HomeMy WebLinkAbout2001-02-20 City Council (22)City of Palo Alto
City Manager’s Report
TO: .HONORABLE CITY COUNCIL
FROM:CITY MANAGER DEPARTMENT: PUBLIC WORKS
DATE:FEBRUARY 20, 2001 CMR: 117:01
SUBJECT:APPROVAL OF A THREE-YEAR AGREEMENT WITH THE
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IN THE AMOUNT OF
$230,251 FOR SAN FRANCISCO BAY MONITORING
RECOMMENDATION
Staff recommends that Council approve and authorize the Mayor to execute the attached .
agreement with the United States Geologic Survey (U.S.G.S.) in the amount of $230,251
to monitor pollutants in clam tissue and sediments and to monitor ecosystem diversity in
the Palo Alto Baylands area of San Francisco Bay during calendar years 2001 - 2003.
DISCUSSION
Project Description
The work to be done by the U.S.G.S. consists of two parts. Part~I provides for sampling
and analysis of tissue from clams and sediment found in the mud flats near the discharge
point of the Regional Water Quality Control Plant (RWQCP). Part II provides for
monitoring of the number and diversity of the benthic organisms and the reproductivity
of the clams. The monitoring is required by the San Francisco Bay Regional Water
Quality Control Board (Regional Board) which regulates, the discharge of treated
wastewater to the Bay by Palo .Alto. The sampling will cover a three year period
(calendar years 2001 - 2003), and continue the work approved by Council and completed
during the past three years (CMR:219:98).
The results to date show dramatic decreases in pollutant levels in the clams compared to
the early 1980s when pollutant discharges from the RWQCP were much greater. Part II
of the program (monitoring of benthic diversity and clam reproductivity) is being added
to be consistent with the new discharge permit issued by the Regional Board for the
RWQCP on October 18, 2000. The new work will allo.w for an assessment of the health
of the clams and their ecosystem, going beyond earlier analysis which focussed only on
the level of the pollutants.
Selection Process
The U.S.G.S. has collected clam and sediment data adjacent to the Palo Alto discharge
point since 1974. Much data on diversity and clam reproductivity has also been collected
at that location. No other consultants or institutions have the unique capability to analyze
CMR: 117:01 Page 1 of 2
9
pollutant and ecosystem trends in the vicinity. The work done by the U.S.G.S. for Palo
Alto to date has been exemplary and received nationwide recognition. The U.S.G.S. does
not charge Palo Alto for the full cost of the sampling program, but only for incremental
costs associated with Palo Alto’s required monitoring. The Regional Board and the City
wish to take advantage of the knowledge, experience, and efficiency in analyzing and
interpreting data that the U.S.G.S. is able to bring to this project. For these reasons, the
U.S.G.S. has been declared a sole source provider of the required services.
RESOURCE IMPACT
. The total cost of the three-year agreement is $230,251. First year costs in the amount of
$100,227 will be funded from fiscal year 2000-01 Wastewater Treatment Fund operating
budget. It is anticipated that funds for the second year ($68,635) and the third year
($61,389) will be included for in 2001-2003 budget. The agreement acknowledges that it
is "subject to the availability of.appropriations".
ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW
The monitoring program does not constitute a project under the California Environmental
Quality Act and, therefore, an environmental assessment is not required.
ATTACHMENT
Attachment A: Agreement
PREPARED BY:
DEPARTMENT HEAD:
PHILIP L. BOBEL
Manager, Environmental Compliance Division
GLENN S. ROBERTS
Director of Public Works
CITY MANAGER APPROVAL:
Assistant to the City Manager
CMR: 117:01 Page 2 of 2
I~ornl 9-1~66 U.S. Department of the Interior
(Nov. 1998)U.S. Geological Survey
Joint Funding Agreement
FOR
WATER RESOURCES INVESTIGATIONS
THIS AGREEMENT is entered into as of the 1st day of
W-R01003
CA228 ATT~~N~
TIN #:~4-6000389 -
January 2001 by the U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, party of the first part, and the City of Palo Alto, party of the sec-
ond part.
1.The parties hereto agree that subject to the availability of appropriations and in accordance with their respective authorities
there shall be maintained in cooperation Near Field Receiving Water Monitoring of (1) Tissues and Sediments and
¯(2) Benthic Community, hereinafter called the program.
2.The following amounts shall be contributed ’,o cover all of the cost of the _necessary field and analytical work directly
related to this program.
(a) $0 by the party0~ the first pa~’t during the period
January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003
(b) $230~251.00 by the party of the second part during the period
January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2003
The City of Palo Alto will allocate funds for this project annually to the U.S. Geological Survey in increments of the following for Part
I, $40,767 in 2001, $40,767 in 2002, and $40,767 in 2003; and the following for Part II, $59,460 in 2001, $27,868 in 2002, and $20,622
in 2003.
(c)Additional or reduced amounts by each party during the above period or succeeding periods as may be determined
by mutual agreement and set forth in an exchange of letters between the parties.
3. The costs of this program may be paid by either party in conformity with the laws and regulations respectively
governing each party.
4.The field and analytical work pertaining to this program shall be under the direction of or subject to periodic review by
an authorized representative of the party of the first part.
5. The areas to be included in the program shall be determined by mutual agreement between the parties hereto or their
authorized representatives. The methods employed in the field and office shall be those adopted by the party of the
first part to insure the required standards of accuracy subject to modification by mutual agreement.
6.During the course of this program, all field and analytical work of either party pertaining to this program shall be open
to the inspection of the other party, and if the work is not being carried on in a mutually satisfactory manner, either party
may terminate this agreement upon 60 days written notice to the other party.
7.The original records resulting from this program will be deposited in the office of origin of those records. Upon request,
copies of the original records will be provided to the office of the other party. ~
8.The maps, records or reports resulting from this program shall be made available to the public as promptly as possible.
