HomeMy WebLinkAboutStaff Report 6427
City of Palo Alto (ID # 6427)
City Council Staff Report
Report Type: Study Session Meeting Date: 3/14/2016
Summary Title: Downtown Transportation Management Association Study
Session
Title: Update on the Formation of the Downtown TMA (Transportation
Management Association)
From: City Manager
Lead Department: Planning and Community Environment
Recommendation
Staff recommends that the City Council receive and review the report on the Palo Alto
Transportation Management Association. This is a study session, and no action is requested.
Executive Summary
Since 2013, the City has been actively engaged in developing Transportation Demand
Management (TDM) strategies to encourage alternatives to solo driving to address Palo !lto’s
growing traffic and parking concerns. A City Council colleagues memo dated October 3, 2013
resulted in Council direction to convene a study session and develop an initial recommendation
related to goals of reducing traffic and parking demand. On December 9, 2013 Council held a
study session with representatives of Google, Contra Costa Centre and Stanford University, all
considered Bay Area leaders in applying TDM strategies, to better understand their respective
programs and their potential application to Palo !lto’s challenges. The ity ouncil
subsequently requested a staff analysis and recommendation regarding establishment of a
Transportation Management Association (TMA) for Palo Alto, and on February 24, 2014,
directed staff to move forward with the steps necessary to form the organization.
The Transportation Management Association (TMA) Steering Committee, a consortium of local
employers (including the City of Palo Alto) with resident representatives, worked through 2015
to develop the vision, mission and goals intended for a new TMA. Led by a consultant team with
significant experience in developing TMAs in the bay area, the team conducted the first
comprehensive commute survey for Downtown, discussed potential funding sources for
City of Palo Alto Page 1
ongoing programs, the need to provide services for lower wage workers in the Downtown, a
variety of rideshare pilot programs and the preferred structure for TMA formation. The group
voted in November to incorporate as a 501(c)3 non-profit and will have a fiscal sponsor who
will collect monies on behalf of the organization, the Silicon Valley Community Foundation
(SVCF).
The TMA had its first official Board meeting on January 28th, and this report summarizes some
of the key activities of the TM! Steering ommittee and the oard’s plan for action in 2016. As
a major employer Downtown, the City is a key member of the TMA Board of Directors, and its
input and participation will be critical to the TM!’s operations and success.
Background & Discussion
What is a TMA?
A TMA is a business-member funded organization that develops, markets, manages and
advocates for effective transportation programs. TMAs are formed in a variety of ways, but
they generally share the common goals of reducing single-occupant vehicle trips, reducing
congestion and demand for parking, and improving quality of life by reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Some other benefits of TMAs include:
- TM!’s can provide a comprehensive approach to managing transportation needs in a
particular area, and a framework for multiple constituents to work collaboratively on
these solutions.
-TM!’s can fund and offer branded services to both residents and commercial businesses
cost-effectively and efficiently through a network of alliances and partnerships.
Providing a one-stop resource with consistent messaging and promotion is a hugely
important ‘customer service’ factor that affects awareness and utilization of TDM
programs and services.
In the larger context, having a TMA positions Palo Alto to work cooperatively with neighboring
cities and other agencies in providing a flexible array of programs and services. While the Palo
Alto TMA will initially be focused on the Downtown area, transportation programs are by
nature connective and provide benefit to areas outside their targeted region. Because travel
routes used by residents, employees and visitors typically cross neighborhood and city
boundaries, having a TMA that recognizes key linkages is critical to developing quality programs
and services. For example, Palo !lto’s TM! was developed with the idea of initially developing
programs to support Downtown employee commutes, but this focus will also provide reciprocal
benefit to Palo Alto Downtown residents who may be travelling the opposite way to work; e.g.
to worksites in neighboring cities.
City of Palo Alto Page 2
An effective TMA can have significant measurable benefits such as:
Reducing the number of single-occupancy-vehicle (SOV) trips made within and through
Palo Alto, which reduces traffic congestion and the demand for parking;
Reducing the need to build new parking facilities;
Reducing total vehicle miles traveled (VMT);
Reducing greenhouse gas emissions generated both locally and at the regional level,
which contributes to Palo !lto’s sustainability goals.
