'5Iem preuure5 IIIld peak demands,
Ie!) IDcenIi.es to alter _ter use p~ including fixlure IIIld
appIlance rettofit prosrams.
(e) Publi< mIonnalioD and educational pro(Tarru to prom ........
use and eliminate waste,
(I) Changes.in pricing. ra~e 5tructur~ and regulations.
10633. The plan shall contain aD evaluation of the a!ternative
water management practices ident:i1ied in Sections 10631 and J0632,
tald:ng into account economk and noneconomic: (actors. including
environmental, socal. health. cwtomer .impoc~ and lec~.nologl<.d -..
Evaluation of the elements in Section lC16r:i2 shaD include a
eompa.:risoD of the estimated cost of alternative ,...ter mar.agement
pi actices with the incremental costs or e-.rpanded or additional wat~r
supplies. and in the COUI"5e of the evaluation first considerati(lD shan:
be ,giveD to water mll.n8lement prattice5,. or combination of
pnctk""e'S. which offer lower ineremental cosb than expanded or
additiooal ... tltr .supplies. coo..sidering an the preceding evaluation
facto ...
8-4 " ''''
-3-Ch. 1000
Article 3. Adoption and ImplomeLtatiro of PIaru
10640, E.ery urban .....,. IUppfier required to PTepare • plan
pumwlt to litis part &ball prepar. its plan pursuant to Article t
(~ ... th Sectixm 10630).
The suppIie< &balI1iUwioe periodically ,eVieW the plan IS req:ili'ed
by SeetJon 1082l~ IIDd aD)' ameudmentl Of chm&:eJ required as J:
reouIt of wt ~ &ball be adopled pursuant to this article.
10541. (a) An __ tot supplier t<qUired to proper •• plan
may comuIt willi, mel _ """""",ts &om. any public _ or
state agency at any penon "00 bas spee":.=:1iso with _, to
... Iet <OOSen'atiotl mel ........ g""'.,., and tet:I!niq=s.
(b) In onIet 10 _ utban w.t., mppllers in obtainins needed
ozpertite .. PTO.;ded for in subdivision (a). the departmen~ upon
request of an _ .... ter suppfi .. , shall p~ the supplier with
• list of penotlS or IIeoclei having e."tpeTtise or-ezperience i!l the
development 01 woteT 1JWIA8OlD000t plana
10642. Prior!O adoptinc • plan. the """'" .... t.r NppUet &ball
make the pIao .~ for public i:IspecIioD and &ball bald. pubfic
bearing theteon. Prior 10 the beuiDg, Dati"" of the time mel place
of heariDI &ball be published within the jurudiction of the puhIicIy
owned ""tet IUPDIiet punuant to Section _ of the eo""""" .. t
Code. A priwlefyowned .... ter suppliet &ball p:ovide aD equivoimt
DCtico within its _ ueL A1ter the heariDg, the plan shall be
adopled IS pi_ed or .. mod;bed _ the beariDi.
10643. An utban W1Iter "'!'Plier &ball impIemenl it> pIao adopled
pu:suanl 10 this chaptw in ao=danc:e with the schedule tel _ In
Its plan.
10644. An urban ....... mppfier &ball 6Ie with the departmedt •
copy of its pIao DO IItet tIan 30 days _ adoption. Copies of
amendments or chan&eo 10 the plaia shall be filed .... 1h the
department _ 30 do!" aile: adoption
The department &ball annu.dly prepare and subml1 to the
Legblature a report JUJUmariZing the status of !be plans adopted
punuant to this part.
CH:AYn:K 4. W1sc:D.l ...... 1IfEOtrS i'ROVlSlONS
10650. Any actioru 0'1' proc:~edings to attack. review~ set aside.
"oiel. OT IUU:u~J the IICtJ or decisions of III urban water supplier on the
1P'0unds of no=pIiaDce with this part &ball be commenced as
~
(0) AI: action or J><O<eeding alIoeging fail"", to adopt a plan &ball
be commenced wiohln !8 moDtiu .1 .. ,,-that odoption is requirW by
tbis part, or ... thin 18 rDClltiu _ commencement of """'" ... ter _ by a supplier """'"-cU>s that ___ Jmua:y 1, IIlIl4.
(b) Any action or pr!Xeeding alIeainI that. plan. or action ..... n
punuanl 10 the plan. .w.. nat comply with this part &ball be
B-S .....
-6-
commenced within 90 clay:s after &lies of the pion or am."dment
!her.." punuant '0 Seetion 106U or the taItioa' of thet "'DOn.
10651. In any action or pro-:eeclin( to attack,. review~ set aside,
''Did. 0< IftIIU! • plan. or an _on taken pursuant to th_ pion by an
orban ........ IUppIier 00 the IJ'lWlCIs of no.oeomplianee with this
part, the iDquiry d>aII_ <mil' II> 'Wbetber _ ....... prejudkw
.buse 0( dl.Creboo. Abuae 0I_1s established if the supplier
bas DOt piocecc!ed i.a • maDDer ~ed by 1.1 .. 0'1' if the action by
the water ... pp/ier is DOt suppomd by substantial evld=cc.
106:52. The CoItI'omia En_tal Quality Act (Divioion 13
(~ vdh Sectiooo 11000) of !be Public Resoun:es Code)
does nat apply to !be prepust;oa and odoptiou of pIans prepared and
adopted ""der this port. N-. ;., Ibis port JbaII be interpreted as
exompfulc projects fa< impIemeuta_ 01 the plan or for expanded
or addilional .... te. oupplies £rom the pr~ of the Califom;a
Enviroumental Quality Act
106S3. The adopt!ot\ of. plan d>aII IIIisfy any requirements of
state low, regulation, or order, lDcludlDa II.-of the State W.ter
IIeooutoeo Omtrol Board, fa< the ~ 01 ...... , management
plans or ccaservotioo plan:; pnMded. lilat II the Sta .. Water
-.,..,.. CcntroiBoord requira oddiDonaI infonnation concerning
water-eon.ervation to implement its exi!tina: authority, nothing in
Ibis part obaII be deemed '" limit the board ;., obtaining .h.t
iDformatioD. The ~ of this part obaII be ,..tis&d by any
water conservation plan prepared to meet £ederallaws or regulations
after the _.e ela .. 01 this part. and which subotantially meets the
requi:rements of this part. or by any e.aisti.~ lI .... er management or
coruervation plan which iodudes the coutents of • plan required
under this port.