The maps, records or reports normally will be published by the party of the first part. However, the party of the second
part reserves the right to publish the results of this program and, if already published by the party of the first part shall,
upon request, be furnished by the party of the first part, at cost, impressions suitable for purposes of reproduction
similar to that for which the original copy was prepared. The maps, records or reports published by either party shall
contain a statement of the cooperative relations between the parties.
9.Billing for this agreement will be rendered in December of each year . Payments of bills are due within
60 days after the billing date. If not paid by the due date, interest will be charged at the current Treasury rate for each
30 day period, or portion thereof, that the payment is delayed beyond the due date. (31 USC 3717; Comptroller
General File B-212222, August 23, 1983.)~ CITY OF PALO ALTO
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
By
By
Steven E. lngebritsen, Chief, Branch of Regional Research
By
By
(USE REVERSE SIDE IF ADDITIONAL SIGNATURES ARE REQUIRED)
Part I
PROPOSAL TO THE CITY OF PALO ALTO:
NEAR FIELD RECEIVING WATER MONITORING
OF TISSUES AND SEDIMENTS:
January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2003
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Samuel Luoma, Daniel Cain, Michelle Hornberger,
Cynthia Brown, Byeong-Gweon Lee, Janet Thompson,
Francis Parchaiso
MAIL STOP 465
345 MIDDLEFIELD ROAD
MENLO PARK, CA 94025
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the 1990’s the Regional Water Quality Control Board described a Self
Monitoring Program with its NPDES permits for South Bay dischargers that included
specific receiving water monitoring requirements. One of the requirements was for
inshore monitoring of metals and other specified parameters, to be conducted using the
clam Macoma balthica and sediments, following protocols compatible with the Regional
Monitoring Program. Monitoring efforts were to be coordinated with the U. S.
Geological Survey (USGS). The latter requirement stemmed from the 18 years of
previous data that USGS collected from a station south of the Palo Alto discharge site
in the extreme South Bay. Over the last decade such a program has continued with the
partial support of the City of Palo Alto. The goal of the Board was to take advantage of
that data in interpreting monitoring data in the future. The program has had
demonstrated successes in this regard, documenting the reduction of contamination at
a mudflat near the discharge of the Palo Alto RWQCP and identifying regional and local
factors contributing to more complicated trends that have occurred in recent years.
The present proposal describes a continued program of exposure monitoring at the
near field (inshore) site in Palo Alto, taking aclvantage of the 20 years of existing data.
We also propose, in .a separate document, to accompany evaluations of trends in metal
exposure with determinations of effects on reproduction in the indicator clam, and an
evaluation of benthic community structure. The reproductive index and the biointegrity
index are proven indicators (Hornberger et al, 2000). Monitoring these indices will allow
a strong near field evaluation of environmental change in the years ahead, that is
compatible witt~ the Regional Monitoring Program’s broader approach.
1.1 PREVIOUS MONITORING STUDIES IN NEAR FIELD RECEIVING WATERS
Since 1976, USGS personnel have monitored and studied trace metal
concentrations in sediments and sediment-dwelling species in the vicinity of the
discharge of the Palo Alto Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP). These
studies initially found exceptionally high concentrations of copper and silver in
mud-dwelling animals from this area. Additional studies documented that
contaminants were present in enriched concentrations-throughout the food web,
including bir~ds from the area. Contaminant trends through time have also been
characterized. Concentrations of the most enriched pollutants, copper and silver, in
sediments and clams, declined after1981, as PARWQCP improved its waste treatment
facilities. The downward trends in copper content of animals correlated with reduced
Cu discharges from the PARWQCP, between 1977 and.1989. In the 1990’sthose
correlations are more complex. Silver concentrations remained elevated in the late
1980’s compared to other localities in the Bay. Silver contamination has also declined,
in association with changing waste treatment and a source reduction program
undertaken by PARWQCP.
These studies demonstrated effective approaches to long term monitoring. The
results suggested that sediments and local populations of clams are sensitive indicators
of the response of receiving waters to changes in metal output from a discharger. They
illustrated that reducing metal discharge in South Bay can be reflected within a year by
reduced near field contamination in the environment and biota of San Francisco Bay.
Both sediments and clams responded sensitively to the changes. Both also
incorporated important environmental factors in their responses. When sediments and
clams were monitored together, they provided corroborating lines of evidence,
minimizing mis-interpretations. The most effective interpretation of trends occurred
when samples were collected at several times of year, because of seasonality in
concentrations. The data from a receiving water monitoring program of this type is not
only useful for the Regional Board but can provide valuable feedback to local industries
and small businesses. Palo Alto has used the data to provide feedback to participants
in their silver source control program, for example. Periodically summarizing the long
term data set may offer opportunities to evaluate influences of the PAWRQCP on
contamination in South Bay compared to influences of other inputs.
By analyzing archived animals we also have recently shown that clams with high
metal exposures in the 1980’s were unable to produce mature gametes (i.e. it is highly
likely individual animals at Palo Alto could not reproduce). Archived sediment sample
exist from which it can be determined whether this affected the abundance of this
animals and/or whether more sensitive animals may have been eliminated. In the
attached proposal we are suggesting to extend the repr.oductive study into the future
and to analyze the historic community data for effects on other species. If those effects
exist we will extend that program into the future as well. This will provide a program of
exposure and effect monitoring, consistent with risk assessment paradigms.
2.0 Objectives
The purpose of the monitoring program is to characterize long term trends in
trace element concentrations inshore near the discharge of the PARWQCP. Trace
elements and associated parameters will be determined in fine,grained sediments and
in the clam Macoma balthica. The monitoring will be conducted in a manner that will
provide hig,h-quality data that are compatible with data collected historically, and with
data provided .by programs such as the Regional Monitoring Program.
Specific objectives include:
¯ Provide data to assess seasonal and annual trends in trace element concentrations
in sediments and clams near the discharge; specifically at the site designated in the
RWQCB’s Self-Monitoring Program for PARWQCP.
¯ Present the data within the context of historical changes inshore in South Bay and
within the context of on-g0ing monitoring of effluents.