A TMA also provides a forum for public and private entities and businesses of all sizes to work
together on transportation programs. Generally, larger companies fund the majority of the cost
of programs for the benefit of smaller companies. Because larger companies have more
employees and hence contribute more to traffic congestion, they have more of a vested
interest to work towards reducing single occupant vehicle trips.
TM!’s are structured in a variety of ways. Some operate with a membership- for- services
model, where a company pays membership dues based on its size and business category. Some
TM!’s sell access to a collection of programs available at different levels of financial support
(bus services, rideshare discounts, carshare programs, or discounted transit passes, as
examples). Others receive funding from their cities, counties, and other sources and provide
information and some services to all companies within the TM!’s service area. Still others are
hybrids, receiving some public and some private funding- providing some ‘free’ services to
everyone and charging for other programs. Some TM!’s (as well as Transportation programs
such as Stanford’s) receive funding from parking fees for their TDM programs and services.
Formation of the Palo Alto TMA
The ity engaged a consultant group with significant experience designing ay !rea TM!’s- MIG
with TMA expert Wendy Silvani. This team recommended that Palo Alto follow a standard
approach of engaging a Steering Committee which would develop a work plan, mission
statement for the TMA, evaluate pilots for start-up programs, and propose a structure for the
TM!’s ultimate oard of Directors. !t the request of the ity, this Steering Committee, a
consortium of 12+ local employers, community and residential representatives, and the City of
Palo Alto, worked through 2015 to develop the vision, mission and goals for the new TMA.
Last May, this team partnered with EMC research to conduct the first comprehensive commute
survey for Downtown which provided the basis for the TM!’s initial priorities. The group also
discussed potential funding sources for ongoing programs, the need to provide services for
lower wage workers in the Downtown, and learned about a variety of rideshare pilot programs.
City of Palo Alto Page 3
It determined the preferred structure for TMA formation and voted in November to
incorporate as a 501(c)3 non-profit and has a fiscal sponsor who will collect monies on behalf of
the organization, the Silicon Valley Community Foundation (SVCF). This structure will enable the
TMA to seek funding from many public and private foundations and other financial supporters;
it also gives the new TMA and its supporters the assurance of professional accounting,
reporting and other administrative management.
The TMA officially incorporated at the start of January and had its first official Board meeting on
January 28th, 2016.
Structure of the Palo Alto TMA Board
Based on Business Registry data, employers with 100+ employees account for over 70% of all
employees who work in Downtown Palo Alto. These companies have the greatest potential to
fund and adopt TDM programs that will make a difference in reducing SOV commutes and
parking demand. These companies are of sufficient size to be able to take advantage of bulk
transit pass programs, and have budgets to fund TDM programs for their employees. The 2015
commute survey results also indicated that employees who work for larger companies are
among the ‘most likely’ to change behavior – they live in places where transit and other non-
SOV commuting is an option and they work schedules conducive to using alternatives, etc. The
initial structure of the Palo Alto TMA Board has 3 large companies (300+ employees based in
Palo Alto) - the City, Google, and Palantir; two medium sized companies (the Garden Court
hotel and IDEO), and one small company (Philz Coffee). This ratio reflects the Business Registry
data; it is flexible and designed to be inclusive, but also to ensure Board members support the
TMA at a level that will provide a basis for the TMA to be successful through their financial
commitments.
Although Google does not have employees in Downtown currently, they are an active regional
partner (they have offices in Palo Alto in the Research Park) and have significant experience in
developing transportation programs which achieve sizeable SOV reduction. In addition, while
the focus of the TMA is initially in the Downtown areas, the Steering Committee acknowledged
that regional commute factors influence the Downtown and ultimately the focus of the TMA
may expand beyond these boundaries. There are also Google employees who are residents of
Downtown that could use TM! services in the “empty” direction (e.g. heading out of
Downtown), which makes the services more efficient and effective.