106S4. All costs Incurred by an arbon ..... or supp~er in
developius 0< implemontinc i!s plan sbaII be borne by It unless
otherwise jITO"ided fa< by "'1Il1e .
. lOEiSS. [f any proloisioa clthis part Dr the application thereof to
any penon or circum.stacca iI beld invalid,. that invalldit)' shall not
affett other provisions or-applications of this part which tan be gl'\len
effect without the in..Jid provis;oa or oppIieaUon thereof, and to this
end .be "",visions 01 this port are oeverable.
10056. This port sbaII remaiD ;., elf.ct <mil' until Januory I, 1991,
and as 01 thet date is repealed, UD!eso • later enacted "'Me, whlcb
is ~ befo<e January I, IllIIl, c!e!et .. 0< extend. lilat cia ...
SEC I. ~ No Ippropria.lioc is uwde and DO reimbunement is
reQUired by this act punuont to Sect!on 6 0( Article XIII B of the
Caliromia Cotutitution or SectIon 2231 or 2234 of !be Revenue and
T ... t!on Code beoawe the IocoI agency .,. ochooI district has the
authority to levy ...vice dwges, r-or _" sufficient to
pay fa< !be program or level 01_ IIWIdated by thls act
o
8-6 so 180
A.I""""y Bill No. 11581
CHAPTER 3S.'5
An ... --t to amend SectiCru 1063I,ID632, and loo;.u of, to odd Sect>""
1C64Z> to, oM t. ,epeoISo<tion 1_ 01, the Water Code, rehtins t • ........ 1_"" ""--l'oW'" __ ....
..."...., " ..... 1uIr Is. ..... J
1.£GlSUt.m'E ~ 'S .DfCUT
AB 11581, K1e1u. Wam _, pbnnin.!!.
(I) Under the U,ban Water ~emec.1'lamm1c Act, wbicb is
to .-In _ only lmtiI January I, 1991, ~ urban .... ,e>
supplier pro~ ,..,.., "" munkipo/ purpooos to "'ore than l,ooo
..-men 0<" supplying more than 3,000 acre-feet of ... ,.., annually
is reqllired to prepare and oclopt, In accwdance lrith preombed
requir.......... an utbon ....... _ement plan eont>U>mg
prescnbed ~!S. The pIM b requiTed to be Aled lrith the
[)epartmenl ofWaterlleocur<os. and the deputm.". is required to
annually propere ODd ... bnu1 to the lqisIalwe • ~
summariz!Dg the status of the plans. Eacl> 1Upp/ier is requiTed to
perioo!ieally review Ib pw, fa """",,,",,00 "ith pr""",bed
requir ..........
This bill ......Id delete the 'ITUIOT)' I, 199., tenDinalioD cht.,
thereby ~ • .we-m.ndated IoeoI prosnun since the
requiremen" g( the act are rpedIi<aJIy app!k:able 10 lo0oi public
___ os suppt; .... The bill woold :evi5e the required elements
of the plan and Would make """ted chang ... The bill ......td require
the .... ter ouppIi .. and the department to mal<e the plan .valIahLo
"" public review lrilhin 30 doys _ 6lirlg or the plaa wlth the
deputmcnt. The bill would '0<1"'" the d~t in Its aru>u.J
"'port to ~hl the "" ...... diDj: elemenb oIlndMcIuaJ plans. and
"ould oIso requite the departnmJ. '0 prepare "'PO'" oM provide
~ for speti/ied ~v. ~ The bill .....wd require the
departmenl to pro,ide • copy of !he ~ to each supplier wltioh
has rued it> plan with the cIepartment.
(2) The CoIifomia Coostitutic. requires the dote 10 mmbune local....,. and ",bool diItricb ~r «miD ..... mud&tod by the
...... Statutory povi»oas eslahllsh proced..... for maIcins th-"
reimbunement.
This bill 'IlI1JUId provide that 11. reia>b=e"",,' Is nquired by this
act to. • opeciIied ........
The ~ 01 the SQte oIc.Jiform. do en.ct os __
SECTION I. Se<tilJf\ 10631 01 the W.ter a,de is ~ to '..r-:.Jil.r.·
B-7 .. '"
-1-
read,
106J1.. A plan shall include all of the folIowin& eI=.",
'01 Coatain an esttma •• of part, curreut. and projecud ..... er ....
and" to the e~ent recorcb are avaiI.aNe. :fIeII'eaate those II'eS
between residential, inc1ustrial, commercial,. and lovernmeDW uses.
{bJ ~ti£y CO<UeTVatioD ",oasuno eutToutly adoptod and beirl&
~. .
(0) D •• cribe a1temalive oonservatioD meuures, iDcluding. but
not Iimit:ed to, consumer education, metering. water saving fixtures
ODd app!;ances. Iawu ..,d pnIen inigalicn teclmlques. and low
....... we 1andscaPirl&. -..hic:h w<>ulcI improw "'" ~ of waler
we with on evaIuatioa of their ..... ODd their env!ronm.ental and
other significant impacts.
(d) Provide • .clu!dule ofimplementatioo !or proposed octinnJ"
iDdinaud by tho plan.
