HomeMy WebLinkAboutStaff Report 9237City of Palo Alto (ID # 9237)
City Council Staff Report
Report Type: Consent Calendar Meeting Date: 8/27/2018
City of Palo Alto Page 1
Summary T itle: Acceptance of the 2018 Zero Waste Plan
Title: Acceptance of the 2018 Zero Waste Plan; Direction to Staff to Develop
a Proposed Contract Extension to the Current Refuse Hauling and Processing
Contract with GreenWaste of Palo Alto to Implement the New Zero Waste
Plan; and Direction to Staff to Prepare a Request for Proposal (RFP) for
Related Refuse Services
From: City Manager
Lead Department: Public Works
Recommendations
Staff recommends that Council:
1)Accept the 2018 Zero Waste Plan (Attachment A);
2)Direct staff to develop a contract amendment to add scope and extend the
term of the current contract with GreenWaste of Palo Alto, Inc.
(GreenWaste)for collection of all refuse containers, processing recyclable
and compostable materials (contents of blue and green containers),and
implementation of key Zero Waste Plan initiatives;and
3)Direct staff to prepare and issue a Request for Proposals (RFP) for garbage
(contents of black containers)processing and disposal services that would
begin in 2021.
Executive Summary
Staff is requesting that Council: 1) Accept the attached 2018 Zero Waste Plan; 2)
Direct Staff to negotiate and prepare an amendment to the GreenWaste contract
to implement key new programs and replace older waste collection vehicles; and
City of Palo Alto Page 2
3) Direct Staff to prepare and issue an RFP for garbage (black bin)processing and
disposal services to replace the City’s current 30 year agreements after they
expire in 2021.
The proposed 2018 Zero Waste Plan contains new programs and initiatives
needed to meet the City’s sustainability and zero waste goals as well as new
California state law.Council acceptance of the 2018 Zero Waste Plan will not
constitute approval of individual initiatives within the plan. Initiatives with
significant budgetary or other impacts will be brought to Council for separate
approval, or as part of a future annual budget process.
The Contract Amendment to be developed and negotiated with Greenwaste
would implement new short term programs such as deconstruction and source
separation of construction related waste,and an expanded clean-up day program
focusing on salvage and reuse of materials.In addition to these scope additions, a
5-year contract extension beyond the current termination date of 2021 is
recommended to continue existing services and ensure continuity of these new
programs and allow for more favorable timing for a new procurement process for
services.The new programs would cost approximately $1.2 million per year and
begin by July 2019. However, these costs will be offset by excess reserves and
increasing revenues.No rate increases for the immediate future (other than
potential annual Consumer Price Index (CPI) related increases)are anticipated.
An RFP for garbage (black bin)processing and disposal services is recommended
as a first step to replace the City’s 30 year garbage processing and disposal
agreements with the Sunnyvale Materials Recovery and Transfer (SMaRT) Station
and Waste Management, Inc., after the contracts terminate in 2021 ensuring that
Palo Alto will be receiving the best value and the best services.
Background
In 2005, as part of the Zero Waste Resolution and Strategic Plan the City adopted
a goal of 90% of waste generated to be diverted from landfills by 2021. In 2007,
Council accepted a Zero Waste Operational Plan that assisted in achieving that
goal by presenting new policies, programs, and initiatives. Many of these have
been successfully implemented, and as a result Palo Alto’s waste diversion rate
rose from 63% in 2007 to 82% in 2016.
City of Palo Alto Page 3
In 2016,a new Sustainability/Climate Action Plan Framework was adopted by
Council,setting a new goal of 95% of waste generated being diverted from
landfills by 2030. To assist in meeting this new sustainability goal, the City hired a
consultant (CMR 8321) to help update the City’s Zero Waste Plan and a Waste
Characterization Study was performed to analyze the composition of the City’s
waste stream (the types and percentages of materials in the garbage). The results
enabled staff to identify key opportunities for waste reduction, recovery, and
reuse, create new zero waste initiatives and gather feedback from community
stakeholders at public meetings and via an online survey. Generally,attendees
and respondents provided positive feedback and agreed with the need for new
initiatives. Staff worked with key community members to modify initiatives in the
draft 2018 Zero Waste Plan distributed as an informational report to Council on
April 16, 2018. Each initiative was analyzed to determine key metrics such as
diversion potential, costs, and greenhouse gas emissions impacts.
The City currently has three significant refuse management agreements all ending
in 2021:1) GreenWaste -all refuse collection and materials recovery from blue
and green containers,2)Sunnyvale Materials Recovery and Transfer Station
(SMaRT) -garbage materials recovery facility for the contents of black containers,
and 3) Waste Management, Inc.-landfill disposal of residual garbage.The
following is a simple diagram of these agreements and their refuse management
function.
Curbside Collection
(GreenWaste)
Garbage Processing
(SMaRT)
Recyclables and
Compost Processing
(GreenWaste)
Construction Waste
Processing
(GreenWaste)
Landfill Disposal
(Waste Mgmt.Inc.)
City of Palo Alto Page 4
Discussion
Recommendation #1:Accept the 2018 Zero Waste Plan (Attachment A)
Staff recommends that Council accept the 2018 Zero Waste Plan as many of the
initiatives included will be needed in order for the City to achieve its
Sustainability/Zero Waste goals. As was the case in 2007, Council acceptance of
the 2018 Zero Waste Plan does not constitute final approval of every initiative
within the Plan, rather, Council approval will be sought before implementing
initiatives that would require CEQA review or have significant budgetary or other
impacts. The following diagram summarizes the new key elements of the Plan:
City of Palo Alto Page 5
2018 Zero Waste Plan -Summary of New Initiatives
Recommendation #2:GreenWaste Amendment and Extension
Staff recommends that a contract amendment for GreenWaste be developed and
considered for approval as soon as is practical in order to implement key
elements of the 2018 Zero Waste Plan.Since the current GreenWaste contract
ends in 2021, staff also recommends a short-term extension of five years through
2026 for the following reasons:
1)The City is receiving good value from GreenWaste for collection services
according to an April 2018 benchmarking cost analysis by the City’s
consultants (Table 1 below).Collection-related services make up
approximately 75% of the fee paid to GreenWaste.
City of Palo Alto Page 6
Table 1-Collection Costs Benchmarked
City Cost Per Ton Cost Per account Cost Per Resident
Palo Alto $136 $513 $175
San Francisco $282 $1,271 $243
Menlo Park $135 $545 $159
Redwood City $143 $467 $119
Milpitas $109 $455 $119
SBWMA $156 $486 $131
Santa Cruz $172 $331 $115
Average $195 $615 $169
2)At least ten neighboring communities’ waste contracts will end in (or within
a year of)2021 when the City’s current GreenWaste contract ends. With so
many cities seeking new waste services at the same time,there is a very
significant risk that Palo Alto could receive a very limited number of
proposals (or no proposals)as waste contractors spend their time seeking
contracts for cities larger than Palo Alto.This limited competition would
almost certainly mean higher fees.Further, recyclables and compostable
processing capacity could be committed to other municipal contracts
thereby “squeezing” Palo Alto out of the local market. The City might then
have to transport its recyclable and compostable material to more distant
processing facilities resulting in higher fees and greenhouse gas generation.
Nearby Refuse Contracts ending within 12 months of 2021
·San Jose
·Sunnyvale
·Mountain View
·Santa Clara
·Cupertino
·Menlo Park
·Los Altos
·Morgan Hill
·Gilroy
3)Other reasons to amend and extend the contract with GreenWaste include:
a.Ensuring continuity of implementation between existing and new
City of Palo Alto Page 7
2018 Zero Waste Plan program initiatives;
b.Replacing aging collection vehicles and taking advantage of current
equipment not yet fully depreciated. Some collection vehicles would
be fully electric, further helping the City meet its sustainability goals;
c.Saving staff time and an estimated additional $200k in consultant
fees in developing, evaluating and selecting a new waste contractor
through a complex RFP process for the collection and processing of
refuse;
d.Minimizing customer impact of transitioning to a new contractor at
the same time as new programs and services begin;and
e.Ensuring that the City and the community continue to benefit from
GreenWaste’s high level of service.
Recommendation #3:RFP for Garbage Processing and Disposal Services
Staff recommends that Council directs Staff to prepare and issue an RFP for a 5-
year garbage processing and disposal contract that would become the successor
to the City’s current 30-year contract with the cities of Sunnyvale and Mountain
View for the use of the Sunnyvale Materials Recovery and Transfer (SMaRT)
Station and companion Waste Management contract for residual garbage
disposal at the Kirby Canyon Landfill in San Jose.The reasons for this
recommendation are as follows:
1)To ensure the City is receiving the best pricing and service level - the
current contracts with Sunnyvale/Mountain View and Waste Management
were developed nearly 30 years ago and it would be beneficial to test the
market;
2)Sunnyvale (SMaRT Station owner) intends to rebuild the aging station with
the cost being shared among municipal partners, but the planning process
is just now beginning.Given the fast pace of change in the refuse business,
it is not desirable for Palo Alto to be financially tied to one facility for a long
term contract; especially one for which neither a design nor a cost estimate
has yet to be prepared.Further, it has become rare for mid-sized
municipalities to own such facilities. The private sector owns most such
facilities and is better able to react to changing markets and conditions.
3)To limit the City resources expended - an RFP restricted to processing and
City of Palo Alto Page 8
disposal of garbage (black containers)is much simpler to develop and
evaluate than a full RFP including collection and recycling/compost
processing, requiring less staff and consultant time.
Timeline
If directed, staff will negotiate and prepare a contract amendment with
GreenWaste and return to Council for approval in approximately four months
(December 2018). Following Council approval of a contract amendment,
GreenWaste would order needed replacement vehicles and prepare for
implementation of key short term initiatives such as the deconstruction program
that could begin January 1, 2020.
An RFP for garbage processing and disposal services could be prepared and issued
within three months and the procurement process completed in approximately
eight months (April 2019).
A secondary goal with both contract recommendations would be to synchronize
all the waste related agreements to end in 2026 and potentially combine the
entire scope of work into one single waste provider agreement to capture
efficiencies and reduce overhead costs. It is anticipated that the 2026 date should
not be impacted by a large number of local cities vying for competing waste
contracts or processing facility capacity.
Conceptual Schedule
Task/Milestone Date
Council to:
·Accept the 2018 Zero Waste Plan
·Direct Staff to Develop Contract Amendment/Extension
with GreenWaste
·Direct Staff to Develop RFP for Garbage Processing and
Disposal Services
August 27,
2018
Council Approval of GreenWaste Contract
Amendment/Extension
December
2018
RFP for Garbage Processing and Disposal Services Issued December
2018
City of Palo Alto Page 9
GreenWaste -Order New Collection Vehicles and other
infrastructure January 2019
Council Approval of New Deconstruction Ordinance March 2019
Council Award -New Garbage Processing and Disposal
Contract April 2019
New Deconstruction Programs Begin January 2020
End SMaRT Agreement-Begin Taking Garbage to New Service
Provider Late 2021
All Contracts Terminate July 2026
Resource Impact
Impacts to implement these three recommendations will be minimal in the short
term:
1)Accept the attached 2018 Zero Waste Plan –There are no costs associated
with acceptance of the Plan.In the future,Staff will bring each individual
initiative with significant budget or other impacts to Council for separate
approval, or as part of a future Budget (for example,the Deconstruction
Ordinance is planned for Council review in March 2019);
2)Amend the GreenWaste Agreement –There are no significant costs
associated with the preparation of the Amendment itself,as it will be
primarily developed by Public Works and City Attorney staff. One-time and
ongoing implementation costs will be incurred once an agreement is in
place (currently anticipated to return to Council in December 2018).
Ongoing costs to the City are summarized in Table 2 below, and one-time
costs are summarized in Table 3:
Table 2-Ongoing Costs to the City
Ongoing Programs Annual Cost
Increase
Deconstruction and Source Separation
·Additional GreenWaste Personnel (1 Driver, ½ Admin., ½
Env. Outreach Coord.)
