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Home My WebLink AboutStaff Report 205-10TO: HONORABLE CITY COUNCIL FROM: CITY MANAGER DATE: APRIL 12,2010 REPORT TYPE: CONSENT DEPARTMENT: PLANNING AND COMMUNITY ENVIRONMENT CMR: 205:105 SUBJECT: Approval of the Nomination of the Category 2 Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places and transmittal of a letter of support to the State Historical Resources Commission (Publie Facilities (PF) with a SOFA 1 CAP) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Roth Building at 300 Homer Avenue. is currently designated as a Category 2 historic resource under the City's historic resource inventory assuring the building's status as an historic resource for development purposes. The National Register of Historic Places designation will provide additional recognition for the building and will enhance opportunities for funding its renovation. 9n December 17, 2009, staff received a request from the State Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) asking for review of the nomination of the Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places. OHP requested the review because the subject property is City owned and the City is classified as a Certified Local Government (CGL). CLG status requires review by a City's historic review board prior to any National Register listing. OHP requested that thc City review the nomination for compliance with National Register eligibility criteria and, if in support, send a letter of support to the State Historical Resources Commission (State Commission) prior to April 30, 2010, when the item will be reviewed by the State Commission at its quarterly meeting. The Historic Resources Board (HRB) conducted the review at a public hearing onMarch 3, 20 10. The HRB unanimously supported the nomination and recommended that the Council support the nomination and send a letter of support to the State Commission. RECOMMENDATIONS The HRB and staff recommend that the City Council, acting in its eapacity as a CLG and as the property owner, support the approval of the nomination of the City's historic Category 2 Roth Building located at 300 Homer Avenue to the National Register of Historic Places and send a letter of support to the StalcCommission. BACKGROUND The Roth Building at 300 Homer Avenue is currently designated as a Category 2 historic resource under the City's historic resource inventory assuring the building's status as an historic resource for development purposes. A Category 2 designation is defined as a building of major regional importance, meritorious work of the best architects or an outstanding example of an CMR:205.1O Page 1 of4 1. Criterion A: The property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; and 2. Criterion C: The property emhodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. Criterion A represents the period of 1932-1999 when the property was utilized as a professional medical fucility. During that time it was associated with persons and events important to the development of the healthcare industry in Palo Alto by establishing the first multi-specialty group medical practice in the community in 1932 that continued until closure in 1999. The original organizational pattern became a model within the healthcare industry nationwide. The organization's long-term commitment to iunovative community healthcare and research laid the foundation for the progressive healthcare network that thrives in Palo Alto today. Criterion C represents the architectural significance of the building during the time of construction in 1932 as representative of the work of a master architect, Birge Clark, and an artist, Victor Amautoff, as a resource displaying high architectural and artistic value. The building was constructed in the Spanish Eclectic style of concrete with a terra cotta roof. Exterior frescoes created by Victor Arnautoff depicting contrasts between modem medical practices of the era and primitive medical practices are of high artistic value to the community. The nomination form is provided as Attachment B. If the Council is in support of the proposed nomination of the Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places, a letter of support will be submitted to the State Historical Resources Commission prior to its quarterly meeting on April 30, 2010. A draft letter of support is. provided as Attachment C. If the Council is not in support of the proposed nomination, a notarized letter of objection is requested to be mailed to OHP prior to the scheduled meeting date. Consent of the property owner is not required for a National Register nomination but properties caunot be listed over the objection of the owner. TIMELINE The State Commission will meet for its quarterly meeting on April 30, 2010. If the State Commission approves the nomination, it is then sent to the State Historic Preservation Officer for nomination to the National Register. The final detennination is made 45 days after receipt by the Keeper oflhe National Register in Washington, D.C. POLICY IMPLICATIONS The Museum currently has an Option to Lease agreement in place with the City for the Roth Building. The Museum is continuing with fUlld raising efforts with the intent of obtaining a long-tenn lease for the building and utilizing the building for a local history museum. The listing of the Roth Building to the National Register has multiple historic protection and fimding benefits as previously discussed. In support of the fund raising efforts by the Museum, the listing would allow the utilization of federal tax credits that could assist in the rehabilitation of the building. CMR:205.1O Page 3 of4 RESOURCE IMPACTS Resource impacts include involvement of staff time, allowance for some permit revenue when project is submitted and built and would not prohibit future sale of the site if the Museum does not move ahead with the project. ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW The project is categorically exempt from the California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review per Section 15331. Zone District: Public Facilities (PF) with a SOFA I cap. PREPARED BY: DEPARTMENT HEAD: ~\k)~~. CURTIS WILLIAMS, Director Planning and Community Environment CITY MANAGER APPROVAL: It( ATTACHMENTS Attachment A: Attachment B: Attachment C: Attachment D: Attachment E: Courtesy Copy: CMR;205.10 Findings for Approval Roth Building National Register Nomination Draft Letter of Support Mareh 3, 2010 HRB staff report March 3, 2010 HRB minutes Palo Alto History Museum Page 4 of4 ATTACHMENT A CITY COUNCIL FINDINGS FOR APPROVAL 300 Homer Avenue Attachment A The Palo Alto City Council has found the proposed National Register of Historic Places nomination of the building located at 300 Homer, locally known as the Roth Building, compliant with the evaluation criterion established by The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. I) The property known as the Roth Building is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A at the local level for its association with persons and events important to the development of the' healthcare in Palo Alto by establishing the first multi-specialty group medical practice in the community in 1932 that becflme a model within the healthcare industry nationwide. The organization's long-term commitment to innovative community healthcare and research laid the foundation for the progressive healthcare network that thrives in Palo Alto today; and 2) The building known as the Roth Building is eligible for the National Register at the local level under Criterion C as representative of the work of a master architect, Birge Clark, and artist, Victor Arnautoff, and as a resource displaying high artistic value. Constructed in the Spanish Eclectic style, the concrete structure with a terra cotta roof remains for the most part intact since it was constructed in 1932. Exterior frescoes created by Victor Arnautoff depicting contrasts between modern medical practices of the era and primitive medical practices are of high artistic value to the community. 300 Homer Avenue -National Register Nomination -Attachment A I NPS Form 1O~900 (Rev. 01/2009) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service OMS No, 1024·0018 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form Attachment B This form is fot use In nominating or reques1ing determinations for indivIdual properties and districts. See Instructions In National Register Bulletin, How to Completa the NatlonaJ Register of Historio Places RegIS/Milan Form. If any Item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "NIN for "not applicable." For functions, architectural c!asSificaUon, materials, and areas of slgnificanoe, enter only categories and suboategorles (rom the instructions.-Place addItional cartlneatlon comments, entries, and narratlve Items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10..g008). 1. Name of Property Historic name Palo Alto Medical Clinic Other names/site number . Roth Building 2. Location street & number 300 Homer Avenue cityoflown Palo Alto State California code CA 3. StetelFederal Agency Cartlflcatlon county Santa Clara code 085 D not for publication D vicinity zip code As the designated authority under the Na~onal Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I hereby certify that this __ nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Pert 60. : In my opinion, the property _ meets __ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this . property be considered significant at the following Iwel(s) of significance: _ national statewide _local Signature of certifying official! Date i Title State or Federal agency end bureau In my opinion, the property _ meets _ doss not meet the National Register orlteria. Signature of certifying offioial Data Title State or Federal agency and bureau 4. National Park Service Certification i I, hereby, oertify that this property Is: Signature of the Keeper Data of Aotion _ entered in the National Register _ determined eligible for the National Register _ determined not eligible for the National Register _ removed from the National Register _ other (axplain:) Palo Alto Medical Clinic Name of Property 5. Classification Ownership of Property (Chock as many boxes as appty) , privale X • public -Local i public ~ Slate public· Federal private Category of PropertY (Check only one box) X building(s) district site slructure building(s) object Name of misted multiple propertY listing (Enter "N/N if property Is not part of a multiple prope':!y listing) 6. Function or Use Historic Functions {Enter categories from Instrudlons} HEALTH CAREICUNIC 1. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from Instruotlons) Lete 19'" and 20'" Century Revival Others: Spanish Colonial ReviviaVMonterey Style Influence Santa Clara, CA County and SIale Number of Resources within Property (Do not Include previously listed resources In the count.) Contributing Noncontributing 1 buildings ______________ sites ______________ structures ~~~ ____ ~ ____ Objects ______________ buildings __ ---'~~ ___ ~~~_ Total Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register N/A Current Functions {Enter categories from instruotions) V ACANTINOT IN USE Materials (Enter categories from Instructions) foundation: _C"'o"'n"'c"-re"'t"'e __________ _ wails: Concrete roof: Terra-Cotta other: (see continuation sheet) Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara, CA Name of Pmperty County and State Narrative Description (Describe the historic and. current physical appearance of the property. Explain contributing and noncontributing resources if necessary. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its iDeation, setting, size, and significant features.) Summary Paragraph 300 Homer Avenue is. one· and two·story, Spanish Eclectic style, U-shaped concrete building clad in beige cement stucco and topped by a clay Mission tile roof, The building sits on a comer lot, at the edge of Heritage Park, bounded by Homer Avenue and Bryant Street, It is oriented northwest. facing Homer Avenue with a playground to the northeast, an open grassy space to the southeast and residential development facing it on the surrounding blocks, The neighborhood Is a mixture of new infiH, multi·family housing and traditional tum·of·the century residences, Limited ground·floor commercial enterprises are located along Bryant Street. The subject building wraps around a landscaped courtyard that is centered on a large oak tree, The central spine of 300 Homer Avenue runs parallel with Homer A venue and is two-stories with a hipped. tile·clad roof, A tbree·story elevator shaft and stairwell punctuates the roof plane at the central rear of the building, Opposite the elevator shaft and stairwell, facing the courtyard, is a second floor rusticated wood balcony. reminiscent of the Monterey style, Below the balcony, also facing the courtyard is an arched arcade. which protects the primary entry to the building, Perpendicular to the spine are two, one·story wings with front·faeing gables and tile-clad roofs, The building predominantly has five· lite steel casement window modules. arranged in large. roughly square assemblies of various sizes, Most windows are currently covered by plywood on the exterior surface of the building, The interior is a mix of office and unfinished spaces arranged around a central, U-shaped circulation corridor, The offices traditionally functioned as doctors' offices and examination rooms with some limited storage in the basement. The finishes and configuration of the one-story wing interiors closely resemble their original forms and appearance. while more liberal modifications to the two-story spine have been made to accommndate mndem waiting rooms and office administration, Overall, the building is in good conditions with many original features and finishes, Narrative Description 300 Homer Avenue has a restrained design tbat was typical for its architect, Birge Clark, The simplicity of the exterior finishes is contrasted with large features. such 8S the wood balcony overlooking the courtyard and smaller decorative features such as green scalloped wood eave molding. circular roof vents filled with overlapping Mission tiles and large window openings facing mature trees and landscaping in the