¯ Coordinate sampling efforts with similar inshore receiving water monitoring programs
associated with the Regional Monitoring Program.
¯ Provide data which could support other South Bay issues or programs such as
development of sediment quality standards.
The monitoring approach described below has been effective in the past in
relating changes innear field contamination in San Francisco Bay to changes in metal
discharges from RW.QCPs, despite the complexities of monitoring natural systems.
5
Existing historical data will provide a context within which cause and effeci can be
assessed for change in the futUre. If continued, this study will provide a unique
opportunity to understand how investments in sewage treatment actually affects a
receiving water environment. The monitoring effort also will act as alocal extension of.
the Regional Monitoring Program.
3.0 Monitoring Program Approach
The proposed approach will be to monitor trace element concentrations in fine
grained sediments and resident populations of the deposit feeding clam Macoma
ba/thica. Sediment particles bind most trace element pollutants strongly, efficiently
removing them from the water column. Numerous prior studies have shown that
analysis of concentrations of these pollutants in sediments provide a time-integrated
indicator of trace element input to the water column. Animals such as Macoma ba/thica
live in contact with sediments and feed upon organic material associated with sediment
particles. Thus they are exposed to this concentrated pool of trace elements and
sequester them in their tissues. These animals are important prey for larger species
that live in the Bay, including migrating water fowl. Analysis of the tissues of the clams
provides a measure of their exposure to bioavailable pollutants and an estimate of food
chain exposures. Study of such exposure is the first step in understanding whether
pollutants are adversely affecting an environment (although elevated tissue
concentrations alone do not prove an effect is occurring). Understanding exposure in
one species can be useful in indicating a larger exposure of the local food web, as
shown in earlier studies at Palo Alto. Past USGS monitoring efforts have demonstrated
the value of the dual sediment/tissue approach, when data are collected following the
rigorous protocols described below.
3.1 Sampling Design
3.1.1 Sampling location
Samples will be collected from one station located north of Sand Point (Figure 1).
This is a mudflat on the shore of the bay (not a slough) 1 kilometer south of the Palo
Alto discharge. It waschosen because it is influenced by the discharge of
PARWQCP’s, but it is not immediately adjacent to that discharge. Thus it reflects a
response of receiving waters to the effluent, beyond just a measure of the effluent itself.
Earlier studies have shown that dyes, natural organic materials in San Francisquito
Creek and wasters in the PAWQCP discharge all move predominantly south toward
Sand Point and thereby influence the mudflats in the vicinity.. Earlier work showed that
San Francisquito Creek and the Yacht Harbor were minor sources of most trace
elements compared to the PARWQCP. Earlier studies also showed that intensive
monitoring at one site was more effective in determining trends in trace element
contamination than was less frequent sampling at a larger number of sites in the vicinity
of the discharge.
3.1.2 Sampling frequency
The basic monitoring program supported by Palo Alto will have a sampling
frequency of three times per year as stipulated by the RWQCB. Sampling will
correspond as closely with Regional Monitoring Program sampling as tides permit. The
RMP .samples once during the wet season, once.during the dry season and then again
at the end of the dry season. The basic program will follow this schedule also.
Statistical techniques such as power analyses indicate that three samples per year will
provide a 20 percent sensitivity in detecting trends. The USGS monitoring experience
indicates that three samples per year will be insufficient to sensitively track seasonality ¯
in metal contamination. More frequent sampling provides more accurate interpretation
of cause and effect in a temporally variable environment (accuracy is not considered in
power analysis). USGS activities will include collecting samples an additional 3 - 5
times per year at their own expense.
3.2 Constituents to be Determined
The constituents to be analyzed in sediments, and associated variables, are
listed in Table 1. The constituents and variables to be determined in clam tissues are
listed in Table 2. The constituent list is consistent with the constituents analyzed by the
Regional Monitoring Program. The methods employed will be adjusted so as to
minimize below detection limit determinations. The variables chosen for determination
are those required by the Regional Board.
3.3 Methods
3.3.1 Sampling
Macoma balthica and sediments will be collected at low tide from the exposed
mudflat. Sediment samples will be scraped from the surface oxidized layer (<2cm
depth) with a metal-free tool in a manner similar to previous sediment sampling in the
area. Sediment will be collected from the same area as the clams. Enough sediment
will be obtained to conduct all proposed analyses (Table 1) and to archive
approximately 10 grams for any unforeseen future needs. Approximately 40 individual
clams will b~e collected at each sampling time.
3.3.2. Sample preparation
Sediments will be sieved through 100 IJm mesh in ultra-clean (~18 Mohm)
deionized water immediately upon return to the laboratory. Both the fraction of
sediment passing through the sieve arid the fraction retained on the sieve will be dried
and weighed. Particle size distribution will be defined as the proportion of the total
sediment mass divided between these two fractions. This also provides an estimate of
the particle size characteristics of the bulk sediment for those who might want to make
comparisons with bulk analyses.
Replicate aliquots of the fraction of sediment that passes through the. 100 pm
sieve will be digested by reflux with concentrated nitric acid to determine near total -
concentrations (the same approach employed by the RMP). Replicate aliquots of each
sediment will also be extracted in 0.5N hydrochloric acid to determine the leachable,
anthropogenic contribution to the sediment concentration. Standard reference materials
9
will be digested with each sediment digestion run.
Clams will be returned tO the laboratory live, washed free of local sediment and
placed in clean ocean water diluted with distilled water to the salinity on the mudflat at
the time of collection (determined from the water in the mantle cavity of representative
individual clams). The animals will be held for two days to depurate undigested
sediment, then prepared for analysis. The length of each clam will be determined then
the shell and soft tissue will be separated. Soft tissues will be composited into 4 - 8
composite samples, each containing animals of similar shell length, and digested by
¯ nitric acid reflux. Samples for mercury and selenium analysis will be composited as
above, and freeze dried before digestion in concentrated nitric/perchloric acid. The
above procedure will result in 4 - 8 replicate samples from each collection for ICP
analysis and 4 samples for mercury/selenium analysis. The data from these animals
are not normally distributed and may be affected by animal size. Correlations will be
calculated between animal size and metal concentration; and established procedures
will be employed to calculate metal content of a standard sized clam for each collection.