·Processing surcharge for overweight boxes
Subtotal
$250,000
$270,000
$520,000
City of Palo Alto Page 10
Expanded Cleanup Day Program
·Additional GreenWaste Personnel (1 Driver)
·Expanded outreach and noticing
Subtotal
$137,000
$50,000
$187,000
Recyclables Cleanup Efforts
·Additional GreenWaste Personnel (1 Driver)
·Additional sorting of contaminated recyclables
(approximately 15% of all recyclables collected)
·Enforcement Support
Subtotal
$137,000
$234,000
$ 60,000
$431,000
Other
·Supply compost to residents (6 months per year)
·Additional funding of new carts
Subtotal
$10,000
$10,000
$20,000
Total Estimated Annual Cost (not including CPI adjustments)$1,158,000
FY19 GreenWaste Budgeted Compensation
Increase of GreenWaste Compensation
FY19 Refuse Fund Budgeted Expenses
Increase of Overall Refuse Fund expense
$16,253,000
7.1%
$29,745,000
3.9%
The Refuse Fund has been realizing more revenue than expenses (due mostly to
the commercial sector)in the last few years and this trend is expected to continue
at least through the current fiscal year. Staff is not expecting to propose rate
increases other than potential CPI increases for the next several years; however,
an annual analysis of refuse related revenues will be done to ensure the revenues
will continue to cover expenses.If revenues continue to grow, rate decreases
will also be considered.The graph below assumes a modest revenue growth in
the current and next two fiscal years.
One-Time Costs to the City
Staff proposes funding the one-time expenses with the fund’s rate stabilization
reserve (RSR), and currently anticipates returning to Council in December 2018 for
appropriation of funds as part of the amendment to the GreenWaste agreement.
The Refuse Fund has reduced operating expenses and long-term liablilities,
building excess reserves in the last few years because Palo Alto:
City of Palo Alto Page 11
·closed the landfill and composting facility;
·completed the landfill capping in a cost-effective manner;
·completed depreciation schedule payments to GreenWaste for contract
start-up and (most) vehicle procurement;
·educed payments to SMaRT due to bond payments ending for long term
capital financing of infrastructure;
·received higher than budgeted commercial sector revenues due to
flourishing economic activity;
·received higher than budgeted construction-related revenue due to more
construction projects in Palo Alto; and
·outsourced regular street sweeping operations.
Table 3- One-Time Costs to the City
One-Time Costs One-Time
Cost Impacts
New Vehicles $7,800,000
New Boxes, bins, carts and misc. to support new programs $350,000
New Billing Program $125,000
Total $8,275,000
Reserve Status
·Refuse Fund RSR (FY19 Operating Budget)
·Less One-Time Expenses
Remaining Rate Stabilization Reserves
Refuse Fund RSR Guidelines (10%-20% of sales)
$12,485,000
$8,275,000
$4,210,000
$3-$6 Million
City of Palo Alto Page 12
3)Prepare and issue an RFP for garbage processing and disposal services –
Consultant fees to prepare the RFP and assist the City with evaluation will
be approximately $85,000. This amount is available in a Consultant Contact
with Abbe & Associates already approved by Council on August 28, 2017
(CMR 8321).
Policy Implications
The Council has previously adopted the Zero Waste goals of 90% diversion by
2021, and 95% diversion by 2030. Therefore, the 2018 Zero Waste Plan presented
with this staff report does not represent a change in City policy. The GreenWaste
contract Amendment and the referenced RFP will implement that Plan, and do
not constitute a change in policy.
Environmental Review
Plans are subject to review under the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA)
if they establish mandatory policies or implementation actions that may have a
significant environmental impact. The proposed 2018 Zero Waste Plan would not
City of Palo Alto Page 13
establish such policies or actions and is therefore not a project under CEQA.
Individual initiatives which would require CEQA review or budget approval will be
brought to Council when needed. Similarly, the recommended actions with
respect to the Greenwaste contract amendment and RFP are not projects under
CEQA. CEQA review of any contract amendment with Greenwaste or future
contracts arising out of the RFP would be completed prior to Council
consideration of those items for approval.
Attachments:
·Attachment A Palo Alto 2018 Zero Waste Plan
CITY OF PALO ALTO
Zero Waste Plan
August 2018
TABLE OF CONTENTS
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... 1
ZERO WASTE GUIDING PRINCIPLES ............................................................................................ 2
ADAPTING TO CHANGING MARKET DEMANDS .......................................................................... 3
BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................................ 4
CURRENT ZERO WASTE PROGRAMS ........................................................................................... 5
TARGETED MATERIALS AND GENERATORS ................................................................................ 6
Material Composition ......................................................................................................................... 7
Single-Family Residential Material “Capture Rates” ........................................................................... 9
RESEARCH AND PUBLIC INPUT ................................................................................................. 10
NEW ZERO WASTE INITIATIVES ................................................................................................ 11
Short-Term Programs (2018-2019) .................................................................................................... 11
Medium-Term Programs (2020-2026) ............................................................................................... 18
Long-Term Programs (2027-2030) ..................................................................................................... 23
COSTS AND KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS .......................................................................... 26
DIVERSION ESTIMATES AND GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION POTENTIAL ............. 29
ATTACHMENT 1 CURRENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS ........................................................... 1-1
ATTACHMENT 2 WORKSHOP AND SURVEY RESULTS .............................................................. 2-1
ATTACHMENT 3 ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS ............................................................ 3-1
ZERO WASTE PLAN
1
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The 2018 Zero Waste Plan updates the first such Plan for Palo Alto which was adopted in 2007. The new
Plan contains new and revised provisions designed to meet aggressive goals adopted by the Palo Alto
City Council in 2016 as part of its Sustainability/Climate Action Plan (SCAP). Specifically, the Council
adopted a goal of 95% diversion of materials from landfills by 2030, and 80 % reduction of greenhouse
gases by the same year. Additionally, other goals were adopted for water use reduction and
environment protection. All of these goals require even more effort by the City of Palo Alto staff and the
larger community to reduce the use of materials, to reuse them, and to recycle and compost residuals.
The new Plan was also prepared to provide a basis for new and revised contracts the City must have for
residuals management. Current contracts with GreenWaste, the Sunnyvale Materials Recovery Station
(SMaRT), and Waste Management (Kirby Canyon Landfill) all expire in the Fall of 2021. New and/or
revised contracts for hauling, processing, recycling, composting and landfill disposal must all reflect the
aggressive goals adopted by the Palo Alto Council. In order to meet the environmental goals by 2030,
and have new and revised contractor support contracts in place by 2021, it was necessary to begin a
planning process in 2016 and finalize the new Zero Waste Plan in 2018.
It was also necessary to re-examine what Palo Alto currently sends to Landfills in order to target the
right materials in the Plan. It was found that two of the largest components were food-related materials,
and demolition and construction related materials. Therefore, important new and revised Plan
provisions deal with these materials. Enforcement of commercial composting and recycling
requirements is strengthened, as is source separation and deconstruction in the construction industry. A
third and difficult component of landfilled materials are diapers, other personal care products, and pet
waste. These will be further explored under the Plan to find workable solutions.
The Plan is divided into Short Term, Mid Term and Long Term actions. For the most part, this is because
of resource constraints. But it is also because good solutions may not be apparent yet, or because the
residual is a smaller component of the total.
Asian markets for US recyclables are in flux. At the same time, plastics from around the world are
building up in oceans and in wildlife. As part of the Plan, the City will examine better ways to reduce
plastics use and manage their residuals. A Foodware Packaging Reduction Plan will be prepared in
concert with the City's other environmental protection programs in 2019. Targeted plastics will include
food and drink containers and other types of packaging.
The City will continue to use a blend of local action and regional, state and national collaboration to
establish new program components. Local initiatives in Palo Alto are being taken when it is efficient,
helps pilot new ideas and lights the way for others. Enforcement of recycling and composting in the
commercial and construction sectors are key examples where Palo Alto is taking new local action under
its 2018 Zero Waste Plan.
2
ZERO WASTE GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Zero Waste is a holistic approach to managing the flow of resources through society in a closed
loop system (circular economy) rather than a linear one. While Zero Waste includes the
traditional hierarchy of reducing, reusing and recycling, it is much more. Zero Waste principles
provide guidance on how resources are managed, from product design through ultimate
disposal. Zero Waste is about designing products and packaging to minimize waste, creating
incentives to encourage clean and sustainable products and processes, fostering both producer
and consumer responsibility, investing in resource recovery facilities, strengthening local
economies, and building community collaboration. This Zero Waste Plan uses the following
guiding principles:
§ Follow the waste management hierarchy of reduce, reuse, recycle/compost, prioritizing
waste prevention first, and then reuse (including salvage and repair) before
recycle/compost.
§ Manage discards as resources, not waste. Preserve materials for continued use and
recognize that all products are made from and with natural resources and manage them
accordingly.
§ Create and support rules and policies that further the Zero Waste hierarchy of rethink,
reduce, reuse, recycle/compost; and redesign systems, processes, or products to reduce
the volume and toxicity of waste and materials.
§ Support Producer Responsibility to hold manufacturers responsible for the full lifecycle
of their products, giving them incentive to create less toxic, more durable, reusable,
repairable, and recyclable/compostable products, packaging, and processes.
§ Create and support programs in every sector of the community to shift away from waste
generation toward waste prevention, reuse, and recycling/composting.
§ Create and keep materials and products for use as high on the hierarchy as possible and
in the useful loop as long as possible. Keep materials from being “downcycled,” where
the number of future uses or options are limited (e.g., composting recyclable paper).
§ Minimize all discharges to land, water or air that may be a threat to planetary, human,
animal or plant health, including climate changing gases.
§ Empower the community to live a Zero Waste lifestyle, build collaborative efforts to
further Zero Waste, and to continue to call for Zero Waste progress.
§ Utilize existing infrastructure and assets in the development of new programs (e.g.,
waste collection vehicles, mail services, food storage).
§ Foster and pilot programs and systems that are adaptable, flexible, nimble, scalable, and
resilient.
ZERO WASTE PLAN
3
ADAPTING TO CHANGING MARKET
DEMANDS
The following hierarchy of contingencies has been created to help Palo Alto adapt to future
market fluctuations for recyclable and compostable materials. If markets change to such an
extent that currently recyclable or compostable items are no longer accepted, the following
measures will be taken:
1. Increase allocation of resources and focus on initiatives that further waste reduction
and reuse, so that fewer materials will be generated for recycling and composting.
2. Improve processing so recycle and compost streams are cleaner, to improve
marketability.
3. Enhance enforcement of customer sorting; and keep non-complying customers waste
separate for special processing until compliance is achieved.
4. Embrace the concept that recycling/composting is better than landfilling; even as these
expenses increase.
5. Conversion (e.g., gasification, pyrolysis, chemical process) for nonmarketable materials;
maintain ability to move in and out as markets change. This is a less preferred option
than recycling the materials.
Sorting Station at GreenWaste Material Recovery Facility
4
BACKGROUND
The City of Palo Alto is a leader in Zero Waste. In 2005, the City adopted a Zero Waste goal of
90% diversion of waste from landfills by 2021. The City’s Zero Waste Operational Plan, adopted
in 2007, identified a number of initiatives that will help Palo Alto reach its Zero Waste goal.
The City has implemented the major initiatives identified in the plan, including:
§ A Zero Waste collection contract
§ Universal roll-out of recycling and composting to all customers
§ Regional organics processing
§ Construction debris diversion requirements
§ Regional construction debris processing
§ Use of emerging technology
The City’s diversion rate has increased from 62% in 2007 to 82% in 2016. “Diversion” includes
all waste prevention, reuse, recycling and composting activities that “divert” materials from
landfills.
In November 2016, the City Council approved the Sustainability and Climate Action Plan
Framework, Principles & Guidelines (SCAP) which identified a new goal of 95% by 2030.