examination and office rooms. Each element is part of the overall composition and is harmonious with creating • soothing, peaceful environment for the clients of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. . The primary elevation of 300 Homer is the most articulated, The main entrance is recessed from the street wall. at the far end of a small brick and landscaped courtyard, A three·bay arched arcade shelters a series of medically themed frescos painted by famed muralist and student of Diego Rivera. Victor Amautoff, The four color frescos depict modem medical practices, including a pediatric examination. an internist using a stethoscope to examine a woman. surgery being performed with an Albee saw, and an early fluoroscope (x-ray machine), They are paired with .maller frescos illustrating like procedures used by "modem medicine's" predecessors, All are in excellent condition and have not been modified since their creation, (They remain the only public exterior fresco murals in Palo Alto), Wood double doors with five borizontallights open into the clinic lobby, The original berringbone pattern brick floor of the loggia is intact on both sides. but the center section has been changed to cement for bandicapped entry, The original primary entrance to the building is centered on this wall. surrounded by frescos, On the exterior wall, centered above the arch columns, are four painted medallions depicting Lister. Hippocrates. Pasteur and Roentgen, also completed by Am.utoff, Above the arcade is a cantilevered wood balcony supponed by rusticated beams (visible from below) with carved ends, Similar beams and decorative ends are used to support the roof above the balcony, Tbe balcony runs the length of the central spine and is accessed througb two pairs of multi-lite wood French doors, (A multi-lite steel window of tbe same dimensions has replaced a third pair of French doors), Eigbt square wood posts with simple wood brackets support the roof and a low railing and turned wood balustrade. The balustrade is composed oftbree styles ofrandomly mixed turned wooden balusters, The courtyard i. bounded on the remaining two sides by the original one·story clinical wings, These elevations have a mirrored fenestration pattern of different modulations of the multi-lite steel windowforrn found tbroughout the structure, Each window is recessed into the concrete wall with a simple slightly projecting concrete sill, These windows are currently covered with plywood, The one·story wings terminate their gable ends at the street wall, These facades are similar in composition, with a central door or window (originally a door but converted to a window by 1959), flanked by two larger windows and topped by a circular roof vent opening centered under the roof peak. (See Continuation Sheets) Palo Alto Medical Clinic Name of Property 8. Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark 'x" in one or more boxes for the criteria quetifying the property for National Register listing) Property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patlerns of our history. Properly Is associated with the lives of persons significant in our past. Property embodies the dls1inctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack Individual distinction, Property has yielded, or Is likely to yield, information Important in prehistory or history. Criteria Consideratione (Mark ~x~ in all the boxes that apply) Property is: owed by a religious institution or used for religious A purposes, B removed from its original location, C a birthplace or grave. D a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. F II commemorative proparty. G less than 50 years old or achieving significance within the pasl 50 years. Period of Significance (justification) Santa Clara, CA County and State Areas of Significance (Enter categories from instructions) A· Development of health care in Palo Alto; first group medical practi,,~iC"n-,P __ a",lo,-,A=lto=-________ _ -_ ... _--------- C ArchitecturelDesign'-__________ _ --~.---------~-- Period of Significance A 1932-1999 C 1932 Significant Datas I 932 -Date of Construction 1947 -U-shaped addition added at rear (wings now . removed) Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B Is marked above) Cultural Affiliation Architect/Builder Birge Clark, Architect Wells P. Goodnough, Builde"-r _______ _ The period of significance encompasses the building's period of use by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. It spans from construction of tbe original clinic building to the year tbe clinic vacated the property (1932·1999). Criteria Consideratons (explanation, If necessary) NIA Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara, CA Name of Property County and State Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (provide a summary paragraph that includes level of signficance and applicable criteria) The Palo Alto Medical Clinic building at 300 Homer Avenue in Palo Alto, California was the home of the first multi-specialty group practice in the community, founded in 1932. The Palo Alto Medical Clinic was a leader in advancing Palo Alto's health care resources and, from the beginning, introduced new ideas and medical technology to the practice of medicine both in Palo Alto and to the Bay Area. The clinic's founders pioneered a model of group practice in the community that, though at first controversial, would later become common within the healthcare community nationwide. The clinic was one ofthe first in the region to offer a specialist in obstetrics and the first to offer a specialist in pediatrics. One of Palo Alto's first female physicians was also a founding member of the practice. Known today as the Roth Building, the building is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A at the local level for its association with"persons and events important to the developmenfof the healthcare in Palo Alto. The organization's long-tenn commitment to innovative community healthcare and research laid the foundations for the progressive healthcare network that thrives in Palo Alto today. Founded by Palo Alto's beloved Dr. Russell Lee, the Palo Alto Medical Clinic group practice built its first clinic building in 1932. The new building, designed by architect Birge Clark, was constructed in the Spanish Eclectic style, the architectural style for which he is best known. A unique feature of the building is the series of fresco paintings, completed by noted Depression-era muralist Victor Arnautoff, that decorate the wall fac~ around the front entry. They are the only known exterior frescoes visible to the public in Palo Alto. Many ofthe building's original decorative and functional features are still extant and some, especially the frescoes themselves, are of high artistic value to the community. Interior features' unique to the function of the building as a medical clinic are also still intact including the physicians' offices, examination rooms, and accompanying original finishes as well as the "in use" lights above the examinadon room doors along each corridor of the original clinic. As such, the building is eligible for the National Register at the local level under Criterion C as representative of the work of a master architect and artist and a resource displaying high artistic value. Narrative Statement of Significance (provide at least one paragraph for each area of significance) THE BEGINNINGS Dr. Russel Lee, the founder of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, was bom in Spanish Fork, Utah in 1895 as one of eight children.' He came to California in 1913 to study chemical engineering at Stanford University and, to earn his living expenses, took a job washing glassware for Hans Zingser, the first professor of bacteriology at Stanford. Inspired by the professor's work, the young student switched to pre-med and studied at Stanford for three years before he transferred to the University of California in 1913 when he got a job in the State Hygiene Laboratory in Berkeley.' Lee completed his pre-med degree at Berkeley and moved back across the Bay to complete his medical degree at Stanford University Medical School, then located in San Francisco. In 1920, having earned his M.D. at Stanford, Dr. Lee entered into private practice with San Francisco internist Dr. Harold Hill. In 1924, Dr. Lee accepted an offer to go into partnership with Dr. Thomas Williams in Palo Alto. The doctors initially worked out of Dr. Williams' office building at the comer of Bryant Street and Hamilton Avenue in Palo Alto (60 I Bryant). ' It was out of this early partnership that the seeds of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic began to grow. From the beginning of this joint venture, the two doctors had a tremendous workload. In an attempt to stem the tide of incoming patients, Dr. Lee raised the price of care. He famously stated, "I didn't particularly enjoy obstetrical practice, so I upped my delivery fee from $35 to $100. This immediately quadrupled my practice. My patients said, 'If he charges that much, he must be pretty good. '" The practice quickly grew to a point where the two men could not handle it alone and their practice soon grew with the addition of surgeon-obstetrician Dr. E. B. (Fritz) Roth in 1925 and pediatrician Dr. Esther B. Clark in 1927. At the time that she joined, Dr. Clark was the only pediatrician between San Francis,co and San Jose.4 Dr. Wiibur, a surgeon who had spent time training at the Mayo Clinic, was added to the practice in 1930.' (See Continuation Sheets). Developmental history/additional historic context Information (if appropriate) I Palo Alto Medical Foundation House Report, "Russ Lee -'He Was the Person With Vision' ," (Vol. I, No. 1,29 January 1982), 1, 2 Ibid., 3. 3 Ibid., 3. Also see the Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "The Founding Physicians," aceessed 22 Oetober 2009. 4 R. Hewlett Lee, M.D., "Historical Notes on the Palo Alto Medical Clinie (Rcvised in part from notes of Russel V. Lee, M.D.)", (11 Scptember J 989), 1-2. 5 Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Dr. Blake Wilbur dies; surgeon for 49 years," 11 Mareh 1974. Also sce thc Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "The Founding Physicians," accessed 22 Oetober 2009. Palo Alto Medical Clinic Nam-e of Property 9. Major Bibliographical References Santa Clara, CA County Bnd Stete Bibliography (Cite the books, artlcles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more oontinuati~1J Sheets) Seo Continuation Sheets for list of references. Previous documentaUon on fne (NPS)~ preliminary determination of Individual listing (36 CFR 67 has been ~~requestad previously listed In the Natlomil Register x previously determined eligible by the National Register designated a National Historic Landmark ~~recordad by Historic American Buildings Survey #-;;~~~_ recorded by HistoriC American E:ngln~rlng Record # Primary location of additional data: State Historic Preservation Office .. ---Other state agency' ~~Federal agency x Local government UnlvorsHy -XOther Nama of repository: Palo Alto Historical AssocIation archives Historic Resources Survey Number (if assigned): Antonio Aguilar of the NPS determined that the property "appears to meet the National Register Criteria fur Evaluation and will likely be listed in the National Register of Historic Places if nominated by the SHPO according to the procedures set forth in 36 CPR Part 60 (12.06.2007, Project # 21121). 10. Geographical Data Acreage of Property Less than an acre. (do not include prevIously listed resource acreage) UTM References (Place additional UTM references on a continuation sheet) 1 10 Zone 2 Zone 574680 Eastlng Easting 4144250 Northi'"ng=-=---~ Northing 3 Zone Easting 4 Zone Eastlng Verbal Boundary Oescrlption (describe the boundaries ofthe properly) Northing Northing The Palo Alto Medical Clinic (Roth) Building is located at 300 Homer Avenue I the City of Palo Alto, County of Sanla Clara, Stale of California, on: A pOrtion of Lot I in Block 24 as shown upOn Ihal certain map entitled "University Park," which was filed for record in the office of the Recorder oflhe County of Santa Clara on February 27, 1889, in Book D of Maps, page 69, more particularly described as follows: Beginning at the intersection of the northeasterly line of Bryant Street, 60 feet wide, with the southeasterly line of Homer Avenue, 60 feet wide; thence along said Southeasterly line of Homer Avenue, North 39 degrees, 20 minutes, 51 seconds East 140.00 feet; thence parallel with the Northeasterly line of Bryant Street,South 50 degrees 40 minutes 04 seconds East 1,25.00 feet; Thence parallel with the Southeasterly line of Homer Avenue, South 50 degrees 20 minutes 51 seconds West 140 feet to the Northeasterly line of Bryant Street; thence along said Northeasterly line, North 50 degrees 40 minutes 04 seconds west 125.00 feet to the Point of Beginning. The portion of Lot I, Block 24 that is occupied by the subject property is referred to as Parcel B. Said parcel contains 17,500 square feet more orless. The Santa Clara County Assessors Property Number for the subject property is APN 120-17-093 (a portion). Boundary Justification (explain why the boundaries were selected) The building is located within a large parcel of land fonnerly owned and developed by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. The boundary includes property now owned by Ihe City of Palo Alto and under long-tenn lease to the Palo Alto History Museum. The boundaries of the lot currently occupied by subject property encompass the building and the site immediately surrounding the building envelope. Palo Alto Medical Clinic~~~~ ___ _ Name of Prop.rtY-~-····· Santa Clara, CA County and State 11. Form Prepared By name/title Palo Alto History Museum assisted by Sarah Hahn and Becky Urbano, Architectural Historians organization Garavaglia Architecture, Inc. street & number I SuIter Street, Suite 910 city or town Sao Francisco e-mail Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: date 1111712009 telephone (415) 391-9633 state CA zip code 94104 • Maps: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map. • Continuation Sheets • Additional Items: (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items) Photographs: Submit clear and descriptive black and white photographs. The size of each image must be 1600x1200 pixels at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger. Name of Property: Palo Alto Medical Clinic City or Vicinity: Palo Alto County: Santa Clara State: CA Photographer: George Koerner (all original digital image files held by photographer) Date Photographed: Various, see matrix. Description of Photograph(s) and number: f' ~Photo~-T~-~-'~--~~~~ I Number 1 Photo Date 1"",·"",--1, ''-' --' : .. (j0Q1.j,.14 lv!ar.