Previous studies show that such data reduction procedures are necessary to account
for biological factors (size and growth) that affect metal concentrations, thus allowing a
clearer linkage between RWQCP discharges and responses of the clams..
3.3.3 Analytical methods
Digested tissue and sediment samples will be evaporated to dryness and
reconstituted in 0,6N hydrochloric acid. Most elements will be analyzed by Inductively
10
Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy (ICP or ICAPES)(Table 1 and 2). Exceptions
will include cadmium and silver in sediments, which occur at low concentrations and will
be determined bY Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (GFAAS)
with Zeeman background correction. The standard additions technique will be
employed as necessary in these analyses. Mercury and selenium will be determined in
both sediment and clam tissues by Hydride Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry.
All glassware .and field collection apparatus will be acid washed, thoroughly
rinsed in ultra-clean deionized water, dried in a dust-free positive pressure environment,
sealed and stored in a dust free cabinet. Quality control will be maintained by frequent
analysis of blanks, analysis of National Institute of Standards and Technology standard
reference materials (tissues and sediments) with each analytical run, and internal
comparisons with prepared quality control standards. A full QA/QC plan.is available
upon request. Typical detection limits for each element, in the matrix we are sampling,
are shown in Table 3 and compared to "background" (the lowest) concentrations found
in San Francisco Bay.
3.4 Data Analysis
Data will be summarized and reported to Palo Alto annually. Annual reporting
will be consistent with Regional Monitoring Program reporting format and will be
coordinated with the receiving water monitoring programs of San Jose/Sunnyvale. Data
appendices will be included that show basic analytical and computational data. The
data report will include interpretive figures and tables that express each year’s
monitoring data within the context of historical change and concentrations observed
elsewhere.
4.0 Budget
The budget for the proposed project is outlined in detail in Table 4. This budget
includes charges only for the basic monitoring program of 3 collections per year. USGS
will complement the study with the additional collections in each year. This proposal
.describes work that will begin January 2001 and continue for three years, through
December 2003. Renewal each January will be at the discretion of Palo Alto.
12
Table 1. Activities, constituents and variables in near field monitoring of fine
]rained sediments near Palo Alto RWQCP discharges.
Activity
Schedule
Field Collections
Sediment - Particle size ’
Sediment- HCI + Total
AI
Fe
Mn
Or
Cu
Pb
Ni
Zn
Sediment- HCI + Total
Cd
Ag
Sediment- Hg & Se
(total)
TOC
Archive sediment
Assemble data
Annual Report
Method
Intertidal
>100 um &
<100 um
ICP
GFAAS
Hydride
Total C - GD
Scint vial
Common
spreadsheet
Common
format
Additional
activities
Logistics
sieve from-
field
Extract or
digest
Use above
extracts
Freeze dry,.
grind
dry aliquot
dry
Frequency
6-8/y
6-8/y
6.8/y
6-8/y
6-8/y
3/y
6-8/y
6-8/y
6-8/y
1/y
"13
Table 2. Activities, constituents and variables in near field monitoring of metals in
the bivalve, Macoma balthica near the discharge of the Palo Alto RWQCPs.
Activity
Field Collect
clean, depurate,
dissect, size, dry,
weigh
Whole Tissues
Fe
¯Mn
Cd
Cr
~-Cu
Pb
Ni
Ag
Zn
Whole Tissues
Hg
Se
Condition
index/content
Assemble data
Annual Report
Method
ICP metals
Hg & Se
As above
ICP
Hydride
Calculate
Common
spreadsheet
Common Format
Additional
20 individuals
20 individuals
as above
digest etc
freeze dry
Frequency
6-8/y
3/y
6-8/y
6-8/y
6-8/y
1/y
Table 3.
(units are micrograms per gram dry sediment).
Element Detection
Cd 0.05
Cr 1.0
Cu __~ 1.0
Pb 1.0
Hg 0.1
Ni ’1.0
Se 0.1
Ag 0.05
Zn 1.0
TOC 0.1%
*Determined from pre-1850 sediments from cores.
Detection limits for constituents to be determined in monitoring study
Background in SF Bay*
0.2
>50
10-20
5-20
0.1
>40
0.1
0.1
>40
0.3%lowest
’Table ~i.
ACTIVITY
Field Work
Sample Preparation
ICP Analyses
Mercury/Selenium
GFAAS
Total Organic Carbon
Reduce & Assemble
Data
Instrument Repair &
Maintenance
Final Report
SUBTOTALS
TOTAL DIRECT COST
INDIRECT COST
ITOTAL COSTS 2001
ITOTAL COSTS 2002
ITOTA, L COSTS 2003
2001Budget* for Palo Alto near field monitoring program in dollars.
SALARY SUPPLIES ANALYSES MISCELLANEOUS
3,690 50O
4,805 1,100
2,040 1,100
1,072
3,340
3,858
18,805
ITOTAL COSTS 2001 through 2003
2,620
8O5
1,650
2,700 3,425 1,650
26,580
14,187
40,767
40,767
40,767
I $122,301
Part II
PROPOSAL TO THE CITY OF PALO ALTO:
NEAR FIELD RECEIVING WATER MONITORING
OF BENTHIC COMMUNITY:
February 1974 through December 31, 2003
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
.Janet K. Thompson and Francis Parehaso
MAIL STOP 496
345 MIDDLEFIELD ROAD
MENLO PARK, CA 94025
INTRODUCTION
Concurrent, and prior to the initiation of the Luoma study,, the USGS has been collecting
benthic (sediment dwelling animals) eommnnity data at three, nearby intertidal sites (south of
Sand Point). This data can provide us with the opportunity to examine if the changes seen in the
tissue concentrations of metals in Maeoma balthiea are reflected in physiological changes to the
clams (i.e. reproduction) and are reflected in changes to the benthic community structure. This
proposal describes an extension of the near-field (inshore) monitoring program at Palo Alto to
include an analysis of the benthic community between 1974 and 2000, for analysis of
reproductive activity from 1998 through 2000, and for continued analysis of benthic community
and ~’eproductive activity from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2003.