This Zero Waste Plan identifies the new and expanded policies, programs and infrastructure
that will be needed to reach this goal.
ZERO WASTE PLAN
5
CURRENT ZERO WASTE PROGRAMS
The City contracts with GreenWaste of Palo Alto, Inc. (GreenWaste) to provide comprehensive
recycling and organics collection to all residential and commercial customers in Palo Alto. The
City and GreenWaste provide technical assistance to multifamily complexes, schools, and
commercial buildings pursuant to the City’s mandatory recycling and composting ordinance.
Recyclable materials are processed at the GreenWaste Material Recovery Facility where
commodities are segregated and sold to domestic and international markets. Organic materials
are processed at the Zero Waste Energy Development Corporation anaerobic digestion facility
which produces renewable energy to operate the facility. Excess energy produced at the facility
is sold to the power grid. The materials leftover from the digestion process are further
composted at the Z-Best compost facility.
The City also partners with the cities of Mountain View and Sunnyvale on the Sunnyvale
Materials Recovery and Transfer Station (SMaRT Station). The SMaRT Station processes mixed
garbage from Palo Alto and recovers recyclable and compostable materials that would have
otherwise gone to landfill.
The City has innovative outreach and education programs,
including Zero Waste Block Leaders and Champions and Green
Teams at most Palo Alto schools. The Zero Waste programs
are supported by the City’s Zero Waste policies, which include:
a tiered rate system to incentivize creating less garbage,
plastic bag and Styrofoam bans, construction debris recycling
and deconstruction incentives, Zero Waste requirements at
special events, and the City’s Environmentally Preferred
Purchasing Policy.
Attachment 1 includes a comprehensive list of the City’s current Zero Waste programs.
Waste Station Monitors at Barron Park Elementary
Color-coded Compost, Landfill and Recycle Bins
6
TARGETED MATERIALS AND GENERATORS
Materials are generated from many different sources, including households, businesses,
institutions (like hospitals and schools), and construction sites. In 2016, 44% of landfilled
materials were from construction projects and 56% were from all other sources.
Construction projects have a high recycling rate. In 2016, they achieved 72% diversion.
However, there is so much construction activity that the 28% of construction materials that are
being landfilled still account for 44% of the total amount of waste landfilled by Palo Alto. These
materials include: composite materials (things stuck to other things), mixed residue and fines
(materials too small to recover for recycling), and non-recyclable items (including painted or
treated wood, rubber, non-recyclable plastics).
Zanker Materials Processing Facility
Construction
debris
44%Non-construction
garbage
56%
Total Tons of Landfilled Materials, 2016
ZERO WASTE PLAN
7
Material Composition
To plan for 95% diversion, the City conducted a waste characterization study profiling each of
the City’s non-construction garbage generator sectors, including residential, commercial,
industrial and institutional generators. In 2017, 27,165 tons of materials were disposed in
landfills from these non-construction sources.
The results of the waste characterization study show that 67% of what is currently thrown away
could have been recycled or composted through the City’s current programs.
Recyclable
32%
Compostable
35%
Not currently
recyclable
32%
Citywide Non-Construction Garbage Composition, 2017
(Curbside Collected Garbage)
27,165 tons
8
The waste characterization study also identified the individual material types that were more
prevalent in the garbage. The following material types account for 52% of what is thrown away
by Palo Alto generators.
1. Edible food scraps (food that could have been eaten, but was thrown away) – 13%
2. Inedible food scraps (pits, peels, cores, shells, etc.) – 9%
3. Untreated medical waste (we need to work with our hospitals to address) – 8%
4. Paper tissues & towels (we need to put these in the green cart) – 8%
5. Clean paper (we need to put this in the blue cart) – 7%
6. Diapers (we need a disruptive solution) – 7%
Edible food scraps,
13%
Inedible food
scraps, 9%
Paper tissues &
towels, 8%
Clean paper, 7%
Untreated medical
waste, 8%Diapers, 7%
All other
materials
48%
Top Six Most Prevalent Material Types in the Garbage
ZERO WASTE PLAN
9
Single-Family Residential Material “Capture Rates”
A capture rate indicates what proportion of a material type is being placed in the correct
container. Capture rates for the single-family residential sector were able to be included in the
waste characterization study because waste samples were taken from the residential garbage,
recycle and compost containers. This was only done for the single-family residential sector due
to cost considerations.
Even though the garbage contains materials that could have been recycled or composted,
overall residents in Palo Alto are doing a good job of sorting materials correctly. Single-family
generators are “capturing” 86% of recyclable materials and 83% of compostable materials.
Some materials types, such as plastics, food and compostable paper have lower capture rates.
86%83%
99%93%93%
62%
98%
46%
30%
All r
e
c
y
c
l
a
b
l
e
s
All c
o
m
p
o
s
t
a
b
l
e
s
Card
b
o
a
r
d
Rec
y
c
l
a
b
l
e
p
a
p
e
r
Glas
s
Plas
t
i
c
Yard
d
e
b
r
i
s
Foo
d
Com
p
o
s
t
a
b
l
e
p
a
p
e
r
Single-Family Material Capture Rates, 2017
10
RESEARCH AND PUBLIC INPUT
To identify solutions for achieving 95% diversion, the City conducted research and presented
the results at two citywide workshops. Over 100 different ideas were researched and vetted
using the U.S. EPA Managing and Transforming Waste Streams Tool.
Workshop participants received information about new policies, programs and infrastructure
projects that could be undertaken by the City to address materials generated by residential,
commercial, construction, and self-haul generators.
Participants then broke up into small groups for longer discussions about each of the
alternatives. Additional ideas were recorded and each person identified their high priority items
for implementation by the City.
Feedback was also gathered from the community through an online survey that asked for
opinions on specific initiatives, but also allowed for participants to add their own ideas.
Results from the workshops and survey are included in Attachment 2.
This input was used to develop the final list of Zero Waste initiatives for implementation in the:
§ Short-term (2018-2019)
§ Medium-term (2020-2026)
§ Long-term (2027-2030)
ZERO WASTE PLAN
11
NEW ZERO WASTE INITIATIVES
Forty-eight Zero Waste initiatives were identified for implementation in the short-term 2018-
2019, medium-term 2020-2026, and long-term 2027-2030. Under these time frames, the
initiatives are listed in order of landfill diversion potential and include efforts focused on waste
prevention, reuse, and recycling/composting using a variety of tactics such as changing local
and state policies, new or expanded programs, and infrastructure development.
For each initiative, the following impacts have been identified and estimated:
§ Potential landfill diversion tons - annual
§ Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction potential in metric tons of carbon dioxide
equivalent (MTCO2e) - annual
§ Staffing based on full-time equivalent (FTE) levels of existing staff – one time or ongoing
effort
§ Additional metrics for success
§ Key performance indicators (KPIs)
Some initiatives require hauler, contractor, or consultant support. Costs have been included for
those initiatives. The assumptions and calculations for the diversion and greenhouse gas
emissions reductions are included in Attachment 3.
Short-Term Programs (2018-2019)
The following 20 initiatives were chosen for short-term
implementation. These initiatives focus on materials that
make up a large percentage of our waste stream (e.g.,
construction and demolition), are natural outgrowths of
programs we already have (e.g., mandatory ordinance
enforcement), and/or improve our focus higher up the
waste hierarchy to waste reduction and reuse (e.g., waste
generation metric and goal, residential food waste
reduction).
1. Require Deconstruction and Source Separation of
Construction Materials – Explore the development of an
ordinance to require deconstruction and source separation
for the purposes of 1) increasing salvage/reuse to highest
extent possible, 2) increasing the amount and quality of
recyclable materials for all construction and demolition
projects. Demolishing entire buildings and combining the
materials in a single box would no longer be allowed.
Consider provisions that encourage or require recovery for
reuse as much as practical. Consider provisions that require
Adaptive reuse refers to the
process of reusing an old site or
building for a purpose other than
which it was built or designed
for. The Art Center is a local
example.
12
commercial buildings to make materials available for salvage for a period of time and to publicly
advertise salvage opportunities (e.g., dates, times, materials available). Explore incentives to
encourage remodeling and adaptive reuse of buildings, including easier permitting and financial
incentives. Also consider adding a new metric and KPI for deconstruction.
Diversion Potential 3,330 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 8,580 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.2 FTE one time
Costs: Ongoing annual costs of $460,000 to add full time driver,
half-time administrative support, and additional processing for
GreenWaste, as well as $20,000 consultant support to monitor
customers for compliance
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of municipal
code amendment requiring deconstruction and source separation
of construction materials
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
2. Direct Mixed Construction Materials to High Diversion Construction Materials Recycling
Facilities – Explore the development of an ordinance to require that all mixed construction and
deconstruction materials be delivered to a certified high diversion recycling facility and
investigate the feasibility of developing and implementing an automated data management
system.
Diversion Potential 2,320 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 7,850 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Cost: $30,000 one time for consultant support
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of municipal
code amendment requiring all mixed construction and
deconstruction materials be delivered to certified facilities
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
3. Mandatory Ordinance Enforcement for Commercial – Expand and improve outreach and
enforcement of sorting requirements for commercial customers (including multifamily
customers).
Diversion Potential 2,070 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 4,400 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.75 FTE ongoing
Costs: $60,000 annually for half-time GreenWaste Environmental
Outreach Coordinator
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Create enforcement procedure
• Implement enforcement procedure
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
ZERO WASTE PLAN
13
4. Construction Project Recycling Technical Assistance – Provide technical assistance and
outreach to contractors and permittees about the City’s ordinance requirements and provide
referrals to local reuse, recycling and deconstruction service providers.
Diversion Potential 1,900 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 4,890 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Costs: $300,000 over a 3 year period for consultant support,
$60,000 per year for half-time GreenWaste Environmental
Outreach Coordinator
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Develop outreach and technical assistance program and
materials for construction and deconstruction contractors
• Implement outreach and technical assistance program
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
5. Statewide Packaging and Product Design – Advocate for statewide packaging and product
design policies that encourage items to be repairable, reusable, fully recyclable/compostable,
and less-toxic. This includes membership in statewide organizations (California Product
Stewardship Council, Californians Against Waste) and submitting testimony to legislative and
regulatory proceedings.
Diversion Potential 790 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 1,500 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Costs: $10,000 annually for memberships
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Continue membership in CPSC and support of CAW
• Support legislation that furthers Zero Waste
• Support and participate in CalRecycle’s packaging
requirements policy creation
KPIs: Generation reduction, GHG reduction
6. Collect Additional Items for Landfill Diversion (e.g., diapers, aseptic containers, pet waste) –
Identify strategies to divert hard to recycle or compost items.
Diversion Potential 620 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 570 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Costs: TBD ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success: Additional items collected for
recycling and/or composting
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
14
7. Plastics Conversion - Develop pilots to convert non-recyclable plastics and multi-layered
products to useful chemicals or products.
Diversion Potential 590 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 950 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Cost: TBD ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success: Participate in a plastics and multi-
layered products conversion pilot
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
8. Textile Collection for Reuse & Recycling – Research and implement a program for residents
and businesses to divert textiles for reuse and recycling. Investigate feasibility of adding bagged
or boxed textiles to the curbside collection program.
Diversion Potential 460 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 3,330 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Costs: TBD ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success: Textile collection program added
to curbside collection program
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
9. Waste Reduction for Diapers – Explore incentives and
requirements for reusable and/or compostable diapers.
Diversion Potential 450 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 390 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Costs: $20,000 one time for consultant support
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Determine the type of diaper(s) to incentivize
• Establish an incentive program for reusable and/or
diapers
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
10. Increase Collection of Reusable Items in the Clean Up Day Program – Enhance the reusable
items component of the by-appointment Clean Up Days for both resident and businesses.
Consider adding an additional clean-up day and collecting on a neighborhood wide basis.
Consider partnering with a non-profit(s).