~h~O.o9 i()()()~' .'. ,:!(l.1'-:ovell1lJ<'r_ 2()O91 . .,N'"rtl1 ... estJfro .... tl"lev-"tion ,sh,,\'1 i~gf r<)nt&"b:;",,-n~s i. carne ll1faci"l!soutll.. 0003 20 November 2009 . I . Northeast (side) elevation; camera facing southeast. I ..O(J()4 14 Mll"'~:1009 .. .:..., .. . .. .~S<:>uth.".ast (",ar) -,,1~~ati(Jn.i.camera.facin.l$.n0l't.h... ',,',','.'.,1 •. ·.·······~~!~=t·.-.. -;b·~:: .. :::.;;;. ~. ~. ' ... " ·,,1 ..... ,.',· .. 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"'_' Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara, CA Name of Property County and State 0013 I 9 Nov 2009 ~~" ,---------_.--- 05J14_~1.. 9l>1<>.v20.lJ.9_ ... _._. ! . 0(1151'" ._ .9I'Iov 2009 . L ...... B& \\,t.1u.rals.::~illhtofe.!''''an.ce;2all1era faci.nllsollth.\V,st 0016 I.. 9.t{"v2Q09 ]3.1<\\,MlIral~.::l,eft()fentran~;carn~~a.faci~g nortileast . i. 0017.t .. J.4.l\~"t:~b.2g09 .. _t.1~dalliol':)"ister; camera facil1g.souJ~"a.st , 0018 i 14 March 2009 Medallion: Hippocrates; camera facing southeast .. Q()l.~ .. L.~) 4 Marcll.2()09 .t.1edallion: !'.a.ste.llr; c; .. ~rllfltci.!'llso.lltll.ea~t ... O()2.().J_ J .<tt.1»rEh20(l.9~_ ..... M .. dallion:I~oentgen: camera f'!Cil1g!()tJ!h.e~ .... . _ 002L.l ... ~.l.4:Ma~h 2009_._~ .... _.___ CO~"lxldetail; cam;>ra fll£il'.!l. SOUIll.east_~ ... _ ... _~ ___ j Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic praces to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties, and to amend existing listings. Response to this request Is required to obtain Ii benefit In accordance with the National HIstoric PreservaUon Act, as amended (16 U.S.CA60 at seq.). Estimated Burden ,Statemsnt: Public reporting burden ror this form is estimated to average 18 hours per response Including time for reviewing Instructions, gathering and maintaining data, and oompleting and reviewing the form. Direct oomments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, PO Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and thaOffice of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024~0018), Washington, DC 20503. NPS Form 10-900-. (Rev. 8/2002) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 1 of 3 DESCRIPTION (continued) (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .§_a!'!<lS_I<l~<l __ ~?~I1.ty!..~A __________________ . _____ ...... _ " The northeast elevation of 300 Homer Avenue is largely devoid of the decorative detailing found within the central courtyard. The stucco wall plane is broken by large window openings (all covered with plywood) and the same slightly projecting sills found in the courtyard. At the rear of this elevation, along the two-story spine, the wall is solid with no window or door openings. The southeast elevation (rear) of the building has a more modern stucco finish as the result of the recent removal of two later additions to the building. These wings connected to the building along the central spine. They were removed, and the surface was finished with a modern interpretation of the original stucco finish and scored to approximately indicate the fanner floor levels of the removed building sections. The remaining windows on this elevation are associated with the central circulation stair and elevator core and are a mixture of two arrangements of steel casements similar to the rest of the building and two arrangements of glass block. The final elevation is the southwest elevation facing Bryant Street. This street fa~ade is quite different from the fonnal Homer Avenue entry. The Bryant Street side of the building was used for supply deliveries and other functional, non-public activities. Toward the rear, as part of the two~story spine. a projecting one-story gable roof extends to the street wall. It is access by a small entry porch with a single wood column, with wood brackets at the porch roof. It is similar, although simpler in composition, to the courtyard balcony. The remainder of the elevation is marked by a series of multi-lite steel casement windows arranged similarly to those on the northeast elevation. This section marks the street-facing wall of the southern one story wing. Detailed Description ~ Interior The interior of 300 Homer continues to exemplify the building's history as a medical clinic. Its first floor areas are arranged in a series of small examination rooms and office spaces that are both interconnected and accessed by a central hallway. Many of these rooms still retain their original finishes while others have been modified, but traces of the original materials remain. Generally, the building is divided into three types of spaces -doctors' offices, administrative spaces and patient care areas. Today, the primary entrance through the courtyard opens into a small foyer flanked by two smaller rooms and facing a series of very small rooms used for storage or as restrooms. Beyond this entry point, a modern reception desk and waiting room has been created by combining a series of the original laboratory and examination rooms at the rear of the building. Originally, the front doors opened to a large foyer and reception area with a black and rust colored clay tile floor. Beyond the reception area are the 1947 terrazw Streamline Moderne stairs. They begin in the basement and rise to the second floor. The balusters are matte finish aluminum with a graceful walnut handrail bending at each landing. Slightly less ornate stairs continue on to the top of the elevator tower where the original machinery and switch panels remain in place. These stairs are lighted by the use of glass brick windows and original lighting fixtures. The adjacent Otis elevator was operable when the clinic moved out in 1999. Original center-opening doors remain on each floor. The elevator car has wood paneling with horizontal aluminum bands and rounded Modeme comers. Beyond the modern waiting room areas, an open, unfinished space marks the location of the central two-story spine. This area was fonnerly connected to two 1947 rear wings and to an adjacent building via a shorr hallway. These later additions and features were removed in 2003 and the space was left unfinished. Off the open unfinished central spine, two perpendicular hallways provide access to the one-story wings. Each of these wings is dedicated to doctors' offices and examination rooms of various types. Many of the original offices retain their Flex wood wall paneling, decorative radiator plates, Art Nouveau door and window hardware and built in cabinetry. These highly refined rooms are generally arranged to face one another across the central hallway. They are spread out throughout the one story wings. Between the offices are small examination rooms. 'The original black and white tile backsplashes, hexagonal tile counters, black porcelain soap dishes and glass shelf brackets and sinks remain in several of the examination rooms. The rest NPS Form 10-900-0 (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number..l.-Page 2 of 3 (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic ?ll!1!".9<l!"S_()~:::tr,,_<;:f:: __ . ________ . ________ . ___ . __ have been replaced in whole Or in part with 0.1960s equivalents, Each of Ihese rooms originally had a door Ihat opened to a small hallway with access to a shared waler closet. Generally two rooms shared a single waler closet. Original restrooms are finished with green floor tile. Today, mosl of the restrooms have their original tile but the fixtures bave been replaced, Where examination rooms have been combined, the restrooms have been removed or allocated to access to a single examination room. All of the restrooms in the two single-story wings retain all or a significant portion of their original ftnishes, The second floor consists of another open unfinished space along the central spine with. suite of offices and examination rooms toward the front of the buildings, These rooms were finished after original constlUction, but before the rear additions were added. As such, they exhibit slightly later finishes, but these finishes are original to the spaces. They consist largely of bleached wood paneled walls in the rooms and painted white wallboard in the hallways and restrooms. The entire suite is carpeted and shares a single waiting room that opens onto the balcony, Some walls have been relocated since original construction but the suite, in general, remains in its original configuration. Beyond the functional fealures of each room, the interior retains a good representation of period fixtures and lighting. On the fu-st floor, small semi-circular globes are placed above each doorway of the original examination rooms. While no longer functional. they were used to indicate whether the patient had been seen or not, or if they needed assistance. A corresponding switch was placed in each room to activate the light. On the second floor. light fixtures consisting of concentric rings of white metal are found in the office suite. They appear to date to the original finishing of the spaces in 1937. Drawer pUlls, solid wood doors, doorknobs and plates, window hardware and switch plates remain, providing an authentic aesthetic to the entire space. Alterations 300 Homer A venue was originally constructed in 1932 as a medical clinic. At that time the building was a U-plan design with a two story, hip-roof spine and two one-story gable roof wings. The first floor housed the medical clinic and the smaller second floor contained an unfinished office suite. This suite was completed in 1937 to accommodate additional doctors' offices and examination rooms. In 1947, the building was greatly expanded by the construction of a U-plan addition that connected at the rear of the building. Designed by the original architect, Birge Clark, this new construction was a full two-stories in height and consisted of a new two-story spine and two, two-story wings. The spine contained a new circulation core consisting of a Moderne-style Otis elevator and three-story terrazzo, metal and oak stair. The rest of the work was executed in mostly mass-produced materials and had greatly simplified interior finishes and detailing. The resulting structure had an H-plan and housed a number of additional medical services including expanded x-ray and surgery capabilities. Additional room was needed as the clinic continued to expand. In 1961, a new building was constructed just east of 300 Homer Avenue on the site of the corrent playground. Known as the Lee Building, it was larger in size than 300 Homer Avenue. An opening was cut into the east wall of the 1947 spine to accommndate a hallway to connect the two buildings. At this time, the counyard entry ceased to be the primary patient entry point. The lobby was converted into a nurses' station and this is the configuration that remains today. The Palo Alto Medical Foundation (fonoerly the Palo Alto Medical Clinic) operated the facility until 1999 when they sold the property to the CIty of Palo Alto. In 2000, the Lee Building was demolished and the hallway opening in the east wall of 300 Homer A venue was filled in. In 2003, the 1947 wings at the rear of the building were also removed. Key character-defining features of these wings were salvaged (roof tile, gutters. wood trim elements) and the 1947 spine, including the central circulation corridor was retained. This portion of the building was seismically retrofitted and left unfinished pending a new use for the building. NPSForm 10-900-a (Rev. 1lJ2()02) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National, Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet (expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .?_":~!~_S:1.~~~_.S:~'::!~o/.!._S:!.\ ___ . ___ . ______ . ______________ _ Section number _7_ pa"-ge:..:=3::o::f=3==-_________________ _ Of ~n unknown date are the alterations that transformed the original X-ray and surgery rooms in the 1932 west wing into the examination room, omce and support spaces that are currently in place. The date of conversion of the east waiting room into examination rooms and support spaces is also unknown. However. many of the existing walls and finishes appear to be original even if their former configuration, have been modified. The building's current form is approximately that of the original 1932 construction. It contains all portions from the original construction plus the form and volume of the 1947 spine. Representative rooms, displaying the original 1932 finishes and uses remain to provide a clear image of the patients' experiences and the doctors' work environments in the early years of this highly influential medical institution. The overall appearance, both inside and out,is that of an early mid-20" century medical clinic, uniquely designed to fit within the architectural traditions of Palo Alto. CONCLUSION 300 Horner Avenue was constructed in 1932 to house the newly formed Palo Alto Medical Clinic. I! has served as a medical building forthi. organization until its sale to the City of Palo Alto in 2000. The exterior design of the building is in keeping with the predominant architectural style executed in Palo Alto in the early part of the 20" century and the interior is specifically designed to create an efficient medical clinic operation. The decorative features throughout the building are of a high quality and design that is atypical for modern medical facilities and give 300 Homer Avenue an overall welcoming character that exemplified the Clinic's mission and dedication to the surrounding community of Palo Alto. I! retains its integrity despite years of continued use as a medical facility and recent alterations to later additions to the property. While currently unoccupied, it has been stabilized and protected for future use and is subject to regular inspections and maintenance. NPS Form 10-900-. (Rov.812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 10f9 NARRATIVE STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (continued) (Expires 5·31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .~'!:!!~a..S=!a.!<I .. C::()':'f!:ty!..S~_._._ ... _ ...... _._ ... _ ... _ The continued rapid growth of the practice soon necessitated Ihe addition of more physicians. As such, Dr. Milton Saier, an internist and allergy specialist joined the practice in 1931, and Dr. Niebel, a family practitioner and specialist in anesthesiology, joined c,1932. Dr. Williams, the elder of the group, retired in 1929,' In the first years of the 19308, the evolving group practice was still operating out the crowded 601 Bryant Street location and plans were beginning to form for a new partnership and a new facility. THE FOUNDING MEMBERS7 In 1932, six Palo Alto physicians formally agreed to join their practices in a new and innovative type of medical partnership in Palo Alto. The partnership agreement, just three pages long, offers little indication of how unusual their decision was at a time when many doctors viewed group practice as something close to communism,' Nor does it foretell how the fledgling Palo Alto CliniC, founded in a small college town several miles south of San Francisco, would become one of the largest and most well-respected physician groups in the United States! In addition to Dr, Russel Lee, the founding members are as follows: Dr. Edward Frederick (Fritz) Roth Known interchangeably as "Fritz" or "Butch" by those who knew him; Dr. Roth was born in Ukiah, CA and educated at Stanford University and Stanford University Medical School, graduating from the latter in 1920, Roth later went to Boston where he received additional training in general surgery and obstetrics/gynecology, He joined Dr. Russell Lee in practice in 1925 initially handled most of the group's work in that specialty. Later, when more doctors joined the clinic, he turned to his first love, orthopedics and sports medicine. Dr. Roth was noted for his outstanding work as an orthopedist and became team physici"" for Stanford University in the 1930s,' position in which he continued throughout his career, Roth was a founding member of the group practice and the original clinic building at 300 Homer Avenue, the Roth Building, is named for him. Dr, Esther Clark Dr. Esther Bridgeman CII;!k, sister offamed Palo Alto Architect Birge Clark, was one of the first female doctors in Palo Alto and the first pediatrician in the Palo Alto area. Clark was born in 1900 and attended Stanford University and later Stanford University Medical School (then located in San Francisco), receiving her M,D. in 1925, She began her pediatric practice in Palo Alto after graduation and joined tjle Palo Alto Clinic as a partner in 1927, She joined the clinical faculty of Stanford Medical School in the 1930s and in 1953 established the Children's Health Council. Dr. Clark retired in 1972 at age 72." 'R Hewlett Lee, M.D., "Historical Note'" (11 September 1989), 2. 1 Various accounts exist about the funnation and development of the Palo Alto Clinie and its founding members. Some list only four founding members (Lee. Roth\ Clark and Wilbur). and some as many as iline. According to the "Historical Notes;' written by Dr. R. Hewlett Lee (Dr, Russel Lee's son), the group formally established itself as the Palo Alto Clinic in 1929. A 1953 Palo Alto Times article Indicate, that Palo Alto Clinic Ltd. incorpomted in 1932. An August 1932 Palo Aim Times article entitled "Medical Staff In New Building" identifies the physicians present at the time the buHding at 300 Homer Avenue was originally occupied as the following: Lee, Roth. Clark. Wllbur. Saier and Nicbe). These six physicians are also recognized as the founding members by the Palo Alto Medical Foundation (website) and in the publication entitled Palo Alto Medica1 Clinic: the First 75 Yeats by Sara Katz O'Hara. A reproduction of another formal partnership agreement. dated 1 October 1936. is shown in the latter publication on page 20 (same six doctors) . • Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Redistribution of Stock Started by PA Clinic," 25 July 1953, Another early partnership agreement was made in 1936. see: Sarah Katz OJHara, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, the First 75 years. Dr. Francis A. Marzoni, Editor, (Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA: n.d,), 20. '" The Palo Alto CHnic added the word "Medical" to its title in 1955 when a law passed by the Californja Legislature required it " Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl. "Esther Clark," 27 March 1972, Also Online Archive ofCailforni. (hltp:lloac.edlib.org), Guide to the Bsther Bridgeman Clark Papers {accessed 22 October 2009. NPS Form 10-900-a {Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 2of9 Dr. Blake C. Wilbur ~!':~!a.S!a!a.._<;:,o~!YL~ _____ . __ . _____ ... _____ .. ___ .. Born in San Prancisco, Dr. Blake Wilbur, son of Stanford University president Ray Lyman Wilbur, attended Stanford and Harvard medical schools, graduating from Harvard in 1925. He tniined at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota and practiced briefly in San Prancisco before returning to Palo Alto in 1930. Dr. Wilbur joined the Palo Alto Medical Clinic that same year and became renowned for his work as a surgeon. For many years, he was a clinical professor of surgery at Stanford University Medical School and he practiced surgery up to the time of his death in 1974." Dr. Millon H. Saier Dr. Milton Saler joined the Palo Alto Clinic group practice in 1931, when the group was still operating out of an overcrowded office in a two-story house at 60 1 Bryant Street. Born in Fresno, California in 1902, he earned a biochemistry degree at Stanford University in 1924 and a medical degree from Stariford Medical School in 1928. Dr. Saier practiced internal medicine and specialized in allergies. When he joined the clinic, he was the only allergist between San Francisco and San Jose, and he created the first allergy department at the clinic. Dr. Saier retired in 1968.12 Dr. Herbert Lee Niebel An Ohio native, Dr. Herbert Niebel graduated from Stanford University with a degree in civil engineering in 1914, and following graduation selVed for a period as an assistant instructor in bacteriology at Stanford. The latter experience led to an interest in clean air and water as weU as a decision to enter Stanford Medica! School where he received his M.D. degree in 1923. Dr. Niobel entered into private practice in Palo Alto for a time before joining the Palo Alto Medical Clinic as • general practitioner skilled in anesthesiology. He remained with the clinic until his retirement in 1956." As common as it might seem today, group medical practices were relatively uncommon in 1932, when Dr. Lee and the five partners incorporated as Palo Alto Clinic Ltd." Group medical practices had existed in the Unlled States from the late 1800s, when the Mayo Clinic was founded in Rochester, Minnesota. As Mayo-trained physicians spread throughout the country. some set up their own group practices. By 1932, there were approximately 12.5 group practices in the country, with nearly a third of them located in the Midwest." As medicine in the United States had traditionally been practiced on an individualized, fee-for-serviCe basis, the early group practices that did exist were seen by many independent physicians as forms of corporate or "socialized' medicine that threatened their professional autonomy." At one point, a resolution was introduced in the Santa Clara County Medical Society barring any Palo Alto Medical Clinic physician from membership. This was a reaction both to the clinic's growing presence in the community, and to a 1946 agreement to provide pre-paid medical care to Stanford University students -an II Pala Alto Times (Palo Alto. CAl, "Dr. Blake Wilbur dies; surgeon for 49 years," II March 1914; Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl. "Blake Wilburs feted on Anniversary," 25 lune 1973; Palo Alto Tim.es (Palo Alto, CAl, "Scholarship for Surgeons established," \3 September 1972. Also see the Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "The Founding PhySicians." accessed 22 October 2009. 12 Palo Alto Daily News (Pa1o Alto! CA), #D. Milton Saier, Founding Partner of Palo Alto Clinic,: 1 June 1996; San Fnmcisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA), "Dr. Milton H, Baier," n.d. 11 Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CA), "Dr. Herbert Lee Niebel l" 26 February 1979, Also see the Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, «The Founding Physicians,'; accessed 22 October 2009. J4 Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Redistribution of Stock Started By Palo Alto Clinic." 712511953. ""A Brief History of Group Practice." Palo Alto Medical Foundation. 2OO1{accessed 17 Novemher2009). http://www.pamf.org!.boutlpamfhistorylgrouppracnce.html. It. "The 19308; Medicine And Health: Overview,1I American Decades. The Gale Group, Inc. 2001. Encyclopedia.com http://www.encyc!opedi •. comidocI1G2-3468301278.html(accessedI7November2OO9).AI.o. "The BQods of Brothcrhood, Teamwork and the Group Practice," Mayo Foundation for Medica1 Education and Rcseareh.''http://www.mayoc1inic.orgltradition-heritageJgroup~ practice.hlml (accessed 17 November 20(9). NPS Form 10-900-8 (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2(12) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 3 of9 .S..~~S:la.!.a..C::~~Il.o/.LSi.?:. __ ........ _._._._ .. _ .. uncommon arrangement at the time and one that many independent practitioners saw as unfairly exclusive. 17 The group practice, however, became increasingly more common in the following decades and by 1969, it is estimaled there were just over 6,000 group medical practices in the United States; in 1999 there were approximately 20,000.'" To accommodate the new Palo Alto Clinic's expanding operations, Palo Alto architect Birge Clark was contracted in 1931 to draw up plans for a new office and clinic building." The new location was designed to accommodate twelve doctors, thereby allowing for future growth. Notice of a building permit issued for the clinic was printed on the front page of the February 10, 1932 issue of The Palo Alto Times." The building at 300 Homer Avenue, which was at the outer odge of Palo Alto's commercial district at the time, opened later that year." An article in the Palo Alto TII'MS on August 4, 1932, described the new clinic as u a complete, self-contained unit, providing not only doctors' suites1 but an X-ray department, an operating room, clinical laboratory, together with bookkeeping office and other facilities."" The Palo Alto Clinic was the fIrst group medical practice in Palo Alto, and one of the earlier group practices in California." Not only was the clinic a different type of medical practice than was common in those days, it wa. al.o innovative in its application of that practice. Whereas the Mayo Clinic and most other clinics of the time operated on a "referral" system, with petients referred by outside physicians for "secondary" care by. clinic's specialists, the Palo Alto Clinic's primary care physiCians referred patients to specialists within the clinic if the need arose, thus providing both primary and secondary care in a single setting." The structure and operation of the organization itself was unique as well. The clinic was organized as a partnership and in the . early years each partner was assigned whatever percent of income the individual deemed appropriate for his or her services. Dr. Lee's philosophy was, "Give a guy what he wants and then make him earn it."" A separate corporation was also established by the group, in which each partner held stock, owned the real estate, the medical equipment and office furniture. Governing decisions were made as a group, with each physician'. vote carrying equal weight" Prior to Palo Alto Clinic's opening in 1932, Palo Altans' local health care options had consisted primarily of individual physicians and a one hundred-bed hospital, which was built in 1929, owned by the City of Palo Alto, and operated by Stanford Medical School. The opening of the Clinic widened the scope of medical care available in Palo Alto by having specialists, a rare feature at the time, within the Clinic', practice. Further, the group practice setting made it possible for primary doctors and specialists to easily interact with one another within the clinic when making a diagnosis of a patient" It also allowed for new technology to be made available as it was developed, something that was often too expensive for individual doctors to afford. ""A Brief History of Group Practicc." Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 2001 (accessed 17 November 2(09). http://www.pamf.orglaboutlpamthistllrylgrouppractice.html. IB Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Marzoni, Ed.), Palo Alto Medical Clinic, The First 75 Years 1930·2005, (Palo Altll: Palo Alto Medical Foundation). " Architectural Plans. Office BuiMinsfor DoclorS L<le. Roth, Clark and Wilbur, by Birge Clark. 19 December 1931. » Palo Alro Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "'Three Building Permits Issued, Total $93,400," 211011932. " Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl. "Medical Staifln New Building." 81411932. 12 Ibid. " SlU1Ih Katz O'Hara (Dr. Franci, Marzoni, Ed.), Palo Alto Medical Clinic: The Firs/ 75 Years 1930·2005, (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Medical Foundation). " Ibid. Also: Palo Alw Times (Palo Alto, CAl, Medical Insert Section, "Facility Seeks Comple", Community Care," 9/1511959. "Palo Alto Weekly (Palo Alto, CAl, "PA Medical Clinic Marks 50'" Year," 311311980. 2(, Sarah Katz O'Hara, The FirSl 75 Years, 13. 11 Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Matzoni, Ed.). Palo Alto Medical CUnic: The First 75 Years 1930·2005, (Palo Altll: ralo Alto Medical Foundation). NPS Form 10-900-. (Rev. 812002) OMS No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department ofthe Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 4 of9 .