(e) Deocribe the &.queney ODd magnilude ofsupply deficiencies.
booed an available histone data ..,d future projecud conditions
COIDpIIring .... ter IllPPly ODd demand, i:>cloding a desc:ription of
cIefieleIJeI<s In ti:ne of drousht and ""''''gen<y. and the ability to
meet deficiencies.
(I) To the .... "t~. desonbe !be method which will be used
to evaluate the eR"ectivenea of each conJefV8tion measure
Implenwrted WIder the plan.
'-I Oosorib< "'" steps which woold be • ..,.,...". 10 implement
any propooed actions In the plan.
SEC. I. SeotiOll 1063I! of ibe Water Code ;. amended to rea&
IllS3£. In addition !O the elemen13 required pursuant to Serooo
10631, _& plan projeetinJ: • fUture use which indic:ate! • need' for
~ or additional .... ter supplies .shan contain an evaluation of
the r.IIowing a/ternativOSo
(al W ....... ter reclamation.
(b) Ex:ehauges or tranJler of .... ter OD a shorHerm Dr long-term
basis.
eel Management of wa!er 1)'St.em p:resrures and peak demands.
(d) Issues relevant to mmn-retrofittina: fot aD w:es.
(e) InceLtives to alter .. ater use pTactices. 1ncluding fUture and
applion<e retrofit programs.
(I) PubIlo infonno.tlOGODd odu.wional programs to porno,. wise
use ODd eliminate ....... '-I 0wIges in prlcirl&. rate structures. and regulations.
SEC. 3. Section 10644 of the Wale. Code is omended to rea&
106M. An urban ... ter .uppIier shall m. with the department.
copy of it> plan no later than lD days Iller adoptioz:. Copies of
..... endment> 0' chan&.. 10 "'" p!.m shall be filed with the
department within lD <lays Iller adoption.
...... filed Wlder !his seotion shall cl=nbe the basis re. the
decision of the urban water supplier to add. change. or retain
eomervatiOD measures.
8-8
.. II)
, .
APPENDlXC
1989 WATER unUTY PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS
~ -, ..
APPENDIX C
1989 WATER UTILITY PLAN RECOMMENDATIONS
The Cily of PlIo Aile City Coullcil adopted the 1989 Water Utility Plan on
November TT, 1989. The WUP was designed to serve u a planning guide to be used
in meeting fI.'lure Wltu Utility requirements. The following rerommendations were
cootained in !be WUP aru:! were intended to 50"" IS a guide to Utility planning
in the faa: of the maDy cIlaiJenges the Water Utility rau. in its unoortain fu!Ure.
1. Maintain leadership role in !be Bay Area Waler Use .. Association.
2. Refwbi$h the we!h thaI are recomme1lded to remain in the water system and
".ailItain them in • rondition and I11811I1er consistenl with their intended use.
3. Continue woding with the SFWD and the Bay Area Water Users Association
I'IanIIina Cmmnittee 10 address contractual issues and 10 study the feuibility of
facilities that may aneviate the peaking problem.
4. Evaluate the open.tionai feasibility of using emtiJIg City storage and di.'trIbution
faCIlities for water supply during peak periods.
5. Oosely monitor the proposed modifk:otion to the SaCe DrinIdng Watu Act.
6. Monitor and partiQpale in the Bay-Delta hearing process for the purpose of
maintaining the existing Hetcll Herclly supply.
7. Perform a study of Palo Allo's anlidpaled supplemental needs in order 10 prepare
for the situation wben the SFWD system reacb .. IuD capacity.
8. Analyze the feasibility of developing new wells.
9. Continue working with the SCVWD staff and examine the feasibility of
interCOllDCClUJa with !he SCVWD fOl" full1rc treated water deliveries.
10. Analyze the feasibility of using reclaimed water as • source of supply for certain
applications.
11. Support and participate in the proposed Uniled States o.,ological Survey
groundwater study.
12. Conti nue to pursue demand-side programs for the purpose of promoting efficient
use of the City'. water resources.
C·I
•
APPENDIXC
13. Continue 10 cumine rate design in termS cleft.ctivene .. in me.ting the pri:>eipal
criteria employed by t1Ie City. and perform timely comprehensive cos! cl ",rvi""
studios.
14. Proceed with the current plans on the reservoir improvement proje<:1 10 provide
imprl1Yed seismic in~grity and corrosion protection.
IS. Proceed with the SIUdy reprding reC<lmmendations for updating the r.".,;v;..ng
stations end rel~ monitoring ",tems.
16. Continue the devebpment and implementation cl a comprehensive large meter
mainlenance program.
17. Reevaluate staffing levels to insure adequate ongoing preventative maintenance
involving valve replacemen~ meter cabbration and repl.""ment, fire hydrant
u~ and Ilow-testing.
18. Proceed with the in·house study regarding the appropriate main replacement
cycle.
19. Update the Water Utility Emergency Operations Plan to meet current industry
standards.
Col
APPENDlXD
WATER CONSUIlPTlOH
HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED
CITY OF PALO ALTO
WATER CONSUMPTION
CITY OF PALO AL'l'O WATER CONSUMPTIOl'l
HISTORICAL AND PROJBCTED 196B THROUGH 2009
(IN KILLIONS OF CCF)
HISTORICAL PROJECTED
YBAR COJIstJHl"1'ION YBAR BASE HIGH LOW
1968 7.39 1990 7.20 7.41 7.08
1969 7.40 1991 7.58 B.07 7.24
1970 8.05 1992 7.82 8.U 7.37
1971 7.93 1993 7.94 8.63 7.43
1972 8.57 199' 8.00 8.73 7.'5
1973 B.18 1995 8.0' 8.80 7.46
1Si7( 8.15 1996 8.07 8.85 7.46
1975 8.53 1997 8.09 8.81 7.47
1976 8.58 1998 8.10 8.89 7.46
1977 7.29 1999 8.11 8.91 7.'6
1978 5.40 2000 8.12 8.92 7.46
1979 6.8e 2001 8.13 8.93 1.46
1980 6.99 2002 8.14 8.94 7.46
1981 1.67 2003 8.H. 8.95 7.46
1982 7.39 2004 8.15 8.97 7.'5
1983 7.06 2005 8.15 B.98 7.45
1984 8.10 2006 8.16 8.99 7.45
1985 8.20 2007 8.17 9.00 7.45
1986 7.85 2008 B.17 9.01 7.H
1987 8.01 2009 8.18 9.02 7.45
1988 7.65
1989 6.35
D·I
I ,
I
I
I
!