Financial Contributions and Board Size
The Steering ommittee’s consultant was able to provide recommendations from an attorney
who has worked on establishment of many similar organizations, and that attorney ultimately
City of Palo Alto Page 4
drafted the incorporation documents and bylaws. The consultant and attorney strongly
recommended that all Board members be required to make a contribution to the organization
to minimize risk exposure for the organization, a contribution which is separate from
membership dues which would be paid by organizations who would become members of the
TMA and take advantage of the services that it sells. The Steering Committee was unanimous
in not wanting the TMA to spend time trying to sell and collect nominal ‘dues’ from the many
small businesses, or searching for the basics – i.e., the salary of its Executive Director. Instead,
they want the Director to focus on funding for programs, marketing and managing those
programs. The current Board is deliberately small, with six members who are committed to
the successful rollout of programs on a ‘fast track’ that will benefit the entire downtown
community. As the TMA develops, it can easily increase the size of its Board to include others.
Currently, the Large Employer Board contribution is $10,000 annually, the Medium-Sized
Employer Board contribution is $2,500 annually, and the Small Employer Board contribution is
$1,000 annually. The Board is expected to set membership dues within the next several weeks.
Advisory Committee(s)
The Board will encourage participation from other companies in the TMA through an Advisory
Committee. The structure of how this committee would operate is yet to be determined; it
could take the shape of committees for various projects (i.e., those interested in a Lyft pilot or
just the transit pass program). The Steering Committee expects that the structure for the
Advisory Committee will evolve over the next few months. The requirement for a financial
contribution/membership fee to the TMA would not apply to an advisory committee to ensure
participation by anyone who is interested.
Feedback Mechanisms
The TMA Board will have feedback mechanisms for all TMA-sponsored programs so anyone can
provide input, suggestions, and ideas based on their experience as the Board designs,
evaluates, and refines programs and services. The focus of the TM!’s initial programs will be
on offering direct subsidies to many employees whose employers can’t provide commute
benefits because they are ‘too small’, and encouraging the 100+ employers for whom offering
transportation benefits is realistic to do so.
Other Examples
It is commonplace for a City to have a seat on the Board of the TMA and to provide funding.
The following TMAs are Bay Area examples:
1. City of Emeryville: The City of Emeryville provided the bulk of funding for the first 3
years for the Emery-Go-Round TMA at 90%, 75%, then 50% of the total budget, and was
City of Palo Alto Page 5
also on the Board. When the TMA became part of the PBID, the City became ex-officio
on the Board (no vote).
2. San Mateo Corridor TMA: The City of San Mateo is on the Board and helps fund the TMA.
3. Alameda Landing TMA: The City of Alameda has 2 representatives on the Board and is
providing funding for the TMA.
The ity ouncil will receive an annual report on the TM!’s activities each year. The ity’s
funding will be important in initial years for the launch of TMA programs, and the City Council
can provide requested funding concurrent with requests for expansion of the Board,
establishment of the Advisory Committee, or pilot projects, as examples. In this way the City
can influence the TM!’s programs and direction.
2016 Board Workplan
While the TMA is still in fledgling stage, the group agreed to continue to work with the
MIG/Silvani consulting team while recruiting for an Executive Director for the organization. Top
priorities for the Board include:
1. Recruitment of an Executive Director. The ED will replace the consultant team hired by
the City as the leader of the organization. While the Board members are not expected to
have TDM experience, this will be a key component of the employment requirements
for the ED
2. Launch of a pilot program that subsidizes low-income Downtown workers with transit
passes. Prior to the incorporation of the organization, the TMA Steering Committee
spent several months exploring a variety of pilot programs to determine which offered
the most immediate value to the Downtown, and a low-income worker transit pass
subsidy program was ultimately determined to have the most immediate impact.
Stanford’s Sustainable ities class has been working with the TM! to develop the
parameters of a pilot transit pass program. The students speak Mandarin and Spanish
and will be able to support outreach to workers who require those languages. This
program could launch as early as April or May depending on the position of the Board.
The Board will be discussing the details of the proposal at their meeting on March 3.
SOV Trip Goal Reduction
The TMA Steering Committee felt that specific numeric goals should be set for individual
programs (i.e., targeting a number of employees for the low income transit subsidy; another
number for another pilot program such as Lyft subsidies, etc.) This will allow the TMA to
adjust/refine/create programs against specific participation, and help the City achieve its 30%
reduction goal. On an annual basis, a 30% reduction from the current overall 55% SOV trip rate
is 1650 people. Broken up over a 4 year period, that equates to 412 people a year; over 5 years
City of Palo Alto Page 6
330 people. The TMA Board believes that achieving this type of reduction over a 4-5 year period
is a reasonable target.