Diversion Potential 390 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 1,730 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Costs: $187,000 annually to add one full-time driver and to
expand outreach and noticing
Additional Metrics for Success: Enhance the reuse element of the
Clean Up Day program and include a partnership with at least one
local reuse non-profit
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
Diapers comprise 16% of all
residential discards (7% citywide)
ZERO WASTE PLAN
15
11. Outreach and Technical Assistance for Self-Haul – Develop outreach and technical
assistance to customers that self-haul materials generated within Palo Alto.
Diversion Potential 380 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 980 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one
time
Costs: $30,000 per year for 3 years for consultant support
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Develop outreach and technical assistance program and
materials for self-haul customers
• Implement outreach and technical assistance program
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
12. Residential Food Waste Reduction – Expand outreach and education programs to reduce
wasted food. Learn the barriers and benefits for Palo Alto residents so outreach addresses
those that lead to measurable change.
Diversion Potential 310 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 270 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Costs: $20,000 one time for consultant support
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Conduct food waste reduction barriers and benefits
research
• Create an engagement program based on that research
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
13. Foodware Packaging Reduction Plan – Develop a Foodware Packaging Reduction Plan to
reduce the amount of single-use, disposable foodware packaging generated in Palo Alto,
encourage reusable foodware items, and to ensure that the single-use disposable items that
are generated are recycled or composted. As a first phase of implementation, explore the
development of an ordinance to require some single-use items (e.g., cutlery, straws, stirrers) to
be compostable in Palo Alto’s program and provided only upon request.
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.1 FTE one time
KPIs: Generation reduction, landfill reduction, GHG reduction
16
14. Add a Waste Generation Metric(s) and Goal(s) to the
Current Landfill Diversion Goals – Explore metrics to adopt
that focus on reducing the creation of waste. Establish
targets for reducing discarded materials (garbage, recycle,
and compost). Include metrics that address climate/carbon
impacts and footprints.
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Costs: $10,000 one time for consultant support
Additional Metrics for Success: Waste reduction metric and
targets adopted by Council
KPIs: Generation reduction, GHG reduction
15. Wood to Biochar – Explore the production and
application of biomass power-generation technology from
tree trimming operations and the residual biochar application
on public lands within the City.
Diversion Potential 240 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Cost: TBD ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success: Determine the cost effectiveness
and feasibility of wood to biochar for Palo Alto
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
16. Color Tinted Clear Bags – Explore the development of an
ordinance to require all commercial customers who use bags
to use color-tinted clear plastic bags (blue tint for recycle,
green tint for compost, clear for garbage) and compostable
bags for compost to consolidate materials by material type
for better monitoring and enforcement of waste sorting.
Diversion Potential 230 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 430 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one
time
Additional Metrics for Success: Municipal code amendment
requiring color tinted clear bags adopted by Council
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
17. Commercial Food Donations – Building on the 2015 Food Rescue Services, Barriers, and
Recommendations in Santa Clara County, continue participation in County’s Silicon Valley Food
Rescue working group to create a sustainable food rescue system in Santa Clara County, where
all surplus edible food goes to food insecure people. Consider policies and programs applicable
GreenWaste’s all-electric collection
truck contributes to the City’s
greenhouse gas reduction goals.
Biochar is charcoal used as a soil
amendment. Biochar is a stable
solid, rich in carbon, and can
endure in soil for thousands of
years. Like most charcoal,
biochar is made from biomass via
pyrolysis. Biochar application to
soil is being evaluated as an
approach to carbon sequestration.
ZERO WASTE PLAN
17
in Palo Alto according to the findings from the county working group. Integrate with food waste
prevention efforts.
Diversion Potential 160 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 140 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Continue involvement in Silicon Valley Food Rescue
• Pilot A La Carte food truck in Palo Alto
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
18. Encourage Residential Application of Compost – Explore the feasibility of making compost
available to residents for no charge to encourage its use.
Diversion Potential 30 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 30 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Cost: $10,000 on going
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Increase markets for organic materials
• Achieve co-benefits carbon sequestration
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
19. Sustainable Repair Café Function - Work with Repair
Café leaders and other repair community stakeholders to
explore ways to create a permanent, sustainable Repair
Café function.
Diversion Potential 150 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 770 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Increase number of repaired items
per year and increase use of repair and reuse services over buying
new items
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
20. Improve Recycling Collection and Processing – Explore the feasibility of adding an
additional collection route to improve processing of contaminated recyclables to reduce
rejection of the materials in the market. Provide more and better sorting of marginally
contaminated recyclables at the processing facility to ensure the marketability of the materials.
Diversion Potential 380 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 770 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Costs: $371,000 ongoing for an additional driver and enhanced
sorting for GreenWaste
Additional Metrics for Success: Increase quality of recycled
feedstocks and reduce rejection of contaminated loads
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
Silicon Valley legend Dan Kottke
helped out at the fourth Palo Alto
Repair Café. Dan is known as
'Apple employee number one'
and was a major contributor to the
Apple I, Apple II and the first
Macintosh computers.
18
Medium-Term Programs (2020-2026)
The following 18 initiatives were chosen for medium-term implementation. These initiatives
focus on continuing to increase waste prevention and reuse/repair efforts within the
community, but also planning for improved material processing.
21. Improve Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Recyclable Materials, and Compostable Materials
Processing - Use Request for Proposal process to pursue more effective material recovery
facilities for MSW when SMaRT agreement ends in 2021. At a minimum, ensure that residues
after processing are further composted or digested to minimize landfilling.
Diversion Potential 2,820 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 5,240 MTCO2e
Staff Levels (RFP development not included) 0.1 FTE one time
Additional Metrics of Success: Council approval of a new contract
for more effective MSW processing
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
22. Mandatory Ordinance Enforcement for Residential - Expand residential outreach efforts
(e.g., pilot providing posters on carts or inside lids). Explore providing periodic auditing of
residential collection containers and provide outreach and education to residents to ensure
that they are aware of the mandatory recycling program and how to comply with more
outreach provided to residents who require more assistance (as indicated by audit results).
Explore options for shared containers.
Diversion Potential 1,380 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 2,320 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.2 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Increase participation in residential recycling and
composting program
• Decrease contamination in the recycle, compost and
landfill containers
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
23. Commercial Waste Prevention Technical Assistance - Expand commercial technical
assistance program to include waste prevention and reuse. Provide tools to identify and
redesign wasteful practices, products and packaging, make business case for Zero Waste, and
purchase more environmentally preferred products (e.g., the current ReThink Disposable
program).
Diversion Potential 890 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 1,890 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success: Reduce generation of products
and packing at Palo Alto businesses and institutions
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
ZERO WASTE PLAN
19
24. Business Outreach (presentations, door-to-door outreach, Zero Waste Champions) - Expand
outreach and technical assistance to industrial, commercial and institutional generators
addressing recycling and/or composting logistics and increasing employee participation.
Conduct focus group on how to make recycling and composting more intuitive.
Diversion Potential 890 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 1,890 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Increase participation in recycling and composting
programs
• Promote Zero Waste culture at Palo Alto businesses and
institutions
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
25. Plastic Recovery Facility - Participate in the development of a regional plastic recovery
facility for hard to recycle plastics with recycling service providers, business generators, and
other communities throughout the Bay Area.
Diversion Potential 590 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 950 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Determination of the feasibility of
a regional plastic recovery facility
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
26. Foodware Packaging Reduction – Continue implementation
of the Foodware Packaging Reduction Plan. Explore modification
of the foodware ordinance to require: 1) use of reusables
(dishes, cups, utensils) for on-site dining; 2) a reusable takeout
packaging option; 3) a charge for disposable takeout foodware
(e.g., cups, clamshells); and 4) all disposable foodware be free of
certain highly toxic chemicals known to migrate into food and
beverages and be compostable in the City’s waste management
programs.
Diversion Potential 420 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 780 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.1 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of modified
foodware ordinance to further reduce foodware packaging
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
27. Commercial Food Waste Prevention - Explore expansion of outreach to grocery stores,
restaurants, school cafeterias and other food generators on opportunities and practices to
prevent food waste. Work with Santa Clara County, local business, and regional industry
associations to hold Waste Less Food panels. Incentivize food waste reduction tools such as
Lean Path, etc.
10 downtown restaurants are
participating in the City’s Go Box
pilot.
20
Diversion Potential 420 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 370 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.05 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success: Reduce generation of wasted food
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
28. Improve Green Purchasing - Finalize the update to the City’s Environmentally Preferred
Purchasing Policy and operating procedures. Include plans for staff education and policy
awareness. Contract staff support contingent on budget approval.
Diversion Potential 380 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 1,300 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.04 FTE one time
Costs: $120,000 for contract staff support
Additional Metrics for Success: Updated Environmentally
Preferred Purchasing Policy adopted
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, Toxics reduction,
GHG reduction
29. Issue Waste Reduction Grants - Explore the feasibility of providing grants to non-
governmental organizations (NGOs), schools, businesses and/or individuals to assist the
community to implement innovative reduction, reuse, recycling and composting programs and
to help foster the culture change needed to achieve Zero Waste. NGOs outside of the city that
provide services within the city should be eligible for grants (e.g., gleaners).
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Costs: $10,000 annual grant program
Additional Metrics of Success: Implementation of grants program
supporting local NGOs in waste prevention and recycling
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, Toxics reduction,
GHG reduction
30. Incentives for Reuse, Rental, Repair Industry - Explore the feasibility of providing incentives
for reuse, rental and repair through contract incentives, material exchanges, wood reuse, and
direct assistance.
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics of Success: Development of repair and reuse
culture in Palo Alto
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
31. Bans or Fees – Identify additional toxic, hard to recover products, or packaging for
regulation (through bans, takebacks, fees, incentives or other regulation). Targeted materials
could include expanded polystyrene foam products that are not included in the current ban
(such as meat trays and egg cartons), delivery service packaging (such as cold packs and non-
ZERO WASTE PLAN
21
recyclable plastics), Mylar packaging (such as chip bags and juice pouches), or other hard to
recover products or packaging.
Diversion Potential 260 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 300 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of new
ordinances addressing hard-to-recycle products or packaging
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
32. Residential Food Donations - Expand Palo Alto’s current residential food sharing network
(gleaning, donations). Integrate with food waste prevention efforts.
Diversion Potential 200 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 180 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Increase donations and gleaning
• Promote sharing economy
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
33. Retailer Take-Backs – Explore the development of an ordinance to require retailers to
takeback key products and packaging that they sell to improve convenience for consumers or to
collect materials that are not acceptable in the curbside recycling program (e.g., batteries,
pharmaceuticals, compact fluorescent bulbs). Research should include: options for extended
producer responsibility for manufacturers and distributers with pickup points at retail sites
(such as in the Alameda County pharmaceutical takeback ordinance); and “milk run” pickups
from retail sites by the City’s contractor or household hazardous waste program (such as the in
the San Luis Obispo Integrated Waste Agency takeback program). Coordinate with neighboring
cities to adopt ordinances at same time, and/or to take effect once all neighboring cities adopt.
Diversion Potential 190 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 320 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of take-back
ordinances addressing hard-to-recycle products or packaging
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
34. No Green or Brown Colored Non-Compostable Produce Bags – Explore the development of
an ordinance to prohibit the sale or distribution of green or brown-tinted produce bags that are
not compostable. Clear bags and produce bagged outside of City (e.g., potatoes packed in
brown bags to reduce oxidation) would be permissible.
Diversion Potential 120 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 110 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of new
ordinance addressing non-compostable bags
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
22
35. Residential Outreach to Encourage Zero Waste Lifestyle - Expand outreach and education
programs to promote adoption of a “Zero Waste lifestyle.” Promote online resources and best
practices for reducing waste. Conduct focus group on how to make recycling and composting
more intuitive.
Diversion Potential 80 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 110 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Expand adoption of Zero Waste Lifestyle
• Promote Zero Waste culture with Palo Alto residents
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
36. Free Collection of Small Quantities of Construction Debris from Residents - Explore
providing a reuse and recycling opportunity for small quantities of building materials that are
generated through home improvement projects. Investigate feasibility of collecting small
amounts of mixed construction debris in a special container.