I
I
I
!
APPEHDlXE
PRODUCT1ON COST MODel. DESCRlPllOH
APPENDIX E
PRODUCTION COST MODEL
OVERVIEW
Basi<:ally I production C05t model consists 0( user defined data bases thai are
manipulated by the model 10 J>l'Oduc'> useful outputs. These data bases cootain
assumptions about the future (i.e. forec:asts 0( waler use, resource availability, and
resoor", costs). Users can adjust assumptions ODd rerun the model 10 determine the
effect 0( chaoging the parameters. The heart 0( the model is the dispatching process
which subjects the available resour<es 10 the fom:asted load. The output from this
section sbows bow future loads will be metered. The resources required multiplied by
the COS! 0( each resouroo is equal 10 the prodn::tllJD C05L The model is set up as .bown
schematkalJy in the <f"'1!f3111 below;
WATER OSE
FORECAST
I EXPLICIT LOA!) IlAHlPUr--->--LATION SUCH AS SBORT-
L-___ --' TBRM (DROUGHT-TIME)
CONSERVATION
~~r-;.~D~I~~;P;AT;'CH;;;;If;G:;;.1------«.-_J
CALCULATIONS:
(MULTIPLY REQUIRED
RESOURCE BY ESCALAT
ING COMIIOOITY COSTS
AND DISCOUNT FtmJlIl!
VALUES)
I ,
APPENDIXE
Inputs are provided by the user and can be changed 10 .:reate differenl scenarios to
analyze various strategies. SeMilivity &D8Iyses are performed by changing certain
parameters 10 test how they affect produedoo COSL
Wi!e, Use Fffit11M!· The monthly forecut for each mouth 0( the 2O-year analysis
period is required
AnD'''!)!!! RC!!SOOrsGi: This section amtaita the maximum amount of each resource.
_lable each month.
Rct!l!Jrg: Cqsts, This se<:1ion contains 1hc Mt year commodity costs 0( each resource as
well as escalation rales foe each year for each resource. These can be different for eaob
month 10 model seasonally changing COOls or different for each year if there is a reason
10 believe that COOls will increase (or decrease) mOl'<: rapidly in some years than others.
Net Waler RCllUjremem: Aft.r any e.pIicit changes 10 1hc [<>recast load have been
done, the result is the net water requirement These changes are descnbed below.
Requjred Resources: This 5e<:Iion is 1hc resull 0( the "dispalching" 0( available resources
10 ",""llbe Det requirements. rt shows whidI resouroes and how mucb 0( each .re
required 10 meet load. This outpulls essentially a loads and resources balance.
Production Cos): This SCdion shows monthly, annual, and rumulative productron costs in
nominal and discounted dollars.
APPENDIX E
NPJidl J .,.., Manipulation.: This se<:tion adjusts the. forecast befor-e resources arc
dispo.ld>ed. For example, 10 model sbon·term coosezva1i<>n during limes of drough~ the
...... can de.cri~ !be level of load reductions !hal O<alt. In 1his example, then. tile load
is equsllo the forecast minus Ibis sbon·lerm a>nsef\l8lion and il is 1his Del load that
DIU" be satisfied by the available retOllf<CS.
Dj5j!lldJiDl !>rpgm. This is !be main bocl). of the model This section goes down
tIm>ugb the list of "available resources" and usa them up ""til the "net water
requirement" is satisfied. The ·~.tcb order" <lesipales whidJ resource is used firs~
se(OIlI/, third. elc. If the available resourc.es are DOl sufficient 10 meel tile load. a
sbortfaII is DOled. For example, if !be load foe July 1995 is 900,000 CCF, Resource #1
availability is 1,100.000 CCF. ther~ is 40,000 CCF of reclaimed waler developed, and no
OIlIer resouroes are available, the model will specify !hal all redaimed w~r is used and
860,000 CCF of lle50urce # 1 water is used. If, however, on1y 800,000 a::F of Resource
#1 is available, !be model will show thaI all available TedBimed and ReSOll1ce #1 waler
is used and thal!ber. is a ,bortfall of 60,000 CCF.
c.lgd,1ioos: This section multiplies the required resource amounts by the resource
C051S 10 calcul~ production cost.
APPENDlXF
PlANNING SCENARIO PARAMEfERS
APPENDIX F
Three planning scenarico .... re developed to analyze various strategies. 'IlK three
scenarios include. 'most tikely" case u _0 as two boonda,., conditions. 'IlK planning
~ developed have the (ollowins attributes:
H1P.ProcIIIdIoIl UtdIest Low·ProcID<tIo.