Policy Implications
Development of a TMA is consistent with the following Comprehensive Plan Policies:
Goal T-1: Less Reliance on Single-Occupant Vehicles
Policy T-3: Support the development and expansion of comprehensive, effective
programs to reduce auto use at both local and regional levels.
Resource Impact
In order to submit for IRS incorporation, the TMA developed a draft budget to guide its
development. Projected expenses for 2016 are listed below. The TMA is a separate organization
with its own revenues and expenses, so while the City will be asked to contribute resources to
the TMA for program development, ultimately the organization will have multiple sources of
revenue. The TM!’s proposed budget is shown in Table 1, below.
Table 1. TMA Proposed Draft Budget*
Executive Director Salary (Part-time,
assumed starting in June)
$40,000
Annual Commute Survey, included in
existing consultant contract
$33,000
SVCF processing fees, included in
existing contract
$11,400
Legal Fees for IRS filing, included in
IRS contract
$2,500
Low Income Transit Pass Program –
assumes 120 passes per month @ $75
each for 6 months; program still in
development
$54,000
Marketing $10,000
General Office Supplies $2,500
Miscellaneous and Other Programs $28,000
TOTAL $182,000
*This budget estimate is for the independent non-profit TMA and is not meant to reflect
City budgetary commitments or requests.
City of Palo Alto Page 7
Staff will be making a budget request for $100,000 to City Council to support the TMA as part of
the FY2017 budget process. This $100,000 includes $90,000 to cover overhead expenses and
other costs noted above, and the requested $10,000 large employer contribution. Additionally,
City staff are working on an agreement with the TMA to provide up to $100,000 in funds that
were budgetted by the City in FY2016 for TMA pilot programs. Funded pilot programs could
include the transit-pass subsidy program, a pilot with Lyft, and possibly development of a
“commuter wallet” Mobility !s ! Service (MaaS) product. Several smaller employers have also
made contributions amounting to $32,000 for development of a low-income transit subsidy
program, and Google, Palantir and the Garden Court Hotel have pledged their Board
Contributions (total $22,500).
Timeline
The TMA officially launched in January 2016. It is expected to roll-out a low-income transit
subsidy in April or May of 2016. Other programs will be contingent on funding and the direction
of the TMA Board.
Attachments:
Attachment A: EMC Final Report on Downtown Survey (PDF)
Attachment B: Palo AltoTMA Board Packet Feb16th (PDF)
City of Palo Alto Page 8
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a
m
o
u
n
t
o
f
t
r
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p
s
t
a
k
e
n
du
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
w
e
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k
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
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n
Wa
l
k
e
d
Ro
d
e
a
b
i
c
y
c
l
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
Ot
h
e
r
55
%
17
%
SO
V
T
o
t
a
l
:
55
%
8%
In
c
l
u
d
e
s
d
r
i
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
a
n
d
m
o
t
o
r
c
y
c
l
e
Tr
a
n
s
i
t
T
o
t
a
l
:
1
9
%
In
c
l
u
d
e
s
b
u
s
a
n
d
r
a
i
l
7%
No
n
-
m
o
t
o
r
i
z
e
d
T
o
t
a
l
:
1
5
%
In
c
l
u
d
e
s
w
a
l
k
i
n
g
a
n
d
r
i
d
i
n
g
a
b
i
c
y
c
l
e
5%
5%
3%
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
wh
a
t
m
o
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
d
i
d
y
o
u
u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
do
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
7
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
W
o
r
k
s
i
t
e
S
i
z
e
As
b
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
s
i
z
e
d
e
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
t
h
e
pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
S
O
V
t
r
i
p
s
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
B
i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
r
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
74
%
61
%
41
%
25
%
22
%
14
%
12
%
8%
7%
7%
8%
7%
6%
5%
4%
1-
2
5
e
m
p
.
(
2
4
%
)
26
-
1
0
0
e
m
p
.
(
3
2
%
)
10
1
+
e
m
p
.