Diversion Potential 20 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 0 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Small quantities of reusable and
recyclable building materials added to on-call collection program
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
37. Promote Access to Goods Over Ownership - Explore how to promote services that provide
short term rentals of reusable goods such as tools, sports equipment, party equipment (tables,
chairs, serving utensils), as well as sharing websites. Explore a membership-based program that
promotes community resource sharing while leveraging communal purchasing power (e.g., a
Tool Library delivers affordable tool-lending services to individuals, businesses, and civic or
community organizations).
Diversion Potential 10 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 80 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics of Success: Further enhancement of a reduce
and reuse culture in Palo Alto
KPIs: Generation reduction, GHG reduction
38. Reusable Filling Stations at Stores and Zero Waste Supermarkets - Explore the promotion
of purchasing items in bulk bins and bulk packages at local stores, the expansion of bulk bin
sales at local stores, and Zero Waste supermarkets (everything is sold in bulk).
Diversion Potential 10 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 10 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics of Success: Increase in locations for bulk
purchasing in Palo Alto
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
ZERO WASTE PLAN
23
Long-Term Programs (2027-2030)
The final 10 initiatives were chosen for long-term implementation. These initiatives include
more collaborative efforts.
39. Every Other Week Garbage Collection – Explore every other week garbage collection
service options for both residential and commercial customers.
Diversion Potential 4,310 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 6,980 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.1 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Achieve greater collection efficiencies
• Increase participation in recycling and compost
• Decrease contamination of recycling and compost in the
trash
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
40. Building Materials Reuse Center - Investigate the
feasibility of creating a Building Materials Reuse Center in
the region for the sale of salvaged building materials. The
building materials would be available for sale to the public
and the Center would provide an outlet for resale from
deconstruction.
Diversion Potential 670 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 2,840 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.05 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Local resource for reused building
materials
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
41. Require Items to be Reusable, Compostable, or
Recyclable - Explore the development of an ordinance to
require all products and packaging sold in Palo Alto to be
reusable, compostable, or recyclable, in that order of
priority.
Diversion Potential 470 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 880 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.05 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Council adoption of ordinance
requiring reusable, compostable or recyclable products
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
42. Market Development (local, regional, state, national) - Explore more active promotion of
local businesses that repair, refurbish, market, and sell used, recycled content or compost
products (through on-line resource guides, outreach and advertising); and local flea market.
Since 2016, 25% of the City’s whole
house demolition projects have been
deconstructed instead of demolished.
24
Consider expanding promotion of garage sales for sale of reusable items and swaps for
household goods (e.g., clothing, toys).
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Promotion and visibility of repair and reuse organizations
within the region
• Increased use of recycled content and compost products.
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
43. Recycling, Reuse & Repair Directory - Explore adding reuse and repair locations to
RecycleWhere and/or developing a supplemental web-based directory specific to reuse and
repair. This new directory could also include Zero Waste vendors and caterers.
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Comprehensive resource about
how to recycle, reuse or repair anything in Palo Alto
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
44. Zero Waste Research Initiative - Work collaboratively with industry, government and
educational institutions to find new solutions for items that are hard to reuse, recycle or
compost in Palo Alto, connecting with the latest developments, innovation and innovative
funding (including venture capital). Work with Stanford University on research, development,
and policies to support innovations.
Diversion Potential 290 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 470 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.04 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Engagement with regional partners
• Adoption by local educational institutions
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, Toxics reduction,
GHG reduction
45. Reuse Exchange - Explore and develop a program that encourages businesses to
institutionalize internal reuse – reuse closets for office supplies or tools, surplus sales to other
businesses, remnants, surplus goods and equipment, donating goods to non-profits and, finally,
giving items away.
Diversion Potential 230 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 940 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.04 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Adoption of practice by local businesses and institutions
• Transition to sharing economy
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
ZERO WASTE PLAN
25
46. Promote Zero Waste Credits in CalGreen Building Code (reuse, recycling, composting, and
recycled products) - Participate in Green Building Advisory Group. Provide information on Palo
Alto Zero Waste policies and programs for construction and demolition and advocate for
statewide requirements that support Zero Waste in CalGreen Building Code.
Diversion Potential 190 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 490 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.02 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Universal adoption of Zero Waste
programs in construction and deconstruction
KPIs: Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
47. Businesses Recognition - Assess city and non-city recognition and certification programs
active in Palo Alto (e.g., certified Green business, certified Zero Waste facilities, Business
Environmental Network). Explore ways to bolster programs. Hold opportunities and challenges
meet-ups with representatives. Develop on-going cooperation agreements. Work with
Chamber of Commerce and Palo Alto Downtown Business and Professional Association,
regarding (re)integrating green priorities and projects into each group’s mission and vision as
per the Economic Development Policy. Engage with large janitorial contractors to support “back
of house” recognition. Develop draft multi-year Green Business Recognition Strategy. Hold
quarterly meet-ups for businesses interested in going green including all interested parties.
Diversion Potential 30 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 60 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.04 FTE ongoing
Additional Metrics for Success:
• Increase exposure of Zero Waste businesses
• Promotion of Zero Waste culture
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
48. Palo Alto Businesses Product & Packaging Redesign - Launch/participate in a regional
initiative to encourage businesses to use reusable, recycled content and eco-friendly materials
in the design and redesign of new and existing products and packaging; collaborate with local
economic development staff to provide assistance and incentives. Support the San Jose
Recycled Market Development Zone and encourage Palo Alto businesses to buy recycled
content products from them.
Diversion Potential 30 tons
GHG Emissions Reduction Potential 60 MTCO2e
Staff Levels 0.1 FTE one time
Additional Metrics for Success: Local leadership in product and
packaging redesign
KPIs: Generation reduction, Landfill reduction, GHG reduction
26
COSTS AND KEY PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
Zero Waste Initiatives
Projected
Diversion
Projected
GHG
Reduction
Estimated Costs
FTE = Full Time
Equivalent
$ = Hauler/Contractor/
Consultant Support
KPIs
GR = Generation Reduction
LR = Landfill Reduction
TR = Toxics Reduction
GHG = GHG Reduction
(Tons) (MTCO2e) FTE $ GR LR TR GHG
Short-Term (2018-2019)
1. Require Deconstruction and Source Separation of Construction Debris 3,330 8,580 0.21 $480K · ·
2. Direct Mixed Construction Debris to High Diversion Construction
Debris Recycling Facilities
2,320 7,850 0.21 $30K1 · ·
3. Mandatory Ordinance Enforcement for Commercial 2,070 4,400 0.75 $60K · ·
4. Construction Debris Recycling Technical Assistance 1,900 4,890 0.021 $300K1
$60K
· ·
5. Statewide Packaging and Product Design 790 1,500 0.02 $10K · ·
6. Collect Additional Items for Landfill Diversion 620 570 0.021 TBD · ·
7. Plastics Conversion 590 950 0.021 — · ·
8. Textile Collection for Reuse & Recycling 460 3,330 0.21 TBD · ·
9. Waste Reduction for Diapers 450 390 0.021 $20K1 · · ·
10. Increase Collection of Reusable Items in the Clean Up Day Program 390 1,730 0.021 $187K · ·
11. Outreach and Technical Assistance for Self-Haul 380 980 0.021 $90K1 · ·
12. Residential Food Waste Reduction 310 270 0.021 $20K1 · · ·
13. Plastics Reduction Plan 290 470 0.11 — · · ·
14. Add a Waste Generation Metric and Goal to the Current Landfill
Diversion Goals
290 470 0.021 $10K1 · ·
15. Wood to Biochar 240 470 0.021 TBD · ·
16. Color Tinted Clear Bags 230 430 0.021 — · ·
17. Commercial Food Donations 160 140 0.02 — · ·
18. Encourage Residential Application of Compost 30 30 0.021 $10K · ·
19. Sustainable Repair Café Function 150 770 0.02 — · · ·
20. Improve Recycling Collection and Processing 380 770 0.021 $371K · ·
Subtotal 15,380 38,990 1.75 $1.65M
1One time staff support or one time costs
ZERO WASTE PLAN
27
Zero Waste Initiatives
Projected
Diversion
Projected
GHG
Reduction
Estimated Costs
FTE = Full Time
Equivalent
$ = Hauler/Contractor/
Consultant Support
KPIs
GR = Generation Reduction
LR = Landfill Reduction
TR = Toxics Reduction
GHG = GHG Reduction
(Tons) (MTCO2e) FTE $ GR LR TR GHG
Medium-Term (2020-2026)
21. Improve Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Recyclable Materials, and
Compostable Materials Processing
2,820 5,240 0.11 $2 · ·
22. Mandatory Ordinance Enforcement for Residential 1,380 2,320 0.2 · ·
23. Commercial Waste Prevention Technical Assistance 890 1,890 0.02 · · ·
24. Business Outreach 890 1,890 0.02 · · · ·
25. Plastic Recovery Facility 590 950 0.021 · ·
26. Foodware Packaging 420 780 0.11 · · ·
27. Commercial Food Waste Prevention 420 370 0.05 · · ·
28. Improve Green Purchasing 380 1,300 0.041 $120K · · · ·
29. Issue Waste Reduction Grants 290 470 0.02 $10K · · · ·
30. Incentives for Reuse, Rental, Repair Industry 290 470 0.021 · · ·
31. Bans or Fees 260 300 0.021 · · ·
32. Residential Food Donations 200 180 0.021 · ·
33. Retailer Take-Backs 190 320 0.021 · ·
34. No Green or Brown Colored Non-Compostable Produce Bags 120 110 0.021 · ·
35. Residential Outreach to Encourage Zero Waste Lifestyle 80 110 0.02 · · ·
36. Free Collection of Small Quantities of Construction Debris from
Residents
20 0 0.021 · ·
37. Promote Access to Goods Over Ownership 10 80 0.021 · ·
38. Reusable Filling Stations at Stores and Zero Waste Supermarkets 10 10 0.021 · · ·
Subtotal 9,260 16,790 0.75 $130K
1One time staff support or one time costs
2Most medium- and long-term costs are to be determined
28
Zero Waste Initiatives
Projected
Diversion
Projected
GHG
Reduction
Estimated Costs
FTE = Full Time
Equivalent
$ = Hauler/Contractor/
Consultant Support
KPIs
GR = Generation Reduction
LR = Landfill Reduction
TR = Toxics Reduction
GHG = GHG Reduction
(Tons) (MTCO2e) FTE $ GR LR TR GHG
Long-Term (2027-2030)
39. Every Other Week Garbage Collection 4,310 6,980 0.11 $2 · · ·
40. Building Materials Reuse Center 670 2,840 0.051 · ·
41. Require Items to be Reusable, Compostable, or Recyclable 470 880 0.051 · ·
42. Market Development 290 470 0.02 · ·
43. Recycling, Reuse & Repair Directory 290 470 0.021 · · ·
44. Zero Waste Research Initiative 290 470 0.041 · · · ·
45. Reuse Exchange 230 940 0.04 · · ·
46. Promote Zero Waste Credits in CalGreen Building Code 190 490 0.021 · ·
47. Businesses Recognition 30 60 0.04 · · ·
48. Palo Alto Businesses Product & Packaging Redesign 30 60 0.11 · · ·
Subtotal 6,800 13,660 0.48
Total 31,440 69,440 2.98 $1.78M
1One time staff support or one time costs 2Most medium- and long-term costs are to be determined
ZERO WASTE PLAN
29
DIVERSION ESTIMATES AND GREENHOUSE
GAS EMISSIONS REDUCTION POTENTIAL
Implementing the Zero Waste initiatives identified in this plan update will help the City achieve
its 95% goal. Using conservative estimates for capture rates by material type, the short-,
medium-, and long-term Zero Waste initiatives would result in an additional 31,000 tons per
year diverted from landfill. The assumptions and calculations are included in Attachment 3.