Attrlbgu: Cn&5awr1o San'oo Cog Sccplrio
1. FocCQSI High Base Low
2-Maximum allocation 7,580 8,021 10,000
from SFWD (1,000 cd)
3-Cost of SFWD water over S.2I/<:d US/cd S.12/cd
aJIo<ation ~ Ulldcr
aJ\ocation cost plus _
4. SFWD cscalation rate 8%/yr. S%/yr. 3%/yr.
5. Wutewater treatment 7%/'1'. 5%/yr. 3%/yr.
escalation rate
6. Number of droughts in 4 3 0
2O-ye.ar planning borizon
7. Drought #1 reduction 15% 15% N/A
8. Drought #2 reduction 10% 10% N/A
9. Drought #3 reduc:tion 25% 25% N/A
10. Drought #4 reduction 25% N/A N/A
. -:
APPENOIXG
SEltVICE AREA INroRMADON WOIlKSHEETS
CITY OF PALO ALTO APPENOiXG
SERVlC£ AA£A DATA
taSTORICAL CUAAENT
FiIcaI y_ Endhlll '813 '980 ,ieS '990
DEMAND BY SECTOR
Single Family
Meter_ '3,340 14,852 13,8S9 I
units (CCF'S) 3,024.885 2,916,'08 2,465.544 I
% oPTo,al 37. 31!.66% 39,30%1
GaUclaylmeter 465 402 354
Multi Family
\,S9g l Matera 1,663 1,620
Unii$ (CCf",j 538._~ 671.659 663.927
'MoofTotal 8.74 9.13 10.58%1
Gal/clay!meter 663 650 851
Commerclaf I Maiers 1,436 1,632 1,695 1,660
Unils (CCF's) 'm~ 1.066.937 1.339,493 I 1,401.448 I
% of TolaJ 13. 15.86 18.22%\1 22.34o/~
aaJ.'dayrmel.' 1,561 1,340 1.619 1.730 I
Industrial
Meters 271 243 I 256
Units (CCF' 5) 2.23e,B58 '':'':~ 1,069.017 ~
%01 Total 28. 17.040/1
GaUcfaylmeter 14.054 B.558
Ctty Facilities
2241 Me1ers 243
Urn" (CCF's) 380.580 400.626 I
% 0' Total 4.90 6.390/0;
GaJlcfay/meter 3.041 3.
665 1 pubnc FaClTtties
Meiers 173 62
1
Uni" ICC"'s) 398,843 j
272,982
% of Total 5.42 .4.350/0
GaJlda)lrneter 7.561 4.725 _ 4,725 I
TOTAL SALES
Mel.,. 16,870 18.588 18.826 17,670
Units (CCF' 5) 7.982.216 6.728.503 7.353.097 6.273.554 r="-' Unil. (CCF's) 8,527,000 6.994.000 6,590,000
Unaccounted-1or 544.784 265,497 316.446
%Unaa:oonted 6, B. 4.80'Iij
~I
.... ,
'"
I
CITY OF PALO ALTO
SERVICE AREA DATA
FIocoIV ..... E.-
SOURCES OF SUPPLY
San Flanol."" W.,., Dept (COl)
GtoUf1d Watet
UMble?
Aquifer oYefdratl?
Aqo,j"" owrdraft ~
~_a, .. o-
ullable aquifer
WUIe Wate, ReclamatiOn
Root"med 081_ (COl)
WATER SUPPLY
Groaa Qua.tHy (COl)
Dolly U" (10m 01 \1111)
~""ual usa (mill of oal)
Annulll UN taore feet)
ISERVICE AREA INfORMATION
SiZe (aquars miles)
Population
Growth rate
Annl,lBI Pfir capita use (oot)
APPENDIXG
HISTORICAL CURRENT PROJECTEO
1970 1\1111 1_ 1985 1990 ,-2000 -2010
! I
18.054.000 8.621.000 &.994.000 8.19&.000 8.690.000 7.042.000 6.820,000 6.154.000 5.883.000
1
YES YEll YEl; YES YES YES YES YES 1'ES' ,,~. :-
NO 140 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO
0.000M0 0._ O.OO'M 0.00'11 0.00'Ii O.OO'M O.OO'M O.o.'M O.~ ..
'00,00% loo.00'M ,00.00'M 100.00'11 loo.OO'Ii loo.00'M 100,000M0 loo.000M0 loo.00'M,
0 0 0 0' 0 1,000.000 1.500.000 2.000.000 2.600,000 I
, ,:
8,054.000 8,527,000 8.994,000 8,19&,000 8,590,000 6.042,000 8.120.000 6.154.000 8,183,000
171 17 14· 17 I. 181 17 17 17
I 8.024 8,378 5.232 I 6.132 4,929 6.015 6.074 8,09Q 6,121 I '8.489
1
19.575 16,056! 18,820 15.'29 18,462 1 '8,&41 18.719 18,786
~,g r ""' .. ~ .-"-. ..~ .. 0 25.980 I 2U80
56040 52700 55225 56815 57366 67650 58300 5~'11 -5.9&" 4.79% 2.88'1\ i 0.97'1i 0.50'11 1.13'11
151 I 122 129 U 115. • ,39 139 131l ,37
I , . I ,
L ' I ----....I ' _______ ~ _ ..J
f;'
APPENDIXH
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF DEMAND-SIDE PROGRAMS
RESULTS ftlOM WATEItPJAN'II
C».TA t:=o.o -~ ...
""' E~ ....
NI .... ~ .. "
8ASEYEAR~
r ....
~
iPonrPoetlvo
1<11580
1715
!tnoullrloJ 2116
~
_RATES .....
r""''' _Jal
S1.4,1ccI
Com_ $1.'-'
1oduoI,,", 11._
SECOfICAAY RATCS -BASE YEAR
~rty -~-.
'" 0IS62JI<Wh ~ $4.$5Im.IJ Btu _Rol, _Il
fO.5ZJC<I
~ $1.IWc:cf -_ ... I2.In'cc'
WA'IER HEATWG $A1\JfIAllONS
Elodric -... <:om_" .. '5<10
_rial , ...
!co-
/C"I'a-
~"\ItaI11Ikw1 u •
IAdmln a Dol'-
""""101 UN
... eon-.oo
(CC!)
"7
103
5''''
0<""",_
e. ...
I,'"
e. ...
Gr.QlWfh Rlf:1
0.5,,",
""'
'.ts ..
Goo -... -
H-I
BASE YEAR: 1981
FO'IECAST
API'eHDIXH
&; .. 1I1On
.... "!-HORZON: 1991-.2011:
0,0.. WEAlliEFt _ City
OJ)" .. ...