§_~t",~_\~::,,_~_'!.tI~tyLS!i __ . ___ .. _______ . _______ .... Palo Alto, like the rest of the nation in the 1930s, felt the burden of the Great Depression. Clinic physicians often waived their fees -$3.00 for an office visit, $4.00 per daytime house call, and $1 0.00 per nighttime house call --since many patients could not afford to pay. Some patients brought in food from their gardens to offer as compensation. After the war however, many patients returned to payoff old debts." POST WAR BOOM Until 1946, the Palo Alto Clinic grew at a measured pace, adding doctors as they were needed. However. the large increase in thePaningula's population following World War II created an urgent need for more doctors and the office space to accommodate them. In 1946 alone, 12 doctors joined the staff." The increased demand was met by the 1947 opening of aU· shaped addition, designed by the firm of (Birge) Clark and Stromquist, which attached to the rear of the 1932 building." The rear addition tripled the clinic's capacity and was constructed for an estimated $450,000." The clinic continued to grow, increasing the variety of specialists and services offered. A 1953 PaW AI/a Times article noted that the Palo Alto Clinic had 1.000 patients a day filing through its doors, only one· fifth of that number coming from Palo Alto. The same article states that by 1953. the clinic had 58 doctors and new patients were being added at a rate of 1,200 per month.:n By 1961, Palo Alto Medical Clinic (as it became in 1955 to conform to alaw requiring that "medical" he added to its name) had undergone further expansion into a new building on the property, adjacent to the original Roth·building." The new building was named the Lee building in honor of Dr. Russel V. Lee, and the original building at 300 Homer Avenue became known as the Roth building after Dr, "Fritz" Roth." Both buildings provided medical offices and treatment rooms for clinic doctors. The Palo Alto Medical Clinic and the Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation were combined in 1981 to fonn the not-for profit Palo Alto Medical Foundation (PAM!'); the Palo Alto Medical Clinic continued to exist as a "separate for·profit corporation under the Foundation umbrella"."ln 1993, the Foundation became an .ffiliate of Sutter Health. Today the Palo Alto Medical Foundation is one of the largest multispecialty group practices in California." ACHIEVEMENTS From its inception, innovation and commitment to community health care were tenets of the Clinic's philosophy, In 1946, the Palo Alto Clinic became one of the earliest medical groups to work with managed care insurance plans when It contracted with Stanford University to care for students under a prepaid medical plan. This was the first time in its history that Stanford had offered a comprehensive health service to its students." U Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "Depression, War and a Population Explosion," http://parnf.org (accessed 1 o<:tober 2008). 19 Ward Winslow and others. Palo Alto: A Centennial Hist(H'Y! (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Historical Association. 1st edition), 174, " Palo Alto Medical Foundation, A History of Innovation: 'he S'ory of 'he Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 1987. " Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl "Work to begin on $450,000 Clinic Addition," 251uly 1946. n Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CA) "P.A. Clinic major medical centet\" 30 July 1953, A1so. San Francisco Examiner (San Francjsco. CAl, "Palo Alto Clinic Treats 1000 A Day," 712611953. n Palo Alto Medical Foundation. A History oj Innovation: the Story of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 19&7. l4 Conversation between Dr. Robert Roth and Beth Bunnenbcrg, Palo Alto, CA, June 2004. " Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Mar1.Oni, Ed.), Palo Alto Medical Clinic: The First 75 Years 1930·2005. (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Medical Foundation). 36 Palo Alto Medical Foundation, A History of Innovation: the Story of/he Palo Alto Medical Foundation. 1987. " Palo AI,a Times (Palo Alto, CAl "Stanford now offers students full prepaid Ilealtll progrnm," 9 April 194~. NPS Form 10·900·. (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024o(1018 (Expires 5·31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number -1;L Page 5 of 9 .§.~.!:!a..~l~~S.()1!.I1.tl'!..9':. .......... _, ...... _._ ...... : Known initially as prepaid health care, managed care first manifested in Southern California when the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power contracted with a local clinic to provide medical care for its workers at the rate of $2.69 per month, Shortly thereafter, industrial baron Henry J. Kaiser made simHar arrangements for worke", at the Grand Coulee Dam and in his shipyards and steel mills," Though a handful of similar plans were set up following those models, prepaid health plans did not become common until the 1970's, when the Nixon Administration announced its plan (in 1971) to fund the development of prepaid health maintenance organizations or HMOs," The agreement between Stanford and the clinic was that the clinic would provide medical care for an university students for an advance fee of$5,00 per semester, taken out of tuition, This was the first prepaid medical care plan on the Peninsula and it initially caused a stir with the Santa Clara County Medical Society, prompting unsuccessful efforts to remove the clinic doctors from the membership organization. A similar prepaid plan was developed by the Clinic in the 1950's for Stanford faculty and staff.40 In 1950, the Clinic became one of the first facilities in the country to offer radiation therapy for cancer patients in an outpatient setting. In the same year the Clinic founded the Palo Alto Research Foundation, a separate legal entity, located in a separate building." Originally conceived to provide Palo Alto Clinic doctors with the opportunity to engage in medical research, it instead developad into a facility for scientists doing basieresearch; research that has produeed a number of medical advances." Clinic doctor Esther Clark established the Children's Health Council, as a separate entity, to care for disabled children in 1953." Dr. Lee had long fostered an interest in care for the aged and in 1964, founded the retirement community Channing House, providing lifetime medical care by Palo Alto Medical Clinic's doctors. Both the Children's Health Council and Channing House were established with the help afthe Palo Alto Clinic founded not-for-profit Medical Research Foundation.44 Dr. Russel V. Lee hsd long supported pre-paid health care and was a national advocate for the development of group practice. In 1951, he was appointed to President Truman's Commission on Health Needs of the Nation, which proposed a plan that later became a basis for Medicare." The Clinic also "served as a model for other nascent medical groups. Indeed, Dr. Lee claimed that the first partnership agreement of the Permanente system -'was worked out in my living room right after the war'."" The desire to bring innovative medical approaches and new technology to the community was an original goal of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic that still continues today. Examples are: the first mammography machine on the West Coast purchased in 1965, the pioneering in the early 1970's of outpatient surgery to reduce hospital stays, and, also in the 1970's, the establishment of one of the first stand alone Sports Medicine Departments in the United States," This department was rooted in the work and interest of one of the CHnic?s founders, Dr. "Fritz" Roth.411 " Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "Early Experiments With Managed Care," http://pamf.org (accessed: 10.23,2009). 39 Ibid, ., Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "Early Experiments With Managed Care," http://pamf,org (aecessed: 10.23.2009), 41 Ibid, 42 Palo Alto Medical Foundation, A History oj Innovation: the Story a/the Palo Alto Medical FoundatioN I 1987. 43 Ward Winslow and the Palo Alto Histories) Association, Palo Alto: A Centennial History (pa10 Alto: Palo Alto Historical Association, 1993),179, " Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Marzoni, Ed.), Palo Alto Medical Clinic: The First 75 Years 1930·2005, (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Medical Fouadation). 45 Article: "Dr. Russel V, Lee: A Radical or SimpJy Ahead of His Time," no date, Palo Alto Historical Association files. 46 Ibid. 4-7 "Timeline: 1930-2005." Palo Alto Medical Foundation (website). httpJlwww.parnf.org/aboutipamfilistory/timeJine,hrml(aecessed 17 November 2009). '" Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Letter from Russell V. Lee, Dr, Roth Linked Two Medical Eras," 41611972. NPS Form 10-900·. (Rev. 812002) OMB No.1 024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 60f9 ( (Explr~. 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic ?!IE.~_s:.l.!!~ilS:()!:1r.'ty!._~ A ... _. __ . _____ . ________ ... Over Ihe years, the Palo Alto Medical Foundation had expanded into various neighboring buildings, A decision was made to consolidate these facilities, and in September 1999, most of the facilities had heen moved to a new building and campus in Palo Alto, approximately five blocks from its original home. The obsolete property ofthe Medical Foundation was sold, including the Roth building, which the City of Palo Alto purchased in WOO. The Palo Alto Medical Clinic's group medical practice. was a forerunner in the evolution of Palo Alto as a progre~sive medical center, In 1959, in conjunction with the construction of a new hospital owned jointly by Palo Alto and Stanford University, Stanford moved the campus of its medical school in San Francisco to Stanford's main campus in Palo Alto, The Stanford Lane Hospital was also moved from San Francisco and to the new Palo Alto/Stanford Hospital at that time, The Palo Alto Medical Clinic's long·standing and mutually beneficial relationship with Stanford University and its medical school played a significant role in facilitating this move, In the late 196Os, Stanford University bought out the City of Palo Alto's interest in the above-mentioned hospital and subsequently embarked on an extensive medical expansion program that has continued into tbe 2000's, A number of other medical facilities were subsequently developed. Among them were the Veteran Affairs Hospital, which opened on Stanford land,adjoining Palo Alto's border in 1960, the Peninsula Children's Center (1960), and the Community Association for the Retarded (1963). Interplast, Inc" providing free reconstructive surgery in third world countries, was founded in Palo Alto in the late 1960's," Today the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Stanford University Medical complex, and groups of individual physicians, form Palo Alto's health industry· an industry which altracts regional, and to some degree, national and international patients. PALO ALTO MEDICAL CLINIC BUILDING The Palo Alto Medical Clinic building is an excellent example of the Spanish Eclectic style of architecture and retains many interesting decorative and functional features from its original conception. Birge Clark, an architoct of major local importance, deSigned the building in 1931-32 in the architectural style for which he is best known, Victor Arnautoff, a depression era artist of note in the Bay Area, painted the frescos at the entryway, They are the only known exterior frescoes visible to the public in Palo Alto, Birge Clark Birge Clark (1893-1989) was a significant Palo Alto architect whose work had a major impact on the City of Palo Alto, Paula Boghosian, an architectural historian, in 1979 wrote in Historical and Architectural Resources of the City of Palo Alto that Birge Clark's "Spanish Colonial Revival designs are largely responsible for the coherent Spanish Colonial Revival image of much of Palo Alto and for the consistency between the downtown commercial area and the Spanish Colonial Revival residential neighborhoods of the town."'· A lifelong resident of Palo Alto, Clark earned an undergraduate degree from Stanford University, graduating in 1914 with a major in art and a minor in engineering, He earned his master's degree in architecture from Columbia University, Birge Clark used many architectural styles for his commercial and residential buildings but is best known for the Spanish Eclectic style, or what he called California Colonial." His three National Register listed buildings and all of his buildings in the National Register-listed Ramona Street Architectural District were designed in this style." It is also in this same style that the Roth building waS designed at the height of Birge Clark', Spanish Eclectic period. 49 Ward Winslow and the Palo Alto Historical Association. Paw Alto: A Centennial History (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Historical Association, 1993). 5(l Paula Boghosian, Architectural Historian, Historical and Architectural Resources of the City 0/ Palo Alto (1979), 13. ~I San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA), "Peninsula Architect Birge Clark, 96," 3 May 1989. ~2 The listed National Register properties designed by Birge Clark are the Norris House, Dunker House and the U.S. Post Office building in Palo Alto, NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 7of9 .s._a.!'!~.f.~~r.