30
Waste prevention, recycling and composting activities also reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
Using the U.S. EPA Waste Reduction Model (WARM), the Zero Waste initiatives to be
undertaken in the short-, medium- and long-term are estimated to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions by approximately 69,000 metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent. The calculations
and projections using WARM are included in Attachment 3. This will contribute to the City’s
greenhouse gas emissions reduction goal of 80% below 1990 levels by 2030.
1-1
ATTACHMENT 1
CURRENT POLICIES AND PROGRAMS
Policies
§ Rate Structure Incentive (pay as you throw)
§ Service Provider Incentives and Requirements
§ Environmentally Preferred Purchasing Policy
§ Product policies (e.g., polystyrene and plastic bag bans)
§ Construction and Demolition Recycling Requirements
§ Zero Waste Requirements for Special Events
§ Recycling and Composting Ordinance (recycling and composting are required)
§ Zero Waste goal
§ Zero Waste included in Climate Action Plan
Programs
§ Universal Recycle and Compost Collection
§ Anaerobic Digestion of Compostable Material
§ Municipal Solid Waste Processing after source
separation
§ Mixed Construction and Demolition Processing
§ Commercial Technical Assistance
§ Zero Waste Block Leaders and Champions
§ Support for Repair Café and Share Faires
§ Home Composting workshops and free
compost bins as incentive
§ Outreach and Education
− What Goes Where annual outreach
− New resident/customer welcome information
− General program outreach – workshops, shred events, Repair Café dates, etc.
− Food waste reduction annual outreach
− Give an experience annual outreach – holiday waste reduction
− Monthly Zero Waste tip
− Zero Waste eNewsletter
− Community Based Social Marketing efforts
Most of the Zero Waste Block Leaders host “party
packs” (reusable plates, cups, napkins, and cutlery)
that neighbors can borrow to reduce waste from
parties and picnics.
2-1
ATTACHMENT 2
WORKSHOP AND SURVEY RESULTS
Poster versions of the following matrix were presented at the workshops on January 25th and
27th. Participants in the workshops used “dot voting” to indicate their preferred policies and
programs. The votes are indicated on the matrix using orange dots for the January 25th
workshop and blue dots for the January 27th workshop.
Comments from the workshop participants were added to the matrix and are highlighted in
different colors: January 25th workshop in orange, January 27th in blue.
The City also conducted an online survey using Survey Monkey. General comments from the
survey were documented and matched up with the initiatives and included in the matrix.
Comments from the survey respondents are highlighted in green.
Notes in the matrix indicate whether each comment was incorporated into the initiative
descriptions or otherwise addressed. The initiatives were updated and renumbered for
presentation in the plan based on whether they were recommended for implementation in the
short-, medium-, or long-term. Some of the initiatives presented at the workshop were
combined or renamed and the descriptions were updated for inclusion in the plan.
2-2
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
Community-Wide Policies
Any way to incorporate diversity into Zero Waste? Comment noted and is listed as a possible future project as part of this initiative.
Integrate sustainability priorities into all City projects Comment noted and is listed as a possible future project as part of this initiative.
Lead by example Comment noted and included 3.CW8. Improve green purchasing.
19.CW1. Bans or Fees Ban or limit sales of toxic or hard to recover
products and product packaging by ordinance.
Ban additional uses of expanded polystyrene
foam (EPS). Adopt point-of-sale fees for products
that are toxic, hard to reuse, recycle or compost
and/or certain disposable items to incentivize
customer reuse. Explore with express delivery
services how to reduce packaging, takeback
packaging and use reusables more.
Flexible plastic pouches, Mylar
packaging, cold packs,
composite film plastic, hard-
to-recycle products (e.g.
disposable diapers) and
packaging (e.g. EPS blocks).
Staff time •
•
Short – research which
products and packaging
to target
Medium – adopt
Ordinances after develop
Plan for each ban.
Work with Amazon and other mail delivery vendors to reduce packaging waste
(try reusables)
Comment noted and is
listed as a possible future
project as part of this
initiative.
How to address Mylar packaging? Comment noted and product is on our list of items to possibly address.
Ban additional Styrofoam products Short term– research additional Styrofoam products
Need additional motivation to further reduce and reuse Included in #19
Support fees on disposable hot and cold beverage cups at local shops,
on straws and disposable utensils, and on disposable takeout containers
Included in #19
Support reusable, compostable or recyclable packaging alternatives including
through consumer pressure
Included #19
Support bans to reduce wasting Included in #19
Increase disposal fees Included in #19
36.CW2. Require items to be
reusable, recyclable or
compostable
Require all products and packaging sold in Palo
Alto be reusable, recyclable or compostable by
ordinance.
Non-reusable, non-recyclable,
non-compostable products and
packaging
Staff time •• Long
2-3
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
20.CW3. Reusables for
takeout beverages and
packaging; not single-use
packaging
Require reusables for takeout beverages and
packaging in foodware ordinance. Only allow
single-use items (e.g. cutlery, straws, sauce
packets) to be provided “on request.” Enforce
“front of house” sorting at restaurants and
businesses.
Foodware packaging, including
paper and plastic
Staff time Medium
All disposables (cutlery, straws, sauce packets) provided “on request” (still need
to allow compostables)
Comment noted and will be considered for incorporate into #20 as part of the broader
requirement
Require “front of house” sorting at restaurants and businesses and provide
customized posters
Already required in Palo Alto
Require reusable coffee cups – like in London Included in #20
Support incentive policies and programs encouraging reusables over disposables Included in #20
1.CW4. Color tinted clear
bags
Require all residents and businesses who use
bags to use color-tinted clear plastic bags (blue
tint for recycle, green tint for compost, clear for
garbage) to consolidate materials by ordinance
for better monitoring of materials.
Recyclable and compostable
materials
Staff time • Short
Require customers to bag garbage and compostables Not recommended to include in plan
21.CW5. No green or brown
colored non-compostable
produce bags
Ban the sale or distribution of green or brown-
tinted empty produce bags that are not
compostable by ordinance. Clear bags and
produce bagged outside of City (e.g., potatoes
packed in brown bags to reduce oxidation)
would be permissible.
Film plastic, plus organics Staff time Medium
Give free compostable bags to community Not recommended
Require compostable produce bags Not recommended
Should not apply to produce bagged outside of city (e.g., potatoes packed in
brown bags to reduce oxidation)
Included in #21
2.CW6. Statewide packaging
and product design
Advocate for statewide packaging policies
including membership in statewide organizations
(California Product Stewardship Council,
Californians Against Waste) and submitting
testimony to legislative and regulatory
proceedings.
Hard-to-recycle products and
packaging
Staff time
+
membershi
ps
$10k max
••••••••••
•••••
Short
2-4
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
Reduce packaging Included in #2
22.CW7. Retailer take-backs
(voluntary, mandatory)
Ask retailers to takeback products and packaging
that they sell to improve convenience for
consumers or to collect materials that are not
acceptable in the curbside recycling program
(e.g., batteries, pharmaceuticals, compact
fluorescent bulbs). Research which items
retailers should be required to takeback by
ordinance. Coordinate with neighboring cities to
adopt ordinances at same time, and/or to take
effect once all neighboring cities adopt.
Universal waste, non-
recyclable products and
packaging
Staff time ••
•
Short – Ask retailers to
takeback targeted
products and/or
packaging that they sell.
Medium – Require
retailers to takeback
targeted products and/or
packaging that they sell.
Don’t hurt local businesses. People will go to other cities to buy. Comment noted
3.CW8. Improve green
purchasing
Finalize Environmentally Preferred Purchasing
Policy update and train all City staff regarding
that Policy. Develop standard operating
procedures and education campaign and
include in employee performance review
targets.
Reusable materials, recycled-
content, recyclable and
compostable products, and
compost products
Staff time
••
•
Short
9. Product & packaging fees Adopt point-of-sale fees for products that are
toxic, hard to reuse, recycle or compost and/or
certain disposable items to incentivize customer
reuse.
Hard-to-recycle and recyclable
and compostable products and
packaging examples?
Packaging such as Styrofoam
blocks
Staff time
Include in 1
4.CW9. Change from a
diversion goal to a
generation goal
Research additional metrics that focus first on
eliminating and reducing consumption and
wasteful practices, then reusing products and
packaging, and then recycle or compost
remaining discarded materials. Include metrics
that address climate/carbon impacts and
footprints.
All Staff time
+ consultant
assistance
$10k max
••••••••••
•
••••
Short
Climate/carbon metric/footprint
Metric valuing reduce, reuse over disposal
Include in #4
Time urgency: due to climate change, we need to do more/faster Made #4 a short-term item
2-5
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
Community-Wide Programs
23.CW10. Issue waste
reduction grants
Research the feasibility of providing grants to
non-governmental organizations (NGOs),
schools, businesses and/or individuals to assist
the community to implement innovative
reduction, reuse, recycling and composting
programs and to help foster the culture change
needed to achieve Zero Waste. NGOs outside of
the city that provide services within the city
should be eligible for grants (e.g., gleaners).
All Staff time •
••
Medium
NGOs outside of the city that provide services within the city should be eligible for
grants (e.g., gleaners)
Will include in #23
24.CW11. Incentives for reuse,
rental, repair industry
Work with Chamber of Commerce to develop
and promote repair businesses. Offer more
repair cafes. Research the feasibility of providing
incentives for reuse and repair through contract
incentives, material exchanges, wood reuse, and
direct assistance.
Reusable materials
Staff time •
••
Medium
Develop and promote repair businesses (work with chamber) Include in #24
More repair cafes (we are swamped) Include in #24
37.CW12. Market Development
(local, regional, state, national)
Research and promote network of local
businesses that repair, refurbish, market, and
sell used, recycled content or compost products
(through on-line resource guides, outreach and
advertising). Promote local flea markets and
garage sales for sale of reusable items and swaps
for household goods (e.g., clothing, toys).
Used, recycled-content and
compost products
• Long
38.CW13. Recycling, reuse &
repair directory
Research adding reuse and repair locations to
RecycleWhere and/or to develop a supplemental
web-based directory specific to reuse and repair.
This new directory could also include Zero Waste
vendors and caterers.
Reusable and repairable
materials
Staff time •
•
Long
Provide on-line resource library for Zero Waste vendors, caterers Linked to #38. Will research at the same time.
2-6
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
39.CW14. Zero Waste Research
Initiative
Work collaboratively with industry, government
and educational institutions to find new
solutions for items that are hard to reuse,
recycle or compost in Palo Alto, connecting with
the latest developments, innovation and
innovative funding (including venture capital).
Work with Stanford University on research,
development, and policies to support
innovations. This is not necessarily a facility,
business or organization.
Particularly focus on hard to
recycle materials (such as
diapers, dirty film plastics,
Mylar and composites), toxic
items, medical wastes, value-
added products, building
products, transportation
products and products that
could be used by Parks &
Recreation
Long
Work with Stanford on 1) research and 2) development and then 3) develop policies Included in #39
Want way to recycle or donate non-recyclable and non-compostable packaging,
(including Single-service, Styrofoam, Mylar and Aseptics), textiles, shoes wood, pet
waste, diapers, repairables, composites, and pressure treated wood
Included in #39
25.CW15. Apply compost to
public lands/parks
Identify areas on public lands and parks where
compost could be applied to sequester carbon to
assist in combating climate change.
Compostable materials,
including food scraps and plant
debris
•
•
Medium
26.CW16. Promote access to
goods over ownership
Research how to promote services that provide
short-term rentals of reusable goods such as
tools, sports equipment, party equipment
(tables, chairs, serving utensils), as well as
sharing websites. Explore a membership-based
program that promotes community resource
sharing while leveraging communal purchasing
power (e.g., a Tool Library delivers affordable
tool-lending services to individuals, businesses,
and civic or community organizations).
Reusable materials ••
•••••
Medium
Cultural Problem – Problem of affluence Comment noted
This is an interdisciplinary problem – may need to talk to psychologists to figure out
how to get people to reduce waste. Or business development to figure out
incentives.