0,'" I
r .... Annual Growth
eon...mpucn ""to -1.Ht\D
,377157 1.18'M1
'459:;79 U~
716175 ", .... ,'-
~_cosr
atar j '1~cd i~~·j 1,~
~'IY~":..COSTS GfOWl~ Aa~~_
ElecIrIc SC,OJ6/I<WI> '" Gas $2..51m~ B1~ ".
SeworRaI. $0. I 7fr;cf ...
,.', /<,"
• I II I ~ I u:
I I~ I ~
J I!! I!
II ,~ I~
I ,5
I I~ !; -, s ~ . , , 11°0 I !! U§ T !
I II • I II I it· -I n ~!I I !
l, II I I I II !: i I; -I ! I In : I -: 1'= I ~ 1\ ~ '! a I -II i! /I I a I I ! ... I-f-00 • 0 I! c· OK! , ,!!
III L L L L L 1--.. -10. 0. 0. [o. .. L L -
1!f1 Ii U zz z z z • z : 8 :!! z
z z
II: -" •
JI ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ... ~ ,.. I-~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
! i;u II Ill! ! • ~ II :!! ! " I Ii •
~ 1000 00 c c c c 0 a 0 aoo 0 a
i! 10 0 a 00 ecce a 00 000 0 ~
10 a 0 00 Ie '< c c t--00 000 c c
J ! j j j i E I
L I : It 2 ~ A I . L I hI. ;,1, :1 I I' II "I ' 0
Ij ~ 'p 111i · -j • i-~ tIl " 1 • • E • • •
1 IL I ~ i l.d·tl~:; I · ..
! P ..... ~ is ripl~n !
i i ... ~ ~ ~
JHI lil~~ h !Ui! 1 !H
H-2
nn !I I
II !
J ~! !
i l uri i
III I
.a J
• l' ! 181
I ,: ~ ! !'I
>l ! .1 I
I : ~ ! .~ I ~ & . ~
HI .. -. " II
I~n ~ z !~ ~
I J: " " ""
" I It ~
>' ~ Q 0 <:>Q il ij " .. " 0
Ii b " .. " 0
j
II J ! I
iWI' II! "I 1,1111111 11 L--IIIII !JIJjJJ~$
'" • ..
CITY OP PALO ilL TO
ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF DEMANO-SIDE PROGRAMS
RESULTS FROM WATER PLAN
APPENDIXH
LandS<lape Relrolil Program tor Resldenlial, Commercial & Multi Family
TOlai
SavlllQll Bao1efiI
NOI -V_ ~
PerIod
I_I
11_01
Willet M .... _t COli 10 (million ColI -,Pragt!m (IOOO$) ~) RallO I C·_$) (yNl., I ,~,
PERSPECTIVE: SOCIETY
PLAN IN TOTAL
,,&dO Controlletl & V.'vet
. XerIecapIng exlOllng -R ..
XO'iocapjno. Exlllllno -CommiMF
IrrlQ4lllon Audit -COII'''''MF
XO,l108piog, I_ot&l COli
PERSPECTIVE: AGENCY
PLAN IN TOTAL
Auto Controllsrs & Valves
XelilO8pjng (xI8l"'0 - R ••
XelilO8plng. Exlollng -commiMF
Irtlgation Audit -CornmiMF
Xeriscaping, Irl(ifomental Cost
PERSPECTIVE, PARTICIPANT
6314 j
130
1253
481'
17
11
~
828
530
2202
421
77
1583
470
80
765
226
42
1583
470
80
765
226
42
PLAN IN TOTAL 3731 '563
Auto COntrolls" & Valves 60 470
Xeriscaping Exl4tlng -Res 837 80
Xer1soaptng, Existing -Comm/MF 2837 765
!Irrigatjon Audit -Comm/MF 0 2261. t:ping , InCIAmBntal COSI J_~~ ____ 7~ __ ~_~
0.7
9.7
0.2
0.4
27.9
6.7
0.7
'.0
0.3 i 0.8\
0.9
1.0 !
-2118
,134
-,040
.2807
481
96,
-1263
'2
-388
-638
-23
·2
24.1
1.0
117.5
47.1
0.2
3.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-2.41
653.3
NC
-6.5
NC
66.3
NC
12.6
NC
Ne
Ne: 2.91
0.41 -2146 17.2 . 0.5
•.• 167 0.8 NC
0 •• , -527 74.8 Ne
0.3 -,994 36.' -4.8
INF·I 190 i 0.0 NC ~ __ 3_.4_J __ , __ l_. __ ~L_~,_~07.8 J
'. ','1';-:
• ',,.'/ ;,
',' ;
•
",
/1:'
ex ,
'"
CITY OF PALO "LTD
ECONOMIC "HAL YBES OP DEMAND-SIDE PROGRAMS
RESULTS PFlOM WATER PI.AN
Water Management Plan for City Faoilities
,
PV
or Total
WOIerlol_ COM to I Program (10001)
PERSPECTIVE: SOC'ETY
PLAN IN TOTAL 122
Tallo! I'I8p1a08ment w/ULP-C,ty 12
Sail Clooing Fa~1ty 7
Irrlgadon Audil-City 50
Xerlacaplng, Eollting. City I 42
PERSPEcnVE: AGENCY
PLAN IN TOTAL 283
1"011o! ~.pla08I11tln1 w/ULP-Clty 29
Sell CIOling F~a-clty 10
Irrigation AUd~ -City 157
X.rlocaplng, E".,'ng -Chy n
',PERSPECTIVE: PARTICIPANT
PLAN IN TOT "L 0
Toll .. Repla"""".nl w/ULF-Cltl' I 0
Soli ClOsing ~.UC.I.-Clty I 0
Irrigation Audh -City
I
0
Xo"I08p1ng, Existing -City 0
ToIIIl
Savings BenefIt
(million e-
_V·'-1. Ratio
118 1.9
" 3,6,
2 1,1
81 2,5
22 1,3
116 0.6
" 0.7
2 0.4
61 0.7
22 0.6
I
116 INF.
11 INF.
2 INF.
61 tNF.