PREVIOUS MONITORING OF THE BENTHIC COMMUNITY IN NEAR FIELD
RECEIVING WATERS
Since 1974, USGS personnel have monitored and studied the benthic community and
reproductive activity ofMaeoma balthiea in the vicinity of the discharge of the Palo Alto
Regional Water Quality Control Plant (PARWQCP). Our findings during the first 10 years of
this study were published in Nichols and Thompson (1985a and 1985b). We found that this
community was composed of non-indigenous, opportunistic species that dominated the
community due to their ability to survive the many physical disturbances on the mudflat. The
disturbances discussed included sediment erosion and d~position, and exposure at extreme low
tides. The possible effects of metal exposure as a disturbance factor were not considered in these
analyses as the decline in metal concentrations in Maeoma balthiea and sediment had just begun.
Luoma’s results (see Homberger et al. 1999, 2000) have suggested that sediments and
local populations of clams at this location are sensitive indicators of the response of receiving
waters to changes in metal output from a discharger. These studies have illustrated that reducing
metal discharge in South Bay can be reflected, within a year, by reduced near-field contamination
in the environment and biota of San Francisco Bay. We suggest here that, while the benthic
community response to reduced metal output is likely to take longer, we might expect to see a
response at the organism level (i.e. reproductive activity) within a year or two and a response at
the communi,ty level soon thereafter (for example, was there a change in the number or type of
species that colonized the area change when the pollutant concentration declined). Due to the
natural intra-annual variability of benthic community dynamics it is likely to take 5-10 years for a
stable change in the benthic community to be expressed.
Although the sampling continued at these sites from 1974 through 1990 and was again
started in 1998, there has not been a good funding base to analyze the benthic community
samples since 1983. This time series of benthic data is of particular interest because it
encompasses the period when exceptionally high concentrations of copper and silver we,r~ found
in the benthic animals (1970’s) and the period when concentrations of the most enriched
pollutants, copper and silver, declined (after 1981). It is of particular interest to us that the
community be examined during the period 1977-1989, when the downward trends in copper
content of animals correlated with reduced Cu discharges from the PARWQCP, and during the
1980’s and 1990’s when the silver concentrations declined (Homberger et al. 1999, 2000).
Short-term funding has allowed us to analyze the reproductive activity ofMacoma balthica
through 1997 (Thompson and Nichols 1988; Homberger et al. 1999, 2000), but this funding is no
longer available. No data has been analyzed since 1997 despite it’s apparent promise in showing
the positive effects of reducing metal exposure (see Hornberger et al. 2000).
We propose here that samples will be analyzed at a frequency of no more than one per
month. We learned in our analyses of the early (1974 through 1983) sampling (Nichols and
Thompson 1985a, 1985b) that benthic samples need to be collected at a maximum time step of
every other month in order to distinguish seasonal differences from inter-annual differences if the
differences are small. In dynamic systems such as San Francisco Bay, distinguishing between the
effects of natural seasonal changes and anthropogenic environmental stressors is more probable
with more frequent samples. We are not sure what degree of change we might see in this longer
study and thus we will retain the Option of examining all of the data for all of the years.
Objectives
The purpose of this program is to ch~acterize long term trends in benthic community
structure and reproductive activity ofMacoma balthica near the discharge of the PARWQCP. It
is our goal to describe these characterizations with simple measures. For example, changes in
community structure will be described as number of species, number of individuals of dominant
species (i.e. benthic communities in more polluted environments are expected to have fewer
species, and higher numbers of individuals for the dominant species than benthic communities in
non-polluted environments). Reproductive activity will be reported as the total percentage of
animals reproductively active for each year; we know from previous work that this percentage is
lowest during periods with the highest pollutant concentrations (Homberger et al. 1999, 2000).
Coincident near field monitoring of trace element concentrations in sediment-and clams (Luoma
study) will allow us to compare changes in the reproductive activity and benthic community
structure with changes in metal accumulation in animals. The analyses will be conducted in a
manner that will provide high-quality data that are compatible with data collected historically,
and with data provided by programs such as the Regional Monitoring Program.
Specific objectives are_separated into three priorities and include the following:
Priori _ty 1: Historical Benthic Community Analyses (1974-2000)
¯Provide data (1978-1990, 1998-2000) to assess seasonal and annual trends in benthic
cornmunity structure at a location near the discharge (specifically at the site designated in
the RWQCB’s Self-Monitoring Program for PARWQCP).
¯Assess seasonal and annual trends in benthic community structure (1974-2000) at a
location near the discharge (specifically at the site designated in the, RWQCB’s Self-
Monitoring Program for PARWQCP).
¯Present the data within the context of historical changes inshore in South Bay and within
Priority 2:
the context of on-going monitoring of effluents.
Reproductive Activity ofMacoma balthica (1998-2000)
¯Provide data to assess seasonal and annual trends in reproductive activity of clams near
the discharge; specifically at the site designated in the RWQCB’s Self-Monitoring
Program for PARWQCP
Coordinate sampling efforts with inshore receiving water monitoring, programs by
Luoma
Priority 3: On-going Benthic Communi _ty Analyses (2001-2003)
¯Begin continuous monitoring to assess seasonal and annual trends in benthic community
structure in the future at one location near the discharge (specifically at the site
designated in the RWQCB’s Self-Monitoring Program for PARWQCP)
Coordinate sampling efforts with inshore receiving water monitoring programs by
Luoma
The approach described below has been shown to be effective in relating changes in near
field contamination to changes in benthic community structure (Kennish, 1998) and in
reproductive activity of a clam (Hornberger et al. 2000), despite the complexities inherent in
monitoring natural systems. By providing historical data, we will provide a context within which
cause and effect can be assessed for change in the future. If the study is continued (Priority 3),
we will build on a unique data set where ecological data and contaminant data are concurrently
collected and analyzed within the context of changing sewage treatment practices. This
monitoring effort would act asa local extension of the Regional Monitoring Program. The
coordination with Luoma’s study will provide an environmental, context for interpreting results.