~ .. C;!l';l~t.l:'!.f!':_. ______ ... ______ . __ .. __ . According to Birge Clark's memoirs, at Ihe time they began planning the new clinic building in 193 I, clinic physician Russell Lee was in favor of using the Art Moderne sty Ie of architecture. Though the architect made a number of sketches for a Moderne building, he advocated for a design in the California Colonial style that he felt more comfortable with. As stated in his memoirs, he felt that, "Ihe 'moderne' was still in its infancy at best and would probably change a good deal as time went on, while the California Colonial was a developed, mature style with its tile roofs, thick walls, wrought iron, balconies [and] arches." After much dcbate, the doctors settled on the "California Colonial" or Spanish Eclectic style promoted by Birge Clark and the building was completed in 1932. Birge Clark, and his architecture firm Clark & Stromquist, was employed by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic to design numerous projects over the years including a small offIce building at 321 Channing and the two-story rear addition to the Clinic building in 1946. They .lso finished the interiors on the second floor of the original clinic building in 1937. The last large addition, added in 1969, was completed in a more modem style th.n the first portions of the building, .s it was intend to be the first three stories of a nine-story high rise." As is evident tod.y, the building combined a commercial use with a predominately residential-type exterior design. Employing two single-story wings enclosing a courtyard with a mature oak tree, and using residential scale doors and windows, and French doors opening onto a gallery on the front elevation of the recessed second story, Birge Clark enabled the Roth building to blend into its residential surroundings. Additionally. the familiar architectural style made the building comfortable and inviting to patients who had, up to that point in time, largely been treated by medical practitioners working out of their own homes. Victor Arnautoff In 1931, Dr. Russell V. Lee commissioned Russian artist Victor Arnautoff (1896 1979) to paint the fresco murals around the front entry to the new Clinic building. Alfred Frankenstein, San Francisco Chronicle's long-time art critiC, described Amautoff in 1955 a. "one of the best mural painters in the United States"." Am.utoff was born in Russia in 1896 and emigrated to Mexico in the early 20" Century where he studied mural painting and became an assistant to Diego Rivera in the late 1920.. In 1931, the carne to San Francisco and worked with Rivera on the mural commissioned for the San Francisco Art Institute.'" Arnautoff also studied art at the California School of Fine Arts in San Francisco. His first solo commission in California was for the Palo Alto Clinic, which was completed in 1932.57 In 1933-34,Arnautoff was chosen by the Works Progress Administration .s one of the artists for the murals at Coit Tower in San Francisco. Some of his other murals include the large fresco in the Main Post Chapel in the Presidio (1935) as well as frescoes in high schools and other buildings in the Bay Area. Arnautoff taught art at Stanford University from 1939 until his retirement in 1963 after which he returned to Russia, where he lived out his life.'" The Roth bun ding's frescoes have a medical theme contrasting modern medicine with earlier medical methods. There are four fresco panels in color. Three of these panels depict the modem medical branches of pediatrics, surgery, and internal medicine, and include three doctors whose contributions to modem medicine Dr. Lee felt were most important. The fourth panel depicts modem technology, Underneath each of the colored fresco panels is a smallcr monochromatic panel depicting a contrasting primitive method of treatment. Beginning on the left of the entrance wan, the first colored fresco i. of Emmett Holt (1855-1924) a distinguished ~) An Architeci Grows up in Palo Alto: Memoirs n/Birge Malcom Clark, F.A.1.A •• (typescript: 1982),69, 541bid. The ninc-story addition was never constructed. 51 News and Notes -Medical Murals, PaJo Alto Medical Clinic, August 1959. Also. San Francisco Chronicle (San FrancIs<:o. CAll "Artists Can Do Better Than A Dick MeSme.r," 101311955. 56 Stanford Historical Society, Memorial Resolution: Victor Amautoi!0896.1979), n.d. !7.Ibid. '" "The Chapel, Hallowed Ground" at: http://www.interfailh-presidio.org!thcchapel.html(accessed 10.19.2009). Also "Victor Arnautoff. 1896-1979:: at http://www.hc1fenfinearts.eomibiogsiamautoffFset.html(accessed 10.19.2009). NPS Form 10-900-. (Rev. 8/2002) OMS No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 8 of9 (Expire. 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .~~~:,_g"r_a_S:~':1~!S:A.: ________ .. __ .. __ . ______ ._ ... American pediatrician and a pioneer in children's diseases. The monochromatic panel beneath him has a Flathead Indian pressing a board againsl an infanl's head 10 produce a sloping forehead, believed to be a sign of intelligence. The next color panel, located between the window and door, is of Sir William Osler (1849-1919) a Canadian internist, highly regarded teacher and writer on mediclnf? His contrasting monochromatic panel depicts a witch doctor exorcising evil spirits. The third colored panel, to Ihe righl oftbe entrance door, is of Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) a Boston neurosurgeon who refined the use of the Albee saw. Beneath him the monochromatic fresco is of a wound being cauterized with a hot poker. The final color panel, between the rJght window and far wall, shows an early form of x-ray, a fluoroscope, being used. This panel is in contrast with the monochromatic fresco beneath depicting Ihe use of horoscopes 10 diagnose illness. Undernealh each window on the entrance wan is a monochromatic fresco with a reclining man and woman. The left-hand fresco depicts the woman holding. scythe and the man a set of scales; in the right-hand fresco the woman holds a laurel wreath and the man a sword. Beneath the windows on the Iwo end walls of the entrance loggia are monochrome frescoes depicting the modern microscope and Bunsen burner Oeft end) and the old remedies of herbs and rools (right end). Above the entrance door is a narrOw monochromatic fresco with a skull and a snake surrounded by books representing knowledge.59 Arnautaff's cohesive design integrated Ihe frescoes wilh Ihe wall's feneslralion and door to prnduce a unified, rhythmic, and forceful composition. The predominanl colors in Ihe murals echo the warm lanes of the red clay tile roof, the blue green lanes of the cornice molding, window and door trim, and the beige tones of the medaliions. Similar colors appeared on Ihe inlerior in Ihe original tile floors, warm Flexwood walls and the beige window sill tiles. His subject matter emphasizing the advancement of modern medicine and technology was appropriate for a newly opened medical building, and the depiction of pediatrics, inlernal medicine, surgery, and x-ray technology focused on Ihe broad range of medical care Ihat was available al the Palo Alto Clinic. The murals caused a minor scandal when Ihe clinic building opened in 1932, duc to depictions of several patients receiving medical care in a state of partial undress. Palo Alto's reaction was so intense that the controversy was covered in San Francisco newspapers. Under the title, "Murals and Morals: Palo Allo's Pulse Quickens," a San Francisco Chronicle reporter wrole, "The builders, aided and abelled by Ihc nationally known doctors who make up the staff, have gone in for art in a big way, and the startling result has sel this little college IOwn by the ears!" The article continued to stale Ihal, "Ihe consensus is that. clinic ought to be a clinic, and not an art gallery. Especially a modern art gallery!"'" On the first Sunday afrer the murals were unveiled, the steady stream of townspeoplc driving along Homer A venue to see the mural for themselves caused a traffic jam and clinic surgeon Fritz Roth threatened to have the walls whilewashed before he would move in. In lime, the uproar faded away and Ihe artwork became a fixture." CONCLUSION From ils conceplion, the Palo Allo Clinic was a leader in advancing Palo Alto's heallh care resources. The early group practice introduced new innovations in Ihe practice of medicine and the use of new medical technology ta both in Palo Alto and the Bay Area. It drew patients nol only from Ihe immediate community but from throughout the Peninsula, featured specialists as part of the Clinic's practice, and attracted accomplished physicians from around Ihe nation that were interested in lhe Clinic's facilities and its use of new technology. The legacy of Ihe Palo Alto Medical Clinic is closely associated with the long pattern of events Ihal helped 10 eSlablish Palo Alto's health care industry as one of the leading medical networks in the country. YJ News and Notes. Pa10 Alto Medical Clinic, 1959. W San Francisco Chronicle (San Franeisco, CA). «Paintings of Semhmdes In Clink Stir Palo Alto", 21 August 1932. 61 Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, ''A Moral Dispute Over Murals," http://www.pamf,orglaboutlpamfbistorylmoral.html (Accessed 10.20.2009) . NPS Form 10·900·. (Rev. 612002) OMB No. 1024·0018 United States. Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number a Page 90f9 (Expire. 5-31·2012) Palo Alto Medical Oinic .§!lE!~S!~::a..f.o.!:!~!Y.! C:L .... _ ... _ ... _ ...... _ .. 300 Homer Avenue was constructed in 1932 to house the newly formed Palo Alto Medical CUnic. It served as a medical building for this organization until its sale to the City of Palo Alto in 2000. The Spanish Eclectic style was the architectural style of choice in Palo Alto throughout the early part of the 20'" century and the interior was specifically designed to form an efficient medical cUnic operation. The decorative features throughout the building are of a high quality and design that is atypical for modem medical facilities. imparting an overall welcoming character that exemplified the Clinic's mission and dedication to the surrounding community of Palo Alto. Overall, the building retains a high degree of integrity despite years of continued use as a medical facility. The architectural design and historic character of the original clinic building is still intact, despite removal of the later rear wings. NPS Form 10-900-. (Rev. 812002) OMS NO.1 024-00 18 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Regls.er of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 1of3 BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued) (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic _~a.!!!~g_~r.~_£~.!:l!!!Y.!S!> ______ ...... _. ______ ._ ... . "An Architect Grows Up in Palo Alto", Memoirs of Birge M. Clark, F.A.I.A, Printed September 1982. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Portney, Mary T. "Palo Alto Medical Clinic, at age 50, Celebrates a String ofF!rsts," The Peninsul. Times Tribune (Palo Alto, Cal, 11 March 1980. Gullard, Pamela and Nancy Lund. History-of Palo Alto: The Early Years. San Prancisco: Scottwan Associates, 1989. Hendricks, Rickey. A Model for National Healthc"re: the History afKaiser Permanente. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993. Lee, R. Hewlett, M.D. Historical Noles on Ihe Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Presented to the Partnership 911111 989 and revised in part from notes of Russel V. Lee, M.D. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) MacColI, William A., M.D. Group Practice and Prepayment of Medical Care. Washington D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1966. Murray, Bruce. "Palo Alto Medical Clinic Marks 50ili Year," Paio Alto Weekly (Palo Alto, CAl 3113/l 980, p. 11-12. News Report, Palo Alto Medical Foundation 112711982. "Dr. Russell V.A. Lee Medical Pioneer Die, AI Home At Age 86 After Long Illness" O'Hara, Sarah Katz, Dr. Francis A. Marzoni, ed. Palo Alto Medical Clinic, the First 75 years. Palo Alto: Palo Alto Medical Clinic, m.d. (Document held in the Palo Alia Historical Association Archives allhe Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo Alto Daily News, (Palo AIIO, CA). "Dr. Milton Saier, Founding Partner of Palo Alto Clinic," I June 1996. Palo Alto Medical Oinic publication. News & Noles -Medical Murals: Aug. 1959. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo Alto Medical Foundation. Foundation Report: Winler 1990. 60140 Anniversary Issue. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo A!to Main Library.) Palo Alto Medical Foundation. A History of lnnovation: Story of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto Medical Foundation: Palo Alto, 1987. Palo Alto Medical Foundation: House Report. "Russ Lee-'He was the person with vision.'" 29 January 1982. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo Alto Medical FounOOtion: News Report. "Dr. Russel V.A. Lee, Medical Pioneer, Dies at Home at Age 86 After Long Illness" 27 January 1982. Palo Alto Tittles, (Palo Alto, CAl. "Three Building Permits Issued: Physicians' Office Structure and Two Homes, Total $93,400" to February 1932. ----"Medical Staff in New Building," 4 August 1932. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 2 of 3 Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara County, CA --- "Have Our Murals Hurt Our Morals?" 30 August 1932. --- Building Permits — PA Medical Clinic, 10/20/1937. ---- "Clinic Adds Eight Specialists, Will Erect $300,000 building" 24 December 1945. ---- "Board of Works Permits Moving of Two Old Residences so P.A. Clinic Can Expand," 18 June 1946. ---- "Work to Begin on $450,000 Clinic Addition," 26 July 1946. ---- "Palo Alto clinic buys site at comer of Bryant, Channing," 1 August 1946. ---- "Permits Granted for Addition to Clinic, New Store Building," 28 August 1946. - --- "Doctors Have Moved into the New Wing," 17 December 1947. - --- "Clinic Allows Materials for another wing," 23 May 1952. ---- "Home Bought for Diagnostic Center in PA," 19 September 1952. "After 25 years — a Delay," I April 1953. ---- "Stanford Now Offers Students Full Prepaid Health Program," 29 April 1953. ----'"Stanford Now Offers Students Full Prepaid Health Program," 29 April 1953. ---- "Redistribution of stock started by Palo Alto Clinic," 25 July 1953. ---- "P.A. Clinic Major Medical Center" (Photo lab area), 30 July 1953. ---- "Two Parcels of Property Acquired by Palo Alto Clinic," 24 July 1959. "PAMC: Facility Seeks Complete Community Care," 15 September 1959. ---- "Butch Roth, retired team physician, dies," 4 April 1972. ---- Letter to the Editor by Russel,V. Lee, M.D., "Dr. Roth Linked Two Medical Eras," 6 April 1972. - --- "Blake Wilburs feted on Anniversary," 25 June 1973. - --- "Dr. Blake Wilbur Dies, surgeon for 49 years," 11 March 1974. ----"Dr. Herbert Lee Niebel," (obituary) 26 February 1979. - --- "Harold Sox" Obituary, 18 June 1993. Palo Alto Tribune (Palo Alto,.CA). "Dr. Russel V. Lee Dies — Was Health Care Pioneer," 27 January 1982. Palo Alto Weekly (Palo Alto, CA). "Seven Important Dates in PAMF's 70 Year Past," September 1999 — Special Edition NPS Form 10-900·. (Rev, 812002) OMS No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 3 of3 (Expire. 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .~!l!l~ .. 