(
4
4
%
)
Bu
s
i
n
e
s
s
S
i
z
e
b
y
N
u
m
b
e
r
o
f
E
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
fo
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
.
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
di
d
y
o
u
u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
8
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
S
e
l
f
-
R
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
C
o
m
m
u
t
e
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
As
t
h
e
d
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
f
r
o
m
D
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
i
n
c
r
e
a
s
e
s
,
m
o
d
e
s
h
i
f
t
s
t
o
w
a
r
d
t
r
a
n
s
i
t
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
B
i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
69
%
52
%
40
%
38
%
30
%
19
%
11
%
7%
6%
5%
6%
5%
5%
4%
1%
<1
t
o
1
0
(
4
5
%
)
10
t
o
5
0
(
3
5
%
)
50
+
(
2
0
%
)
Di
s
t
a
n
c
e
T
r
a
v
e
l
e
d
i
n
M
i
l
e
s
(s
e
l
f
-
r
e
p
o
r
t
e
d
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
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n
t
a
g
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o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
fo
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
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v
e
s
u
b
g
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u
p
.
Av
e
r
a
g
e
D
i
s
t
a
n
c
e
T
r
a
v
e
l
e
d
:
Ov
e
r
a
l
l
=
1
5
.
8
m
i
l
e
s
|
S
O
V
=
1
5
.
9
m
i
l
e
s
|
T
r
a
n
s
i
t
=
2
3
.
5
m
i
l
e
s
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
di
d
y
o
u
u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
9
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
H
o
m
e
G
e
o
g
r
a
p
h
y
Co
m
m
u
t
e
r
s
f
r
o
m
S
a
n
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
c
o
a
r
e
t
h
e
l
e
a
s
t
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
B
i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
76
%
70
%
65
%
63
%
48
%
41
%
20
%
18
%
16
%
12
%
12
%
10
%
9%
7%
6%
6%
5%
5%
3%
3%
3%
1%
1%
0%
0%
Sa
n
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
c
o
(
1
0
%
)
P
e
n
i
n
s
u
l
a
(
2
0
%
)
S
o
u
t
h
B
a
y
(
3
3
%
)
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
(
2
2
%
)
E
a
s
t
B
a
y
(
7
%
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
en
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
su
b
g
r
o
u
p
.
Re
f
u
s
e
d
t
o
r
e
p
o
r
t
=
8
%
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
di
d
y
o
u
u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
10
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
A
g
e
a
n
d
P
a
r
e
n
t
a
l
S
t
a
t
u
s
Ol
d
e
r
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
r
s
a
n
d
P
a
r
e
n
t
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
t
o
w
o
r
k
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
B
i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
70
%
51
%
20
%
18
%
9%
9%
7%
7%
5%
5%
18
-
4
9
(
6
6
%
)
50
+
(
1
9
%
)
Ag
e
Re
f
u
s
e
d
t
o
r
e
p
o
r
t
=
1
5
%
66
%
50
%
20
%
19
%
11
%
8%
8%
7%
7%
4%
Pa
r
e
n
t
(
2
8
%
)
N
o
n
P
a
r
e
n
t
(
6
8
%
)
Pa
r
e
n
t
a
l
S
t
a
t
u
s
Re
f
u
s
e
d
t
o
r
e
p
o
r
t
=
4
%
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
fo
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
s
u
b
g
r
o
u
p
.
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
di
d
y
o
u
u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
11
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
W
o
r
k
S
t
a
r
t
T
i
m
e
Co
m
m
u
t
e
r
s
w
i
t
h
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
s
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
s
a
r
e
l
e
s
s
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
B
i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
64
%
63
%
49
%
20
%
19
%
15
%
14
%
11
%
8%
9%
8%
7%
5%
5%
2%
St
a
r
t
a
t
a
s
p
e
c
i
f
i
c
t
i
m
e
(
3
3
%
)
S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
is
f
l
e
x
i
b
l
e
(
5
5
%
)
S
c
h
e
d
u
l
e
v
a
r
i
e
s
(
1
1
%
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
en
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
i
v
e
su
b
g
r
o
u
p
.