Approach
The historical benthic community data will be analyzed in a manner similar to that used
in published benthic studies near sewage treatment outfalls (see Kennish 1998). The proposed
approach will examine species dominance patterns and community composition changes in
combination with environmental variables. Other studies have shown that more oppommistic
species are likely to persist in highly disturbed, environments (as was shown by Nichols and
Thompson (1985a) at this location in 1974 through 1983) and thus we might expect to see a shift
in community composition if a major disturbance factor has been metal contamination. We
might also expect to see shifts in the benthic community with changes in the concentrations of
specific metals.
particularly sensitive to elevated copper (Morrisey et al. 1996, Rygg 1985) and that most
taxonomic groups have species that are sensitive to elevated silv.er (Luoma et al. 1995).
For example it has been shown that some crustacean and polychaete species are ~
Analysis of the trace element concentration in the tissues ofMacoma balthica, as done by
Luoma, provides a measure of their exposure to bioavailable pollutants and an estimate of food
chain exposures. This does not however, examine the physiological effect of.the metal exposure
onthe animal. One of the more common animal responses to an environmental stressor is a
change in reproductive activity. Earlier studies (Homberger et al 2000) have shown that
reproductive activity ofMacoma balthica has increased with declining heavy metal concentration
in animals from this location. Therefore, reproductive activity ofMacoma balthica appears to be
a good indicator of physiological stress by pollutants at this location.
Benthic community structure and reproductive activity are proposed to be continuously
monitored at station FN45. These data will be analyzed in a manner similar to that used for the
historical data (see Priorities 1 and 2), and will be collected concurrently with trace element
samples collected by Luoma. Therefore this monitoring will provide a time series ofber~thic
community and reproductive activity response to pollutant levels.
Sample Locations/Frequency
Samples have been collected at a station located south of Sand. Point (Figure 1): station
FN45 is 12 m from the edge of the marsh and 110 cm above MLLW. The location of the benthic
station, on a mudflat on the shore of the bay (not a slough) 1 kilometer south of the Palo Alto
discharge, is influenced by the discharge of PARWQCP, but is not immediately adjacent to that
discharge. Thus this location reflects a response of receiving waters to the effluent, beyond just a
measure of the effluent itself. Earlier studies have shown that dyes, natural organic materials in
San Francisquito Creek and wasters in the PAWQCP discharge all move predominantly south
toward Sand Point and thereby influence the mudflats in the vicinity of Sand Point,-Earlier work
by Luoma showed that San Francisquito Creek and the Yacht Harbor were minor sources of most
trace elements compared to the PARWQCP.
Sampling Methods
Samples for benthic community analysis and reproductive activity have been collected
using two sizes of cores during the 1974-2000 period (8.5 cm diameter x 20 cm deep; 16.5 cm x
10 cmx 23 cm deep). Two.replicate samples were taken with the larger core and three replicate
samples were taken with the smaller core during each sampling date. There are several instances
when both sizes of cores were used concurrently (Table 1) so it will be possible to describe any
change in variance associated with core size. Samples have been collected at varying intervals
(ranging from monthly to semi-annually) as shown in table 1, and as explained above all samples
will be analyzed. Samples will continue to be collected from station FN45 as part of the
continuous monitoring study (Priority 3).. Three.replicate samples will be collected using the 8.5
cm diameter x 20 cm deep core for the monitoring study.
Samples for analysis of reproductive activity have been collected since January 1998
concurrently with the clam and sediment collection of the Luoma study. There will be near-
monthly samples for January 1998 through December 2000 (Priority 2). A minimum of 10
individual Macorna balthica of varying sizes (minimum of 5mm) have been and will be collected
for this phase of the study. The same collect program will be continued as part of the continuous
monitoring study (Priority 3).
Laboratory Analysis
Benthic community samples have been (1974-2000), and will be (Priority 3, continuous
monitoring) washed on a 0.5mm screen and preserved. Samples will be sorted to species level
where possible (some groups are still not well defined in the bay, such as the oligochaetes) and
individuals for each species will be enumerated. Samples willbe currated by the USGS until it
can be arranged for the California Academy of Sciences (CAS) to take this collection; CAS has
our earlier, 10 year, sample collection and they have shown interest in adding future samples
from this loe, ation to their San Francisco Bay Collection.
A minimum of 10 clams will be processed for reproductive activity each month. Clams
have been immediately preserved in 10% formalin at the time of collection. In the laboratory, the
visceral mass of each clam will be removed, stored in 70% ethyl alcohol, and then prepared using
standard histological techniques: tissues will be dehydrated in a graded series of alcohol, cleared
in toluene (twice for one hour each), and infiltrated in a saturated solution of toluene and
Paraplast for one hour, and two changes of melted Tissuemat for one hour each. Samples will
then be embedded in Paraplast in a vacuum chamber and then thinsectioned (10 microm~eter)
using a microtome. Sections will be stained with Harris’ hematoxylin and eosin. The stained
thin sections will be examined with a light microscope. Each individual will be characterized by
size (length in mm), sex, developmental stage, and condition of gonads, thus allowing each
specimen to be placed in one of five qualitative classes of gonadal development (previously
described by Parchaso 1993).
Data Analysis: Methods
All benthic community data analysis will be done in a hierarchy of sample frequency. We
will examine biannual fi’equencies, which are available for all years, then we will examine
quarterly samples that are available for most years, and finally we will examine bimonthly and
monthly samples for the years when the data is available. The periods when the benthic
community was sampled most frequently (i.e. monthly in 1977, 1979-1980, 1983-1984,and 1988-
89), brackets the time period of the largest change in metal concentration, so we are hopeful that
even small changes in the community will be visible. The extension of this study into the 1998-
2000 sampling period will allow us to compare annual patterns during these early years with the
patterns in 1998-2000, when trace element concentrations were relatively low.