22 INF.
AI'PENDIX H
Net
, -_I Palbo<*
_01
V_ Pa1ad '-""
!!..~'1 ~-~l
107 4.6 22.5\
30 '1," 15.5
1 17.0 4.8
73 2.0 74.8
14 15,1 7,2
0.0 I -116 He "
.g 0.0 -3
-e 0.0 He
-51 0.0 "C .'
-39 0.0 NC
I
!
81 0.0 NC!
a 0.0 NC
3 0.0 NC ".1
61 0.0 Ne
" 0.0 NC
--.l._----.J
CITY OF PALO ALTO APPENDIX H
ECONOMIC ANALYSES OF DEMANO-SloE PROGRAMS
RESULTS FROM WATER PLAN
Indoor Water Management Plan for Multi Family Units
Water Managomont
i;~~al T~~:!~ i "::'-, r~-r=l
Cost to I (million COOl Value PerIod A-.. i ~"~. I ...., I ,il,~" --. ". P""""m
PERSPECTIVE: SOCIETY
PLAN It~ TOTAL I '26 I '''''1 4.31 4'7 4,3 . 34.9
Moderate Kit Program -MF 42 64 5,7 196 2.' 89.7
UlF ShOwerf'l.aCl-MF 7 '0 8.2 38 3.0 50.1
ULF Tollot Repiacarnent -MF 71 70 3.7 '9' ". , 16.1
'"
[PERSPECTIVE: AGENCY
, I '"
-381
. , "
PLAN IN TOTAL 295 ,"" 0.9 M -0.4
Moderate Klr PrOgram -MF '2~ 64 0,9 -~I 0.0 ~~I ULF Showerhead -MF 23 '0 0.8 0.0 ~I:;~~~'.; :': ULF Toilet RapiaCOlfrOn' -MF '43 70 0,9 -'6 0.0 2,1 -'"
PERSPECTIVE: PARTICIPANT
PLAN IN TOTAL 65 144 2.8 117 'l~" ~. ,;, V,·t'h ":' .
1.0 910,41
'.' MOCIef'aie Kit Program -MF 19 64 5,5 67
ULF Showorhead -MF 2 10 7.7 16 0-0 NC
ULF Toilet Replacement -MF 44 70 1.3 15 4.9 33.91
L _..-L--'-
" , -
CITY OF PALO A~IO
ECONOMIC ANAL VSES Of' DEMAND-SIDE PROGRAMS
RESU~TS FROM WATER P~N
Indoor Water Management Plnn for Single Family Homes
PV Toral
of Total s.vtnoo -w_-..-CoRIO (miiNon Coot
(1000$\ .~-) Rallo
PERSPECTIVE: SOCI~
P~INTOTA~ 242 ! 4421 6.6
. ULF TO"ot RolplaOO"'."'· Res 62 55 3.3
ULFShow.rhead·A .. 10 '01 4.1
Moderate Kit Program -Rei 69 129 6.9
Umttect Ktt P'OOfam F ..... to.n 13 59 ,0.6
Water AuI.Ilt wnna'all • A •• n 190 9.5
PERSPECTIVE: AGENCY
P~INTOTAL 89Q 442 0.8
ilL!' Toilet Ropl&oemonl-1'1 .. 117 .5 0.8
ULF Show.""' .... Rol. 23 10 0.8
Modor."l(lt Program _ 1'1 .. ~36 128 1.0
UmilGd I()t progrom F"", to a" 112 59 0.9
Water Audit W/"'".I -f' •• I 400 190 0.8
PERSPECTIVE: PARTICIPANT
P~N IN TOT"L 82 442 8.3
VLF Toilol AepIooomonl-A •• 35 65 '.3 • . ULF ShOwo .. ".ad • A ••
I Modorl'O Kit Proor.m -A ••
'0 M
1~ ~5
~ n3
APPENDIXH
NOI 1_-
p-Pajlrlick
_01
v_ --..
(1000.) ~~ ~t
I
1351 1.9 170.~
142 1~.4 14.5
32 4.6 34.8
407 '.7 '29
122 0.& Me
6&9 1.4 187.8
I
I
-1'5 0.0 -4.3
.18 0.0 0.8
-II 0.0 NC
-9 0.0 -0.9
-10 0.0 NC
-112 0.0 -9.3
596 1
I 0.81 Ne
"1 5.0 33.' ,. ,n 117'17
/
lllTilted Klr PtOOfam Free 10 all
Wa,.r AU"it Wllnatall-A.S ____ ..L _____ L ____ .-J.. ____ -L ____ .L ___ .J ____ --'
5
38
3
o 190 ~~
14
173
90
307
1.0
1.0
0.1
0.0
679.7
9'4.4
NC
NC
"',
. \~ .
.,",:.
, .
•
,'"
i~
'" • '"
CITY OF PALO ALTO
ECONOMIC AN"LYSES OF OEMANOooSlOE PROGRAMS
RESULTS FFlOM WATER PLAN
Indoor Waler Mana~)ement Plan for Commercial Sector
w ..... MlnagonMlnt
PlIlgI""
PERSPECTIVE: SOCIETY
PLAN IN TOTAL
Mode(*le KIt Progtam _ Comm
Warer AudIt WlinltlU, Small
ULF ToIlO! Roplaoatnent -Comm
ULP ~.rhoad -Comm
PERSPECTIVE: AGENCY
IpLAN IN TOTAL
M-.oto 1(" Program -Comm
Wlfet *,udlt W/inau.II, Small
ULF Toilet Ropl~....,.nt -Comm
ULF Showerhead -Comm
PERSPECTIVE: PARTICIPANT
PLAN IN TOTAL
Mode'ate Kit Program -Comm
Water AuOlt Wllnlra!!, Sm .. "
! PV
I Of Tot.1
Coli to
I (1000$)
150
2
114
59
2
I
273
7
160
81
6
'2 ,
01
Wa,.' Audit Induittillli Prooeu 0
ULF Showeth"ttd -Comm 1
Total
sa .. nga
(-
gallo\1.)