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
di
d
y
o
u
u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
12
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
J
o
b
S
t
a
t
u
s
Pa
r
t
-
t
i
m
e
e
m
p
l
o
y
e
e
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
i
k
e
l
y
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
B
i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
75
%
66
%
53
%
19
%
16
%
14
%
11
%
8%
7%
7%
6%
5%
5%
4%
3%
On
e
f
u
l
l
-
t
i
m
e
j
o
b
(
8
4
%
)
O
n
e
p
a
r
t
-
t
i
m
e
j
o
b
(
8
%
)
M
o
r
e
t
h
a
n
o
n
e
j
o
b
(
6
%
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
en
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
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v
e
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b
g
r
o
u
p
.
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
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o
n
di
d
y
o
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u
s
e
t
o
c
o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
13
Mo
d
e
S
h
a
r
e
b
y
B
u
s
i
n
e
s
s
T
y
p
e
Em
p
l
o
y
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e
s
i
n
R
e
t
a
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l
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R
e
s
t
a
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r
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t
,
a
n
d
H
o
s
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t
a
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t
y
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o
m
p
a
n
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e
s
a
r
e
m
o
r
e
l
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k
e
l
y
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
.
Dr
o
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
Ca
l
t
r
a
i
n
Wa
l
k
/
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i
k
e
Ca
r
p
o
o
l
e
d
Wo
r
k
e
d
R
e
m
o
t
e
l
y
/
O
t
h
e
r
78
%
72
%
73
%
67
%
59
%
33
%
31
%
26
%
20
%
14
%
13
%
10
%
9%
10
%
10
%
10
%
7%
7%
7%
8%
7%
6%
6%
5%
4%
3%
2%
2%
1%
1%
Re
t
a
i
l
(
7
%
)
G
o
v
e
r
n
m
e
n
t
(
9
%
)
T
e
c
h
n
o
l
o
g
y
(
3
9
%
)
R
e
s
t
a
u
ra
n
t
(
1
2
%
)
H
o
s
p
i
t
a
l
i
t
y
(
1
6%
)
L
i
g
h
t
O
f
f
i
c
e
(
1
1
%
)
Nu
m
b
e
r
s
i
n
p
a
r
e
n
t
h
e
s
e
s
r
e
p
r
e
s
e
n
t
t
h
e
p
e
r
c
en
t
a
g
e
o
f
t
h
e
s
a
m
p
l
e
f
o
r
e
a
c
h
r
e
s
p
e
c
t
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v
e
su
b
g
r
o
u
p
.
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
o
l
a
s
t
w
e
e
k
,
w
h
a
t
mo
d
e
o
f
t
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a
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t
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d
y
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o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
14
Dr
i
v
e
A
l
o
n
e
M
o
d
e
R
a
n
k
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Re
s
p
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l
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e
E
a
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t
B
a
y
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a
r
e
e
m
p
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d
p
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e
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d
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t
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m
p
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t
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r
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r
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l
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k
e
l
y
t
o
d
r
i
v
e
a
l
o
n
e
.
73
%
72
%
70
%
67
%
66
%
66
%
65
%
64
%
63
%
63
%
61
%
59
%
55
%
53
%
51
%
50
%
49
%
41
%
41
%
33
%
18
%
Re
t
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s
t
B
a
y
On
e
p
a
r
t
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t
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m
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2
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e
m
p
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s
p
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t
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r
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t
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e
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0
+
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g
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o
f
f
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c
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r
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t
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h
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n
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l
a
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e
m
p
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v
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On
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t
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m
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r
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t
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h
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s
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+
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p
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l
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t
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c
h
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l
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g
y
Sa
n
F
r
a
n
c
i
s
c
o
78
%
76
%
75
%
74
%
Pe
r
c
e
n
t
a
g
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o
f
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O
V
tr
i
p
s
b
y
e
m
p
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e
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de
m
o
g
r
a
p
h
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c
s
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
15
Q1
.
T
h
i
n
k
i
n
g
b
a
c
k
t
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l
a
s
t
w
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k
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w
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t
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d
e
o
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t
r
a
n
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t
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d
y
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o
m
m
u
t
e
T
O
d
o
w
n
t
o
w
n
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
?