The benthic community data will be examined using multivariate techniques.
Multivariate classification and ordination analysis of the benthic community data and
environmental data will allow us to identify the environmental variables correlated with
community change. Multivariate analysis is appealing because it incorporates the identity and
relative abundance of each species into one test and allows a comparison of ordinations of the
environmental and benthic community data (where ordination is the arrangement of species and
environment data in such a manner as to optimally organize and group the species data).
Environmental data will include time series data, when available, ofphytoplankton biomass,
salinity, freshwater inflow, temperature, wind velocity (a surrogate for resuspension and erosion
potential of the benthic fauna living in the shallow reaches of the bay), and body burdens of trace
elements in bivalves.
Data for individual species will also be examined to determine if there are any population
changes as a result of metal concentration changes. The time series for individual species will be
examined in the hierarchy of frequencies as described above, with frequencies varying from
biannual to monthly frequency, and will be examined in conjunction with time seri~s of
environmental factors, including trace metal concentration.
The reproductive stage data will be similarly analyzed as a time series in conjunction with
environmental data and benthic community data.
Data Analysis: Products _
Data will be summarized and reported to Palo Alto at the completion of each year. Each
annual report will be consistent with the Regional Monitoring Program reporting format and will
be coordinate,d with the Palo Alto near-field receiving water monitoring programs of Sam Luoma
fi:om the USGS...Appendices will include species lists, species counts, and basic analytical and
computational data for the benthic community and reproductive data.. The report will include
interpretive figures and tables that show the data as a part of the of the long-term time series;
annual plots and tables will be shown separately for data beginning in 2001. Summary, multi-
year reports will include analysis of the data within the contex~ of the historical change of trace
element concentration as reported by Hornberger et al. (1999) and that being concurrently studied
by Luoma.
Budget
The budget for the proposed project is outlined in Tables 2-4. This proposal describes
work that will begin January 2001 and continue for three years, through December 2003.
Renewal each January will be at the discretion of Palo Alto.
Bibliography
Hornberger, M., S. Luoma, D. Cain, F. Parchaso, C. Brown, R. Bouse, C. Wellise, and J.
Thompson. 1999. Bioaccumulation of metals by the bivalve Macoma balthica at a site in South
San Francisco Bay between 1977 and 1997: Long-term trends and associated biological effects
with changing pollutant loadings. U.S. Geological Survey Open File Report 99-55, 42p.
Homberger, M., S. Luoma, D. Cain, F. Parchaso, C. Brown, R. Bouse, C. Wellise, and J.
Thompson. 2000. Linkage ofbioaccumulation and biological effects to changes in pollutant
loads in South San Francisco Bay. Environmental Science and Technology, 34:2401-2409.
Kennish, J.K. 1998. Pollution impacts on marine biotic communities. CRC Press, New
York. 310 pp.
Luoma, S.N., Y.B. Ho, and G. W. Bryan, 1995. Fate, bioavailability and toxicity of silver
in estuarine environments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 31:44-54
.Morrisey, D.J., A.J. Underwood, and L. Howitt. 1996. Effects of copper on the faunas of
marine soft-sediments: an experimental field study, Marine Biology 125:199-213
Nichols, F.N, and J.K. Thompson. 1985a. Persistence of an introduced mudflat
community in South San Francisco Bay, California. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 24:83-97.
Nichols, F.N, and. J.K. Thompson. 1985b. Time scales of change in the San Francisco
Bay benthos. Hydrgbiologia. 129:121-138
89.
Rygg, B. 1985. Effect of sediment copper on benthic fauna. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 25:83-
Thompson, J.K and F. N. Nichols. 1988. Food availability controls seasonal cycle of
growth in Macoma balthica (L.) in San Francisco Bay, California. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol.
116:43-61.
Table 1. Benthic Sample Status showing samples needing processing with proposal priority shown.
Date Core Dimension
2/1/74 8.5cm diameter
3/3/74 8.5era diameter
4/9/74 8.5cm diameter
5/7/74 8.5cm diameter
6/5/74 8.5cm diameter
7/5/74 8.5cm diameter
8/4/74 8.5cm diameter
9/16/74 8.5cm diameter
10/14/74 8.Sere diameter
11/11/74 8.5cm diameter
12/10/74 8.5cm diameter
1/8/75 8.Sem diameter
2/6/75 8.5cm diameter
3/31/75 8.5cm diameter
5/29/75 8.5cm diameter
7/24/75 8.5cm diameter
10/2/75 8.5cm diameter
11/13/75 8.5cm diameter
1/27/76 8.5cm diameter
4/5/76 8.5cm diameter
6/3/76 8.5cm diameter
8/12/76 8.5cm diameter
10/30/76 8.5cm diameter
12/16/76 8,5cm diameter
2/14/77 8.5cm diameter
8/30/77 8.5cm diameter
3/2/78;8.5cm diameter
8/18/78 8.5cm diameter
3/22/79 8.5cm diameter
6/13/79 16.5x10cm
7/26/79 16.Sx10cm
8/7/79 8.Sere diameter
8/23/79 16.Sx10cm
9/21/79 16.Sx10cm
10/4/79 16.5x10cm
11/29/79 16.Sxl0cm
12/27/79 16.5x10cm
1/28/80 16.Sxl0em
2/20/80 16.Sxl0cm
3/12/80 8.5cm diameter
3/19/80 16.Sxl0cm
4/22/80 16.5x10cm
5/20/80 16.Sx10cm
7/1/80 16.Sx10em
8/12/80 16.Sx10cm
8/12/80 8.Sere diameter
10/24/80 16.Sx10cm
12/16/80 16.Sx10cm
3/10/81 16.Sx10cm
tt-I
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
H-2
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
1:I-3
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