9ar!!.f!?!:.I1.ty,s:;:\.".""._ .. ""." ....... "._ article titled "Introducing the New Campus of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation" San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CAl. "Paintings of Semi·nudes in Clinic 8tir Palo Alto;" 21 March 1932. _ ... "Palo Alto's Pulse Quickens," 21 August 1932 .... Birge M. Clark, obit, "Peninsula Architect Birge Clark, 92", n.d. _._. "Dr. Milton H. Saier," (Obituary, c. June 1996). San Francisco Examiner (San Francisco, CAl. "Palo Alto Clinic Treats 1000 • Day," 7/26/1953. San Jose Mercury News (8an Jose, CAl. "Noted Dr. Succumbs at Palo Alto: Dr Thomas M. Williams," 28 March 1947. Winslow, Ward and the Palo Alto Historical Association. Palo Alto: A Centennial History. Palo Alto: Palo Alto Historical Association, 1993. Web Resources Mayo Clinic Website: http://www.mayoclinic.orgltradition-heritage/ Palo Alto Medical Foundation website: http://www.pamf.orglaboutlhistoryl April 13, 2010 Milford Wayne Donaldson State Hi'storic Preservation Officer Office of Historic Preservation P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 Attachment C RE: Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Roth Building, 300 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Dear Mr. Donaldson, The Palo Alto City Council, acting in the and for the property owner, fmds the above nominated listing on the National Register of Historic Places Preservation Act of 1966, as amLen(j~ Resources Commission: 1) The property known as the Roth il'ational Register under Criterion A at the for its m'd'~I{] events important to the development Palo first multi-specialty group be()arrl~ a model within the healthcare medical pralctiCiea industry community he.a1t11()are local Clark, Constructed remains for the created by Victor era and primitive Sincerely, Patrick Burt Mayor commitment to hmovative maldon for the progressive health care ~nding is eligible for the National Register at the )sel1tal1ve of the work of a master architect, Birge aut,on: and as a resource displaying high artistic value. cle'vtic style, the concrete structure with a terra cotta roof since it was constructed in 1932. Exterior frescoes depicting contrasts between modem medictj! practices of the practices are of high artistic value to the community. Attachment D Historic Resources Board Staff Report Date: March 3, 2010 To: Historic Resources Board From: Kathy Marx, Planner Department: Planning and Community Environment Subject: 300 Homer Avenue (Roth Building): Request by the Department ofPlancing and Community Environment on behalf of the City of Palo Alto, for Historic Resources Board review and recommendation to the City Council authorizing staff to send a letter of support to the State Historical Resources Commission for the nomination of the Category 2 Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places. (Public Facilities (PF) with a SOFA I Cap) RECOMMENDATION Staff recommends that the Historie Resources Board (HRB) recommend to the City Council support for the nomination of the Category 2 Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places and authorize staff to send a letter of support to the State Historical Resources Commission. BACKGROUND On December 17, 2009, staff received a letter from Milford Wayne Donaldson, State Historic Preservation Officer, requesting review of the nomination ofthe Category 2 Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places. The applicant for the nomination is the Palo Alto History Museum (Museum). The application was prepared for the Museum by Sarah Hahn and Becky Urbano, architectural historians for Garavaglia Architecture, Inc. The City is identified as the property owner and a Certified Local Government (CLG) under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966. Upon review for completeness and compliance with National Register eligibility criteria by the Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) the nomination is scheduled for hearing by the State Historical Resources Commission (Commission) on April 30, 2010. (Please see Attachment B-Correspondence and Attachment C-National Register Nomination) OHP requests that the HRB also review the nomination for compliance with National Register eligibility criteria, If the HRB is opposed to the nomination, a recommendation would be made to City Council requesting a notarized leiter of objection to be mailed to OHP prior to the scheduled hearing date. If the HRB is in support of the nomination, a recommendation would be made to City Council requesting a letter of support be mailed to OHP fifteen days prior to the scheduled hearing date. (Please See Attachment E -Draft letter of support to OHP.) PROJECT DESCRIPTION The building at 300 Homer Avenue was constructed in 1932 as a healthcare clinic, the first group medi cal practice in Palo Alto. The architect for the building was Birge Clark. The builder for the project was Wells P. Goodnough. The period of significance for the building, 1932 -1999, represents the period of the building's use by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, spanning from the construction date of the original clinic to the year the clinic was vacated. The building was altered in 1947 with the addition of two wings in a U-shaped configuration to the south/rear fayade. In 2003 the 1947 wings were demolished but character defining materials including roof tile, gutters and wood trim elements were salvaged. As well, the 1947 spine of the addition including the central circulation corridor was retained. That portion of the building was seismically retrofitted and left unfinished pending a new use for the building. DISCUSSION: The area of significance applicable to National Register criterion for the proposed Roth Building nomination is: Criterion A) lbe property is associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history; and Criterion C) The property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. The following statement of significance summary paragraphs from the nomination provides applicable criterion for level of significance necessary to be eligible to the National Register: "The Palo Alto Medical Clinic building at 300 Homer Avenue in Palo Alto, California was the home of the first multi-specialty group practice in the community, founded in 1932. The Palo Alto Medical Clinic was a leader in advaneing Palo Alto's health care resources and from the beginning, introduced new ideas and medical technology to the practice of medicine both in Palo Alto and to the Bay Area. The clinie's founders pioneered a model of group practice in the community that, though at first controversial, would later become common within the healthcare community nationwide. The clinic was one of the first in the region to offer a specialist in obstetrics and the first to ofter a specialist in pediatrics. One of Palo Alto's first female physicians was also a founding member of the practice. Known today as the Roth Building, the building is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A at the local level for its association with persons and events importanHo the development of the healthcare in Palo Alto. The organization's long-term commitment to innovative community healthcare and research laid the foundations for the progressive healthcare network that thrives in Palo Alto today. Founded by Palo Alto's beloved Dr. Russell Lee, the Palo Alto medical Clinic group 300 Horner Avenue National Register Nomination Page 2 practice built its first clinic building in 1932. The new building, designed by architect Birge Clark, was constructed in the Spanish Eclectic style, the architectural style for which he is best known. A unique feature of the building is the .series of fresco painting, completed by noted Depression-era muralist Vietor Arnautoff, that decorate the wall face around the front entry. They are the only known exterior frescoes visible to the public in Palo Alto. Many of the building's original decorative and funetional features are still extant and some, especially the frescoes themselves, are of high artistic value to the community. Interior features unique to the function of the building as a medical clinic are also still intaet including the physicians' offiees, examination rooms, and accompanying original finishes as well as the "in use" lights above the examination room doors along each corridor of the original clinic. As such, the building is eligible for the National Register at the local level under Criterion C as representative of the work of a master architect and artist and a resource displaying high artistic value." Please see Attachment A for HRB Findings. To assist the HRB i.n review of the proposed nominations the National Register Bulletin "How to Apply the National Register Criteria for Evaluation" is attached as Attachment C. PUBLIC COMMENTS Staff has not received written comments related to this project. ENVIRONMENTAL REVIEW The project is categorically exempt from California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) review per Section 15331. Zone District: Public Facilities (PF) with a SOFA I cap. ATTACHMENTS Attachment A: Attachment B: Attachment C: Attachment D: Attachment E: Attachment F: Prepared By: Manager Review: HRB findings National Register Nomination National Register Bulletin Correspondence Draft. letter of support for the nomination Site location map Kathy Marx, Planner Steven Turner, Manager of Advance Planning COURTESY COPIES Michael Garavaglia, Garavglia Architecture, Inc. Steve Staiger, Palo Alto History Museum Karen Holman, Palo Alto History Musenm 300 Homer Avenue -National Register Nomination Page 3 ATTACHMENT A FINDINGS FOR APPROVAL HISTORIC RESOURCES BOARD STANDARDS FOR REVIEW 300 Homer Avenue The Palo Alto Historic Resources Board has found the proposed National Register of Historic Places nomination of the building located at 300 Homer, locally known as the Roth Building, compliant with the evaluation criterion established by The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended. I) The property known as the Roth Building is eligible for the National Register under Criterion A at the local level for its association with persons and events important to the development of the healthcare in Palo Alto by establishing the first multi-specialty group medical practice in the community in 1932 that became a model within the healthcare industry nationwide. The organization's long-term commitment to innovative community healthcare and research laid the foundation for the progressive healthcare network that thrives in Palo Alto today; and 2) The building known as the Roth Building is eligible for the National Register at the local level under Criterion C as representative of the work of a master architect, Birge Clark, and artist, Victor Amautoff, and as a resource displaying high artistic value. Constructed in the Spanish Eclectic style, the concrete structure with a terra cotta roof remains for the most part intact since constructed in 1932. Exterior frescoes created by Victor Amautoff depicting contrasts between modem medical practices of the era and primitive medical practices are of high artistic value to the community. 300 Homer Avenue National Register Nomination -Attachment A 1 Attachment B NPS form 10-900 (Rev, 0112009) Unlled Slales Department of the Interior National Park Service OMB No, 1024-0018 National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use In nominating or requesting determinations for individual properties and districts. Sse inslruclions in Natronal Register Bulletin, How to Complete the Net/onal RegIster of Historic; Pisces Registration Form. If any Item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" (or "not applicable," For functions, srchileclural classification, materials, and areas of signlficanca, enter only categories and subcategories from the instructions. Place additional certification comments, entries, and narrative Itema on continuation sh •• ts (NPS Form 10..(008). 1. Nllme of Proe0rty Historic name Palo Alto Medical Clinic Other names/site number Roth Building 2. Location streeU number 300 Honier Avenue city oltown State Palo Alto code CA 3 StatelFederal Agency Certlflcotlon . county 'Santa Clara code 085 As the deSignated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, o not lor publication o vicinity zip. code 9430 I I hereby certlly that this __ nomination _ request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth In 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property _ meets __ does not meet the National Register Criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant at the following level(s) of significance: -national -statewide _local Slgn.lUre of corillying officiall Date Titl. state or Federal agency and bureau .._ ... _ ... __ ..... -.................... _. In my opinion, Ihe property _ meets _ do .. nol meet Ihe Nalional Raglster crileria. Signalure of certllying official Dete Title Stale or Federal agencY and burel:iu 4. National Park Service Certification I, hereby, cerlify thallhls property Is: Signature of U1a Keepar Dale of Action ~ entered in the National Register .... -_.- _ detennined ellglble (or the NatIonal Register __ determined not eligible for the National Register --~.-... ,,~ .... _ removed from the National Register ___ other (explain:) ........................................... \ . \./ Palo Alto Medical Clinic Name of Property 5. ClassIfication Ownership of Property (Check .