-,
Coot
RaUO
94 2.3 \
4 0.91
57 3.31
31 1.9
2 6.2
I
94 0.6
4 '.0
67 O.B
31 0.7
~ 0.7
i
94 4,2 !
4i 5.5 .
67 ! INF.
'32 . INF. 3~ I 1.1
5.4
ULF Toilet RoplaC<lrnent -Comm ~; 30
.-L_~ __ L-_--'-
"PPEHOIXM
NOI
P.JbocI< I lmernal _. R4I8 01
Volue --..m
(1000$) (yIINa) (~)
I
197 6.1 17.6
11 1.7 124.4 " \::'.
145 3.3 41.1
55 21.2 8.8
B 3.B 44.B
I
-108 0.0 NC
-0.26 0.0 -1.2
-u 0.0 -3~ I -28 I, 0.0 -, 0.0 NC
I
103 0.7 Ne I 5, 1.0 I, 867.3
93 001 Ne
14~ I He 0.0 I 5.2 32.9
0 .• NC
--L-
•
CiTY OF PA1.0 A1.TO
ECONOMIC ANAL I'SES OF DEMAND-SIDE PROGRAMS
RESlA. TS FROIoI WATER PLAN
Summary of An Water Management Plans
py TOI8I Net
dTOIaI SrMga -"'-'!
CooIID (-Coot v_
!!1ooo$, ....... 1 Rallo 11000 1\
I
Socie'y 89S04 2358 1.0 -104
AljerlOy 5831 2358 0.7 -,-
Participant 3909 2358 0.7 -1249
"-'" TOIaI
oo-oct Foo .. _ eo. 10
V..". COOlS ---~ ... ($, j$)
.
1991 64685 22808 87493
1992 284574 mn S77545
1993 505020 213396 n8418
1994 586elC 351138 81 nos
1995 669180 S2n09 "_ 1996 1440 535337 S38m
1997 no 518911 519631
1998 0 481712 481712
1999 0 446823 448823
2000 0 397991 39ml
2001 0 422039 422039
2C02 0 447853 447853
2003 0 .-476068
2004 0 506060 506060
2005 C 537842 537842
2006 0 582427 582427
2007 0 522218 522218
20tle 0 ~04515 404515
2009 0 251829 251829
2010 0 40281 I 40281
2011 0 42797 i 42797
----
H-9
APPENDIX H
InlemaI I Payl>aclc Rate of
Period ReIIJm ~, At,1 I
30 1 ~5,1
0.0 Ne
9.0 11.4
W819t
I SaYIngs
(ICOO
adonsl
12034
46058
99366
153795
217382
207407
189112
165144
14407.
120717
120422
'20213
12C213
.20213
120213
118225
103253 '
75243
44071
66U
586e
APPENDIX I
COUNCIL RESOLl1I10N
•
", ,""
RESOWTION NO.
RESOLUTION OF THE COUNCIL OF THE-CITY OF PALO ALTO
AKEIIDING, DIRECTING FILING, AND AUTHORIZING IMPLE
MENTATION OF THE CITY OF PALO ALTO URBAN WATER
KANAGEIIENT PLAN
WH~, the Urban Water Manaqement Planning Act, Water
Code sectiun 10610 At ~., requires every urban supplie~ of vater
providing more than 3;000 eu6to~e~B or supplying more than 3,000
acre feet of vater annually, to prepare an orban water Management
Plan (-Plan-), the primary function of which is to describe and
evaluate reasonable and practical efficient water uses and
conservation activities: and
WHEREAS, the Urban water Manaqement Planning Act requires
periodical revit!w of the Plan at least once every five years,
followed by any amendlaents or chanqes to the Plan which are
indicated by the review: and
WHEREAS # the city is an urban ~ater supplier and in 1990
reviewed its 1985 Plan and circulated for public review proposed
aaendments to the Plan, and a properly noticed public hearing
reqarding Plan amendments was held by the City council on February
19, 1991:
NOW" THEREFORE# the Council of the city of Pa.lo Alto does
RESOLVE as follows =
SECTION 1. The 1990 Urban Water Management Plan, a.s
amended is hereby adopted~
SECTION 2. The City Manager is hereby authorized and
directed to file the Plan Update with the California oepartment of
Water Resources within 30 days after its adoption.
SECTION J. The City Manager is hereby authorized to cause
implementation of the Urban Water Manaqement Plan, as amended.
SEL~IQN 4. The Council finds that, pursuant to Water Code
section 10652, adoption of the Plan is not subject to the Califor
nia Environmental Qcality Act.
INTROOUCED AND PASSED:
AYES:
NOES:
A&STENTIOHS:
ABSENT,
•
A'!'TEST:
City Clerk
APPROVED AS TO FORM:
city Attorney
APPROVED:
llayor
cIty Manaqer
DIrector of Utiliti ••
. " " . 1! .
• '. "_: .... ~"""r:_
~" ~":--l--'-<"'.."?(-'"!'":
•
APPENDIXJ
•
APPENDIXJ
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. 1985 Uiban Water MOI>aj!ement Plan
2. 1989 Water Utility Plan
J. Report 011 the Condition of the City of Palo Alto Wen System
4. Utilities Dep~nt Strategic Plan
s. Department of Water Resources WalerPlan'" User's Manual and Water
ConsumpIi(m As.a~roptioDs
6. aty of Palo Alto Comprehensive Plan
J·1