eompieted
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
Priorit~ 1
completed
completed
completed
Priorit),
Priorit~
Priorit~
Priorit~
Priorit~
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priority
Priorit~
Priority
Priority
Priorit~ 1
Priorit~ 1
Priori~ 1
Priority 1
Priorit~ 1
completed
Table 1. eon’t
Date
3/10/81
4/23/81
7/8/81
8/18/81
10/14/81
2/3/82
5/11/82
8/19/82
1/11/83
1/11/83
2/8/83
2/22/83
3/10/83
4/7/83
5/4/83
5/18/83
6/3/83
7/13/83
7/13/83
8/10/83
8/10/83
9/7/83
10/5/83
11/3/83
12/16/83
12/16/83
1/24/84
2/21/84
2/21/84
3/20/84
4/20/84
5/18/84
5/18/84
6/20/84
7/19/84
8/14/84
8/14/84
9/28/84
10/24/84
11/5/84
12/20/84
1/15/85
2/13/85
5/8/85
8119/85
1 I/11/85
2/3/86
3/5/86
5/18/86
8/7/86
12/29/86
Core Dimension
8.5era diameter
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0em
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0cm
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5em diameter
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0em
16.5xl0cm
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0cm
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0cm
8.5cm diameter
16.5x 10em
16.5xl0cm
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0em
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0em
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl 0cm
16.5x 10cm
16.5xl0em
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0em
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0em
16.5xl0em
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0cm
16.5xl0cm
8.5cm diameter
16.5xl0em
16.5xl0em
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
8.5cm diameter
H-1
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
e0mpleted
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
H-2
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority I
Priority 1
completed
completed
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
completed
completed
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
Priority I
completed
completed
"completed
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
completed
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
H-3
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority I
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Table 1. con’t
Date Core Dimension
6/29/88 8.5cm diameter
8/1/88 8.5cm diameter
9/9/88 8.5cm diameter
i0/10/88 8.5era diameter
11/21/88 8.5era diameter
12/19/88 8,5era diameter
1/3/89 8.5em diameter
1/30/89 8.5era diameter
2/27/89 8.5era diameter
3/15/89 8.5cm diameter
4/11/89 8.5cm diameter-
5/5/89 8.5cm diameter
6/8/89 8.5cm diameter
7/7/89 8.5era diameter
8/2/89 8.5em diameter
9/1/89 8.5cm diameter
9/29/89 8.5era diameter
11/8/89 8.5cm diameter
12/7/89 8.5em diameter
1/5/90 8.5em diameter
3/28/90 8.5era diameter
Jun-98 8.5cm diameter
Jul-98 8.5cm diameter
Aul~-98 8.5em diameter
Sep-98 8.5cm diameter
Oct-98 8.5cm diameter
Nov-98 8.5cm diameter
Dec-98:8.5cm diameter
Jan-99 8.5cm diameter
Feb-99 8.5cm diameter
Mar-99 8.5cm diameter
Apr-99 8.5cm diameter
May-99 8.5cm diameter
Jun-99 8.5cm diameter
Jul-99 8.5cm diameter
Aug-99 8.5cm diameter
Sep-99 8.5cm diameter
Oct-99:8.5cm diameter
Nov-99 8.5era diameter
Dec-99 8.5cm diameter
Jan-00 8.5cm diameter
Feb-00 8.5cm diameter
Mar-00 8.5cm diameter
Apt-00~. 8.5cm diameter
May-00 8.5cm diameter
Jun-00 8.5cm diameter
Jul-00 8.5cm diameter
Aug-00 8.5em diameter
Sep-00 8.5cm diameter
Oct-00 8.5cm diameter
Nov-00 8.5cm diameter
Dec-00 8.5cm diameter
Jan 2001 through
Dec 2003 8.5cm diameter
H-1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority. 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 3
’H-2
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priorityl
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 3
H-3
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
" Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
completed
completed
completed
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
¯ Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
-Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priority 1
Priori ,ty 3,
Budget
Year 1:
Priority 1: Historical Benthic Community Analyses (1974-2000)
Activi _ty Salar~z Supplies Analyses
Sample Processing 1,427 25,000
Summarize Data 5,709
Final Report 2,854
Sample Collection (2001)_ _471 660
Subtotal 10,461 660 25,000
Total Direct Costs
Indirect Costs (%)
Total Costs
Priority 2: Reproductive Activity ofMacoma balthica (1998-2000)
Activity Salary Supplies Analyses
Sample Processing
Summarize Data
Final Report
Subtotal
Total Direct Costs
Indirect Costs (%)
Total Costs
471 1,200
1,132
1,132
2,735 1,200
36,121
17,497
53,619
3,935
1,906
5,841
Subtotal.40,056
Indirect Costs 19,403
Total .59,460
Year 2:
Priority 3 Benthic Community Analyses/Reproductive Activity Analysis (1998-2000)
Activi _ty Salary Supplies Analyses
Sample Collection (2002)714 700
Benthic: Sample Processing
(2001-2002)2,283
Benthic: Summarize Data
(2001-2002)2,283
Benthic: Final Report
(2001,2002)2,283
Reproduction: Sample
Processing (2001-2002)714
Reproduction: Analysis/
Final Report (1998-2002)3,396
5,000
1,400
Subtotal 11,674 700 6,400
Total Direct Costs 18,774
Indirect Costs (%)9,094
Total Costs 27,868
Year 3:
Priority 3 Continuous Monitoring of Benthic Community and Reproductive Activity
(2003-)
Activi _ty Salary_
Sample Collection (2003)856
Benthic: Sample Processing
(2003)1,427
Benthic: Summarize Data
(2003)1,427
Benthic: Final Report
(1974-2003)2,854
Reproduction: Sample
Processing (2003)714
Supplies Analyses
750
2,800
8O0
Reproduction: Analysis/
Final Report (2003)3,396
Subtotal
Total Direct Costs
Indirect Costs (%)
Total Costs
9,543 750 3,600
13,893
6,730
20,622