Comment noted
Need help to do culture change Comment noted
Require Zero Waste events for any event requiring a permit (corporate picnics, etc.) Currently require
2-7
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
Palo Alto permitted events require compliance with a sustainability checklist (see
Stanford event policy)
Comment noted, will check Stanford’s list
Want lending libraries for Tools, Appliances, and Toys Included in #26
Improve education materials, website and RecycleWhere tool Included in #26
27.CW17. Reusable filling
stations (bulk bins) at stores
and ZW supermarkets
Research the promotion of purchasing items in
bulk bins and bulk packages at local stores.
Promote the expansion of bulk bin sales at local
stores. Promote local and online resources for
Zero Waste lifestyles and Zero packaging.
Promote Zero Waste supermarkets.
Packaging, including film,
containers and bottles
Staff time • Medium
Zero Waste supermarket – everything sold in bulk Include in #27
Need more bulk filling stations at stores (bring your own container and fill with the
item you want to purchase – grains, flour, nuts, herbs, shampoo, soap, etc.)
Included in #27
5.CW18. Textile collection for
reuse & recycling
Research ways for residents and businesses to
divert textiles for reuse and recycling. Investigate
feasibility of adding bagged or boxed textiles to
the collection program. Map regional
opportunities.
Textiles and leather Staff time
+ Service
Provider
Proposal
Short
Support textiles collection (71% of respondents) Included in #5
Oppose textiles collection (33% of respondents) – don’t want another bin, don’t
want increased costs, only have them infrequently.
Comments noted and will be considered in future program design.
Want adult and children’s clothing and shoe exchange Comment noted and will be considered in future program design
6.CW19. Collect additional
items (e.g., aseptic, pet waste)
Research and identify strategies to divert hard to
recycle or compost items.
Aseptic Packaging, Sanitary
Products, Diapers and Animal
Feces and Litter
Staff time
+ Service
Provider
Proposal
Short
Support pet waste and/or diapers, and aseptics collection program (71%) Included in #6
Oppose pet waste and/or diapers collection program (33% of respondents) – don’t
want another bin, don’t want increased costs, don’t have these items.
Comments noted and will be considered in future program design.
2-8
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
Community-Wide Facilities
7.CW20. Plastics Conversion Develop pilots to convert non-recyclable plastics
to useful chemicals or products.
Non-recyclable plastics,
including film, composites and
Mylar
Staff time Short
8.CW21. Wood to biochar Research feasibility to produce biochar to apply
on public lands within the City using local tree
trimmings.
Wood, including engineered
wood
Staff time Short
28.CW22. Plastic Recovery
Facility (PRF)
Participate in the development of a regional PRF
with recycling service providers, business
generators, and other communities throughout
the Bay Area.
Hard-to-recycle plastics,
including film packaging and
rigid plastic products
Staff time •
••
Medium
Explore new facilities regionally Comment noted
Comment noted Collect all plastic and let the professionals sort
29.CW23. Improve MSW
processing after source separation
to increase diversion
Use RFP process to pursue more effective
material recovery facilities when SMaRT
agreement ends in 2021. At a minimum, ensure
that residues after processing are further
composted or digested to minimize landfilling.
Recyclable and compostable
materials remaining in the
trash
Staff time ••••••••• Medium
Reinstate Recycle Center Not recommended
Regional Repair Café Building Not recommended
Space for Lucille Packard Children’s Hospital Sale - a great community service Not recommended
Offer SMaRT-type drop off programs locally (could be located at Cubberley High
School site)
Not recommended
Provide local shredding events Not recommended
Add shredding event to 1st Saturday HHW events Not recommended
Residential Policies
2-9
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
30.R1. Mandatory ordinance
enforcement
Don’t mandate, educate first. Pilot providing
posters on carts or inside lids. Research
providing periodic auditing of residential
collection containers and provide outreach and
education to residents to ensure that they are
aware of the mandatory recycling program and
how to comply. Ensure that all customers are
audited once per year with more outreach
provided to residents who require more
assistance. Direct residents to nice looking
compost pails. Research options for shared
containers.
Recyclable and compostable
materials
Staff time • Short – Posters
Medium – Shared
containers
Don’t Mandate – educate • Included in #30
Direct residents to nice looking compost pails Comment noted
Poster on carts or inside lids – (add language: pilot this in the short term) Included in #30
Research options for shared containers – (add language) Included in #30
Residential Programs
9.R2. Food waste prevention
Research expanding outreach and outreach
programs to reduce wasting food at home and
choose less wasteful packaging. Learn the
barriers and benefits for Palo Alto residents so
outreach addresses those and leads to
measurable change.
Food Staff time
+
contracto
r $20k
•••
••••
Short
Encourage people to choose less wasteful packaging (don’t buy onions cut in half
and wrapped in plastic – cut your own onion)
Comment noted
31.R3. Food donations (food bank,
soup kitchen, gleaning)
Expand Palo Alto’s current residential food
sharing network (gleaning, donations). Prepare
outreach plan and outreach materials. Integrate
with Food Waste prevention efforts.
Food Staff time ••••
••••
Medium
Donate end-rolls from toilet paper (custodians replace before fully empty) Comment noted
2-10
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
40.R4. Every other week trash
collection
[Move to citywide]
Offer with reduced fee if not picked up each
week (or higher fee if picked up weekly). Follow
Strategy SW-2.2 of the 2016 Sustainability and
Climate Action Plan: “As the City moves closer to
Zero Waste, more of the waste materials
collected should be recoverable (recyclable or
compostable), evaluate eliminating separate
collection of garbage, and moving to a two- cart
collection scheme. Moving toward every other
week trash collection is an appropriate next
step.”
All recyclable and compostable
materials
TBD
based on
Service
Provider
Proposal
••
•••••
Medium
Every other week collection with reduced fee if not picked up each week (or higher
fee if picked up weekly)
Linked to #40
Fees are going up. How do we reduce waste and costs? Comment noted
10R5. Collect reusables ahead of
cleanup trucks
[Move to citywide]
Research the addition of reusables to the by-
appointment Clean Up Days for both resident
and businesses and allow non-profits to take
turns collecting those goods the day before the
GreenWaste collection trucks arrive. Update
website and promotional materials and promote
via media releases and across social media
channels.
Reusable materials Staff time
+ TBD
based on
Service
Provider
Proposal
••••••••••
•
••
Short
11.R6. Incentives for reusable
and/or compostable diapers
Waste reduction for diapers
[Move to citywide]
Research incentives and requirements for
reusable and/or compostable diapers.
Diapers Staff time
+
consultan
t time
$20,000
per year
••••••
••••••
Short
Social norming – just try it! Comment notes
The green bin gets pretty nasty when you share with other residents – how about
periodic cleaning by collector?
Cart and bin cleaning is offered as a service by GreenWaste. Free service not
recommended due to costs.
Mandate only small garbage cart (e.g., 16 or 20 gallons) Not recommended
Special programs to assist multifamily • Comment noted
Enforcement and outreach for multifamily Included in #11
2-11
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
Require drivers to get out of the collection truck to pick up batteries Doing this now
Support reusable diaper service program subsidy Included in #11
Commercial Programs
12.C1. Mandatory ordinance
enforcement
Expand and improve outreach and enforcement
of sorting requirements for commercial
customers (including multifamily customers).
Recyclable and compostable
materials
Staff time
+ ½ GW
EOC -
$59,500
•
•
Short
32.C2. Food waste prevention Research and expand outreach to grocery stores,
restaurants, school cafeterias and other food
generators on opportunities and practices to
prevent food waste. Work with local business
and regional industry associations to hold Waste
Less Food panels. Incentivize food waste
reduction tools such as Lean Path, etc.
Food Staff time •
••
Medium
18.C3. Food donations (food bank,
soup kitchen, gleaning)
Building on the 2015 Food Rescue Services,
Barriers, and Recommendations in Santa Clara
County, continue participation in County’s Silicon
Valley Food Rescue working group to create a
sustainable food rescue system in Santa Clara
County, where all surplus edible food goes to
food insecure people. Consider policies and
programs applicable in Palo Alto according to the
findings from the county working group.
Integrate with food waste prevention efforts.
Food Staff time •••••••
•••
Short
34. Less than every week
trash/residual collection
[Moved to citywide]
Strategy SW-2.2 of the 2016 Sustainability and
Climate Action Plan states: As the City moves
closer to Zero Waste, more of the waste
materials collected should be recoverable
(recyclable or compostable), evaluate
eliminating separate collection of garbage, and
moving to a two- cart collection scheme. Moving
toward every other week trash collection is an
appropriate step in that direction.
All TBD –
Service
Provider
Proposal
••
•••
Medium
Combine this with the
residential one.
2-12
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
33.C4. Waste Prevention Technical
Assistance
Expand commercial technical assistance program
(including ReThink Disposable) to include waste
prevention and reuse. Provide tools to identify
and redesign wasteful practices, products and
packaging, incentive policies and programs
encouraging reusables over disposables, how to
recycle and compost, how to right-size
collection, reusable shipping containers and
packaging requirements/program, digital
delivery of all official communications, identify
where materials go, make business case for Zero
Waste, and purchase more environmentally
preferred products. Conduct focus group on how
to make recycling more intuitive.
All Staff time •••
•
Medium
Focus group on how to make recycling more intuitive Comment noted
Technical assistance to document diversion & cost savings Included in #33
Technical assistance to make the business case for Zero Waste Included in #33
Easy to find list of what goes where – app or better website Comment noted
Support Reusable shipping packaging requirements/program Included in #33
Promote reusable shipping containers. Included in #33
Digital delivery Included in #33
34.C5. Business outreach
(presentations, door-to-door
outreach, Zero Waste Champions)
Expand outreach and technical assistance to
industrial, commercial and institutional
generators addressing recycling and/or
composting logistics and increasing employee
participation.
All Staff time •• Medium
41.C6. Reuse exchange Research and develop a clever and convenient
program that encourages and rewards
businesses for institutionalizing internal reuse –
reuse closets for office supplies or tools, surplus
sales to other businesses, remnants, surplus
goods and equipment, donating goods to non-
profits, and, finally, giving items away.
Reusable materials Staff time ••
•
Long
Want business reuse exchange Included in #41
2-13
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
38. Reuse collection
[Moved to citywide]
Add reusables to the by-appointment Clean Up
Days and allow non-profits to take turns
collecting those goods the day before the
GreenWaste collection trucks arrive. Update
website and promotional materials and promote
via media releases and across social media
channels.
Reusable materials TBD –
Service
Provider
Proposal
••••••• Short
Combine with the
residential initiative
42.C7. Help Businesses apply for
recognition (certified Green
business, certified Zero Waste
facilities, Business Environmental
Network)
Business recognition
Assess city and non-city recognition and
certification programs active in Palo Alto. Hold
opportunities and challenges meet-ups with
representatives. Develop on-going cooperation
agreements. Work with Chamber of Commerce
and Palo Alto Downtown (PAD), regarding
(re)integrating green priorities and projects into
each group’s mission and vision as per the
Economic Development Policy. Engage with large
janitorial contractors to support “back of house”
recognition. Develop draft multi-year Green
Business Recognition Strategy. Hold quarterly
meet-ups for businesses interested in going
green including all interested parties.
All Staff time •••
•
Long
Janitorial or “back of house” recognition Included in #42
Engagement with large janitorial contractors (JLL, ISS) Included in #42
43.C8. Palo Alto businesses product
& and packaging redesign
Launch/participate in a regional initiative to
encourage businesses to use reusable, recycled
content and eco-friendly materials in the design
and redesign of new and existing products and
packaging; collaborate with local economic
development staff to provide assistance and
incentives. Support the San Jose Recycled
Market Development Zone (RMDZ) and
encourage Palo Alto businesses to buy recycled
content products from them.
Products and packaging Staff time ••• Long
2-14
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
41. Incentives/subsidies for
reusable diapers
[Moved to citywide]
Provide incentives/subsidies to day care centers,
hospitals and nursing homes for transitioning to
reusable diapers.