Tr
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
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o
n
At
t
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t
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d
e
s
Dr
i
v
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g
A
t
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s
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o
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t
h
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r
d
s
(
6
7
%
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o
f
d
r
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v
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r
s
s
a
y
t
h
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y
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r
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r
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l
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co
n
t
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o
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o
n
g
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r
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v
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s
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7
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n
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r
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e
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t
To
t
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l
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r
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g
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Ag
r
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p
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e
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t
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d
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t
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h
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s
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n
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t
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r
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r
m
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s
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o
r
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t
h
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r
w
o
r
k
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r
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a
t
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d
ta
s
k
s
.
I
w
o
u
l
d
t
a
k
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a
c
a
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o
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o
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f
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t
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s
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o
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n
t
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s
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f
e
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n
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e
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s
y
t
o
f
i
n
d
.
42
%
35
%
27
%
23
%
13
%
24
%
25
%
23
%
20
%
22
%
67
%
60
%
50
%
44
%
35
%
Q1
0
-
Q
2
0
.
P
l
e
a
s
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
w
h
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t
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s
t
r
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g
l
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a
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e
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s
o
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w
h
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t
a
g
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e
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s
o
m
e
w
h
a
t
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s
a
g
r
e
e
,
o
r
s
t
r
o
n
g
l
y
d
i
s
a
g
r
e
e
w
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t
h
e
a
ch
o
f
t
h
e
f
o
l
l
o
w
i
n
g
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
17
Tr
a
n
s
i
t
A
t
t
i
t
u
d
e
s
Sc
h
e
d
u
l
e
,
f
r
e
q
u
e
n
c
y
,
a
n
d
c
o
n
v
e
n
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e
n
c
e
a
p
p
e
a
r
t
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be
s
l
i
g
h
t
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y
l
a
r
g
e
r
o
b
s
t
a
c
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s
t
o
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n
c
r
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a
s
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g
tr
a
n
s
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t
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e
r
s
h
i
p
t
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a
n
c
o
s
t
.
Am
o
n
g
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V
D
r
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v
e
r
s
,
7
7
2
n
St
r
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l
y
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m
e
w
h
a
t
To
t
a
l
ag
r
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e
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r
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e
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w
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t
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r
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s
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t
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t
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e
d
i
t
.
I
w
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u
l
d
t
a
k
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t
r
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n
s
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o
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r
k
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f
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t
w
a
s
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a
s
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t
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s
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t
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t
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p
.
I
w
o
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l
d
t
a
k
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t
r
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n
s
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w
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k
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f
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t
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s
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p
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s
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v
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v
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a
d
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s
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o
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n
t
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d
tr
a
n
s
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t
p
a
s
s
.
47
%
46
%
26
%
25
%
24
%
22
%
21
%
20
%
19
%
16
%
43
%
38
%
Q1
0
-
Q
2
0
.
P
l
e
a
s
e
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
e
w
h
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s
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n
g
l
y
a
g
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e
,
s
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e
w
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t
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g
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e
,
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e
w
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t
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s
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g
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e
,
o
r
s
t
r
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l
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d
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s
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g
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e
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o
f
t
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e
f
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l
l
o
w
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g
s
t
a
t
e
m
e
n
t
s
.
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
18
Ag
r
e
e
:
W
o
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l
d
R
a
t
h
e
r
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o
t
D
r
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v
e
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i
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l
t
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y
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g
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t
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s
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w
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r
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s
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g
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e
5
0
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f
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r
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v
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r
s
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h
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r
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e
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t
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r
/
m
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f
r
e
q
u
e
n
t
63
%
I
w
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u
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t
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t
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t
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t
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d
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t
61
%
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l
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t
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f
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t
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20
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4.
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24
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25
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4
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15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
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A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
27
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15
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5
9
1
P
a
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t
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T
M
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|
28
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9
1
P
a
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t
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T
M
A
|
29
Te
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15
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5
5
9
1
P
a
l
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A
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t
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T
M
A
|
36
Go
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5
5
9
1
P
a
l
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A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
37
Co
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(
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%
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.
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
39
Co
n
t
a
c
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f
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a
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n
To
m
P
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to
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@
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c
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m
61
4
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Sa
r
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r
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51
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5
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Do
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g
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do
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g
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3
15
-
5
5
9
1
P
a
l
o
A
l
t
o
T
M
A
|
40
Attachment B -