Phil asked to incorporate all diaper items into
one initiative
Diapers Scalable
$10,000
per year
•••••
••••
Short
Combine with the
residential initiative
Self-Haul Programs
13.SH1. Outreach and technical
assistance
Research outreach and technical assistance to
self-haulers, including householders and
business owners with service exemptions and
service providers that self-haul materials
generated within Palo Alto. Address
requirements, how-to guides (e.g. how to sort
recycle, compost and garbage properly).
Municipal solid waste,
construction debris, reusable
and recyclable materials from
periodic cleanouts and
construction
Staff time,
outreach
materials
$5,000
per year
•••••• Short
C&D Policies
14.CD1. Require deconstruction
and source separation of selected
materials
Require deconstruction and source separation
for all construction and demolition projects by
ordinance. Demolishing entire buildings would
no longer be allowed. Require source-separation
at construction and demolition sites for easily
recyclable materials. Research incentives to
encourage remodeling and adaptive reuse of
buildings, including easier permitting and
financial incentives.
Reusable building materials,
including lumber, fixtures,
furniture and appliances,
sheetrock, carpet, asphalt
composition shingles, ceiling
tile, wood, metal, concrete,
asphalt, brick, and stucco.
Staff time ••••••••••
••••••••
Short
Support ordinance (87% of respondents) Included in #14
Oppose ordinance (19% of respondents) – too costly, can hurt small businesses,
create an incentive instead of a fine, already too many regulations for building in
Palo Alto
Comments noted
Adaptive Reuse of Buildings ••••• Included in # 14
Expand requirements for demo permits • Not recommended
Create incentives for contractors and property owners having to spend extra time
and costs
Comment noted
Require deconstruction and source separation for all projects Included in #14
2-15
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
15.CD2. Direct mixed C&D
materials to high diversion C&D
recycling facilities
Require that all mixed C&D materials be
delivered to a certified high diversion facility by
ordinance
Building materials and C&D
debris, including wood,
gypsum, paper, plastic, glass,
carpet, and roofing materials
Staff time ••
••
Short
16.CD3. Publicly notice pending
demolition to facilitate
deconstruction and salvage in
commercial buildings
Require that any business demolishing a
structure within the City publicly advertise the
hours and dates that materials will be available
for salvage, provide a survey of potentially
salvageable materials, and make such materials
available for at least 10 days.
Reusable building materials,
including lumber, fixtures,
furniture, and appliances
Staff time
•••• Short
46. Required source-separation
[Combined with 14]
Require source-separation at construction and
demolition sites for easily recyclable materials by
ordinance.
Sheetrock, carpet, asphalt
composition shingles, ceiling
tile, wood, metal, concrete,
asphalt, brick, stucco
Staff time ••
•
Short
Decrease permit time as an incentive Comment noted
Create incentives for property owners Comment noted
C&D Programs
44.CD4. Promote Zero Waste
credits in CalGreen Building Code
(reuse, recycling, composting,
and recycled products)
Participate in Green Building Advisory Group.
Provide information on Palo Alto Zero Waste
policies and programs for construction and
demolition and advocate for statewide
requirements that support Zero Waste in
CalGreen Building Code.
Recyclable building materials,
including sheetrock, carpet,
asphalt composition shingles,
ceiling tile, wood, metal,
concrete, asphalt, brick, stucco
and reusable building
materials, including lumber,
fixtures, and appliances
Staff time • Long
35.CD5. Free collection of small
quantities of C&D from residents.
Research providing a reuse and recycling
opportunity for small quantities of building
materials that are generated through home
improvement projects.
Investigate feasibility to collect small amounts of
mixed C&D in a special container.
Recyclable building materials,
including sheetrock, carpet,
asphalt composition shingles,
ceiling tile, wood, metal,
concrete, asphalt, brick, stucco
and reusable building
materials, including lumber,
fixtures, and appliances
••••
•
Medium
2-16
Initiative Description Targeted Materials Cost Dot Voting Term
17.CD6. Technical assistance Provide technical assistance to contractors and
permittees by publishing information about the
City’s ordinance requirements and providing
referrals to local reuse, recycling and
deconstruction service providers
Building materials and C&D
debris, including wood,
gypsum, paper, plastic, glass,
carpet, and roofing materials
Staff time
+
$5-10K +
½ GW
EOC -
$59,500
• Short
C&D Infrastructure
45.CD7. Building Materials Reuse
Center
Investigate the feasibility of creating a Building
Materials Reuse Center in the region for sale of
salvaged building materials. The building
materials would be available for sale to the
public and the Center would provide an outlet
for resale from deconstruction.
Reusable building materials,
including lumber, fixtures, and
appliances
Staff time ••••••••
•
Long
Work with East Palo Alto on Building Reuse Center and create jobs Comment noted
Cubberley C&D collection center Not recommended
Need a building materials reuse center Included in #45
General Survey Comments
Reasons for not reducing, reusing, recycling or composting more:
• Confusion on what is recyclable
• No incentive to sort properly
• Inconvenience (there is no recycling container near where material is
generated)
• Lack of space
• Concern about recycling personal documents
• Too busy to separate waste
• Zero Waste is not a priority.
Comments noted
3-1
ATTACHMENT 3
ASSUMPTIONS AND CALCULATIONS
3-2
GHG
Emissions
Factors
Commercial Front-Load
12.C1. Mandatory ordinance enforcement for commercial
Material
Est. Est.
MTCO2e Percent + / - Tons Capture Rate Tons Captured MTC2e Reduced
Paper 32.4% 1,865
3.4498 Clean, Flattened, Uncoated OCC 1.4% 0.4% 80 25% 20 69
3.4498 Clean, Unflattened, Uncoated OCC 0.7% 0.3% 38 25% 10 33
1.9084 Newspaper 1.0% 0.5% 60 25% 15 29
4.6242 Other Clean Paper 10.2% 1.8% 587 25% 147 678
1.9084 Paper Tissue & Towels 11.9% 1.7% 684 25% 171 326
1.9084 Other Soiled Uncoated Fiber 0.8% 0.3% 47 25% 12 23
3.4498 Coated OCC 0.1% 0.1% 8 25% 2 7
1.9084 Other Coated Paper 1.1% 0.3% 66 25% 16 31
1.9084 Gable Top Cartons 0.2% 0.1% 11 0 0
1.9084 Aseptics 0.2% 0.1% 11 0 0
1.9084 Paper Takeout Containers 0.9% 0.4% 52 25% 13 25
1.9084 Coated Paper Cups 1.9% 0.5% 111 0 0
3.4498 Pizza Boxes 0.2% 0.2% 14 25% 3 12
1.9084 Other Composite Paper 1.7% 0.4% 98 0 0
Plastic 17.0% 977
1.5781 #1 PETE Plastic Packaging 1.2% 0.2% 67 25% 17 27
1.4313 #2 HDPE Plastic Packaging 0.6% 0.2% 32 25% 8 12
1.5781 Expanded #6 Products & Packaging 1.3% 0.5% 72 0 0
1.5781 Other #3-7 Plastic Packaging 1.4% 0.3% 83 25% 21 33
1.5781 Durable Plastic Products 1.2% 0.3% 70 25% 18 28
1.5781 Plastic Takeout Containers 0.4% 0.1% 26 0 0
1.7616 Compostable Plastic Bags 0.1% 0.1% 6 25% 2 3
1.7616 Other Compostable Plastic 0.2% 0.1% 14 25% 4 6
1.7616 Recyclable Film Plastic 2.1% 0.5% 121 0 0
1.7616 Flexible Plastic Pouches 0.1% 0.1% 7 0 0
1.7616 Other Composite Film Plastics 0.2% 0.1% 12 0 0
1.5781 Other Plastic 8.1% 1.3% 465 0 0
Glass 2.6% 152
0.3303 Glass Bottles & Jars 1.6% 0.4% 91 25% 23 8
3-3
GHG
Emissions
Factors
Commercial Front-Load
12.C1. Mandatory ordinance enforcement for commercial
Material
Est. Est.
MTCO2e Percent + / - Tons Capture Rate Tons Captured MTC2e Reduced
0.3303 Blue or Red Glass Bottles & Jars 0.0% 0.0% 0 25% 0 0
0.3303 Other Non-Composite Glass 0.9% 1.2% 53 0 0
0.3303 Other Composite Glass 0.1% 0.2% 8 0 0
Metal 2.4% 138
13.7258 Aluminum Cans & Foil 0.5% 0.2% 30 25% 7 102
5.2848 Other Non-Ferrous Metal 0.0% 0.0% 2 25% 1 3
1.835 Steel Cans & Lids 0.5% 0.2% 29 25% 7 13
1.835 Appliances 0.2% 0.3% 9 0 0
1.835 Other Ferrous Metal 0.7% 0.3% 41 25% 10 19
5.2848 Other Composite Metal 0.5% 0.3% 27 0 0
Organics 22.4% 1,293
-0.1468 Plant Trimmings 3.5% 2.4% 200 25% 50 -7
0.8808 Edible Food Scraps 8.0% 1.3% 458 25% 115 101
0.8808 Inedible Food Scraps 8.2% 1.5% 474 25% 118 104
0.8808 Other Compostable Organics 0.5% 0.7% 29 25% 7 6
0.8808 Diapers 1.4% 0.9% 80 0 0
0.8808 Animal Feces & Litter 0.9% 1.1% 52 0 0
0.8808 Other Organics 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
C&D Debris 10.4% 600
1.9451 Clean Wood 1.6% 1.3% 95 0 0
1.9451 Clean Engineered Wood 0.5% 0.5% 27 0 0
1.9451 Painted Wood 0.6% 0.3% 36 0 0
1.9451 Treated Wood 0.2% 0.2% 9 0 0
0.0367 Inerts 2.9% 2.8% 167 0 0
0.0367 Clean Gypsum 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
0.0367 Painted Gypsum 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
0.0367 Roofing 1.0% 1.2% 59 0 0
0.3303 C&D Glass 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
7.2666 Carpet 1.4% 1.9% 80 0 0
0.3303 Fiberglass Insulation 0.0% 0.0% 1 0 0
0.0367 Other C&D 2.2% 1.9% 126 0 0
Hazardous 4.4% 255
3-4
GHG
Emissions
Factors
Commercial Front-Load
12.C1. Mandatory ordinance enforcement for commercial
Material
Est. Est.
MTCO2e Percent + / - Tons Capture Rate Tons Captured MTC2e Reduced
2.3121 Electronics 0.0% 0.0% 1 0 0
Paint 0.0% 0.0% 2 0 0
Batteries 0.0% 0.0% 2 0 0
Non-Empty Aerosol Cans 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Mercury Lamps 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Pesticides 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Cleaning Products 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Motor Oil 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Oil & Fuel Filters 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Untreated Medical Waste 3.1% 1.4% 177 0 0
Treated Medical Waste 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
1.7616 Blue Wrap 0.1% 0.2% 6 0 0
Medicine 0.1% 0.1% 6 0 0
1.7616 Cold Packs 1.0% 0.8% 58 0 0
Other Hazardous 0.0% 0.0% 2 0 0
Other Materials 8.4% 482 0 0
7.2666 Mattresses 0.8% 1.0% 45 0 0
1.9451 Furniture 2.2% 1.9% 124 0 0
1.8717 Tires & Rubber 1.3% 0.8% 78 0 0
7.2666 Textiles & Leather 3.1% 1.3% 177 0 0
1.5781 Non-Metal Appliances 0.0% 0.0% 0 0 0
Fines 0.7% 0.2% 40 0 0
Other Materials 0.3% 0.2% 19 0 0
Total 5,762 14% 816 1689
Note that this initiative also addresses multifamily, commercial roll-off and hospital generators, so the total diversion potential of
this initiative is approximately 2,070 tons diverted from landfill and 4,400 MTCO2e of greenhouse gas emissions reduced per year.