•• many boxes as appl)l) : private X public· Local public· State public· Federal private Category of Property (Check only on. box) X building(s) district site structure buildlng(s) object Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "NlA" If property i. not part of • multiple property listing) 6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from Instruc"ilons) HEALTH CARE/CLINIC 7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from Instructions) Late 19'" and 20'" Century Revival Others: Spanish Colonial ReviviallMonterey Style Influence Santa Clara, CA County and St.te Number of Resources within Property (D? not Include previously I1sted resources in the count.) Contributing Noncontributing __ --'1 __________ buildings ______________ sites ______________ structures _____________ Objects ____________ buildings __ --' _________ Total Number of contributing resources previously listed In the National Register' N/A Current Functions (Enter categories from Instructions) VACANTINOT1N USE Materials (Enter categories (rom Instructions) foundation; -'C"'o"'n"'c"'ret"'e"-_________ _ walls: Concrete roof: Terra-Cotta other: (see continuation sheet) i \/ Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara, CA Name of Property County and State Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current physical appearance of the property. Explain contributing and noncontributing resources if necessary. Begin with a summary paragraph that briefly describes the general characteristics of the property, such as its location, setting, size, and significant features.) Summary Paragraph 300 Homer Avenue is a one-and two-story, Spanish Eclectic style, V-shaped concrete building clad in beige cement stucco and topped by a clay Mission tile roof. The building sits on a comer lot, at the edge of Heritage Park, bounded by Homer Avenue and Bryant Street. It is oriented northwest, facing Homer AvenQe with a playground to the northeast, an open grassy space to the southeast and residential development facing it on the surrounding blocks. The neighborhood is a mixture of new infill, multi-family housing and traditional tum-of-the century residences. Limited ground-floar"commercial enterprises are located along Bryant Street. The subject building wraps around a landscaped courtyard that is centered on a large oak tree. The central spine of 300 Homer Avenue runs parallel with Homer Avenue and is two-stories with a hipped, tile-clad roof, A three-story elevator shaft and stainvell punctuates the roof plane at the central rear of the building. Opposite the elevator shaft and stairwell, facing the courtyard, is a second floor rusticated wood balcony, reminiscent of the Monterey style. Below the balcony, also facing the courtyard is an arched arcade, which protects the primary entry to the building. Perpendicular to the spine are two, one-story wings with front-facing gables and .tile-clad roofs. The building predominantly has five-lite steel casement window modules, arranged in large, roughly square assemblies of various sizes. Most windows are currently covered by plywood on the exterior surface of the building. The interior is a mix of office and unfinished spaces arranged around a central, V-shaped circulation corridor. The offices traditionally functioned as doctors' offices and examination rooms with some limited storage in the basement. The finishes and configuration of the one-story wing interiors closely resemble their original forms and appearance, while more liberal modifications to the two-story spine have been made to accommodate modem waiting rooms and office administration. Overall. the building is in good conditions with many original features and finishes. Narrative Description 300 Homer Avenue has a restrained design that was typical for its architect, Birge Clark. The simplicity of the exterior finishes is contrasted with large features, such as the wood balcony overlooking the courtyard and smaller decorative features such as green scalloped wood eave molding, circular roof vents filled ·with overlapping Mission tiles and large window openings facing mature trees and landscaping in the examination and office rooms. Each element is part of the overall composition and is harmonious with creating a soothing, peaceful environment for the clients of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic .. The primary elevation of 300 Homer is the most articulated. The main entrance is recessed from the street wall, at the far end of a small brick and landscaped courtyard. A three-bay arched arcade shelters a series of medically themed frescos painted by famed muralist and student of Diego Rivera, Victor Arnautoff. The four color frescos depict modem medical practices, including a pediatric examination, an internist using a stethoscope to examine a woman, surgery being performed with an Albee saw, and an early fluoroscope (x-ray machine). They are paired with smaller frescos illustrating like procedures used by "modem medicine's" predecessors. All are in excellent condition and have not been modified since their creation. (They remain the only public exterior fresco murals in Palo Alto). Wood double doors with five horizontal lights open into the clinic lobby. The original herringbone pattern brick floor of the loggia is intact on both sides, but the center section has been changed to cement for handicapped entry. The original primary entrance to the building is centered on this wall. surrounded by frescos. On the exterior wall, centered above the arch columns, are four painted medallions depicting Lister, Hippocrates, Pasteur and Roentgen. also completed by Arnautoff. Abovc the arcade is a cantilevered wood balcony supported by rusticated beams (visible from below) with carved ends. Similar beams and decorative ends are used to support the roof above the balcony. The balcony runs the length of the central spine and is accessed through two pairs of multi-lite wood French doors. (A multi-lite steel window of the same dimensions has replaced a third pair of French doors). Eight square wood posts with simple wood brackets support the roof and a low railing and turned wood balustrade. The balustrade is composed of three styles of randomly mixed turned wooden balusters. The courtyard is bounded on the remaining two sides by the original one-story clinical wings. These elevations have a mirrored fenestration pattern of different modulations of the multi-lite steel windowforrn found throughout the structure. Each window is recessed into the concrete wall with a simple slightly projecting concrete sill. These windows are currently covered with plywood. The one-story wings terminate their gable ends aUhe street wan. These facades are similar in composition. with a central door or window (originally a door but converted to a window by 1959), flanked by two larger windows and topped by a circular roof vent opening centered under the roof peak. (See Continuation Sheets) Palo Alto Medical Clinic Name of Property S, St$tement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing) liJC Property is associated with events that have made a signilicant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. Property Is associated with the lives 01 persons slgnllicant in our past. Property embodies the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction or represents the work of a master, or possesses high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack individual distinction. . Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. Criteria Considerations (Mark "x" in all the boxes that apply) Property is: owed by a religious institution or used for religious A purposes. B removed from its original location. C a birthplace or grave. D a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object, or structure. F a commemorative property. G less than 50 years old or achieving Significance within the past 50 years. Period of Significance (justification) Santa Clara, CA County and State Areas of Significance (Enter categories from Instructlon.s) A -Development of healthcare in Palo Alto; first group medical practice in Palo Alto C -ArchitecturelDesign Period of Significance A 1932-1999 C 1932 Significant Dates 1932 -Date of Construction 1947-U-shaped addition added at rear (wings now removed) Significant Person (Complete only if Criterion B Is marked above) Cultural Affiliation Architect/Builder Birge Clark, Architect Wells P. Goodnough, Builder The period of significance encompasses the building's period of use by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. It spans from construction of the original clinic building to the year the clinic vacated the property (1932-I 999). Criteria Consideratons (explanation, if necessary) N/A Palo Alto Medical Clinic Name of Property Santa Clara, CA County and SI.le Statement of Significance Summary Paragraph (provide a summary paragraph that includes level of signficance and applicable criteria) The Palo Alto Medical Clinic building at 300 Homer Avenue in Palo Alto, California was the home of the first multi·specialty group practice in the community, founded in 1932. The Palo Alto Medical Clinic was a leader in advancing Palo Alto's health care resources and, from the beginning, introduced neW ideas and medical technOlogy to the practice of medicine both in Palo Alto and 'to the Bay Area. The clinic's founders pioneered a model of group practice in the community that, though at first controversial, would later become common within the healthcare community nationwide. The clinic was one of the first in the region to offer a specialist in obstetrics and the first to offer a specialist in pediatrics. One of Palo Alto's first female physicians was also a founding member of the practice. Known today as the Roth Building, the bullding is eligtble for the National Register under Criterion A at the local level for its association with persons and events important to the development' of the healthcare in Palo Alto. The organization's long·term commitment to innovative community healthcare and research laid the foundations for the progressive healthcare network that thrives in Palo Alto today. Founded by Palo Alto's beloved Dr. Russell Lee, the Palo Alto Medical Clinic group practice built its first clinic building in 1932. The new building, designed by architect Birge Clark, was constructed in the Spanish Eclectic style, the architectural style for which he is best known. A unique feature of the building is the series of fresco paintings, completed by noted Depression·era muralist Victor Amautoff, that decorate the wall race around the front entry. They are the only known exterior frescoes visible to the public in Palo Alto. Many of the building's original decorative and functional features are still extant and some, especially the frescoes themselves, are of high artistic value to the community. Interior features' unique to the function of the building as a medical clinic are also still intact including the physicians' offices, examination rooms, and accompanying original finishes as well as the "in use" lights above the examination room doors along each corridor of the original clinic. As such, the building is eligible for the National Register at the local level under Criterion C as representative of the work of a master architect and artist and a resource displaying high artistic value. Narrative Statement of Significance (provide at least one paragraph for each area of Significance) THE BEGINNINGS Dr. Russel Lee, the founder of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic, WaS born in Spanish Fork, Utah in 1895 as one of eight children.' He came to California in 1913 to study chemical engineering at Stanford University and, to earn his living expenses, took a job washing glassware for Hans Zinsser, the first professor of bacteriology at Stanford. Inspired by the professor's work, the young student switched to pre-med and studied at Stanford for three years before he transferred to the University of California in 1913 when he got a job in the State Hygiene Laboratory in Berkeley.' Lee compieted his pre-med degree at Berkeley" and moved back across the Bay to campletehis medical degree at Stanford University Medical School, then located in San Francisco. In 1920, having earned his M.D. at Stanford, Dr. Lee entered into private practice with San Francisco internist Dr.Harold Hill. In 1924, Dr. Lee accepted an offer to go into partnership with Dr. Thomas Williams in Palo Alto. The doctors initially worked out of Dr. Williams' office building at the comer of Bryant Street and Hamilton Avenue in Palo Alto (601 Bryant). J It was out of this early partnership that the seeds of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic began to grow. From the beginning of this joint venture, the two doctors had a tremendous workload. In an attempt to stem the tide of incoming patients, Dr. Lee raised the price of care. He famously stated, HI didn't particularly enjoy obstetrical practice, so I upped my delivery fee from $35 to $100. This immediately quadrupled my practice. My patients said, 'If he charges that much, he must be pretty good .... The practice quickly grew to a point where tbe two men could not handle it alone and their practice soon grew with tbe addition of surgeon·obstetrician Dr. E. B. (Fritz) Roth in 1925 and pediatrician Dr. Esther B. Clark in 1927. At the time that she joined, Dr. Clark was the only pediatrician between San Francis.co and San Jose.' Dr. Wiibur, a surgeon who had spent time training at the Mayo Clinic, was added to the practice in 1930.' (See Continuation Sheets). . Oevelopmentel history/additional historic contexllnformatlon(lf appropriate) I Palo Arlo Medical Foundation House Repon, "Russ Lee·-'He Was the Person WHh Vision· ... (Vol. 1, No. It 29 January 1982), L 2 Ibid" 3. J Ibid., 3. Also see the Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "The Founding Physicians," accesse<l 22 October 2009. 4 R Hewlett Lee, M.D" "Historical Notes on the Palo Alto Medical Clinic (Revised in part from notes of Russel V. Lee, M,D.Y\ (II September J 989), J -2. ; Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl. "Dr. Blake Wilbur dies:; surgoon for 49 years," 11 March 1974. Also see the Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "The Founding PhysiCians," accessed 22 October 2009. \ , . .' " Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara. CA Name of Property County and Slate . 9. Major Blbllographlcsl References Bibliography (Cite the books, al1!cles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets) See Continuation Sheets for list of references. Previous dDcume"tetlon on file (NPS): Primary loeallon of additional data: preliminary determination of individual listing (36 CFR 67 has been State Hisloric PreselVation Office --requested --Other State agency' previ""sly listed In the National Register --Federal agency -x-previously determined eligible by the National Register -.-Local govemment --d~gnated a National Hisioric Landmark --University reoorded by Historic Am.rlcan Bulldlng~ SUlVey #-;;____ --.-Oll1er :::::::::.!.re~oo=rda:!!!!.d.!:bY=H!.!!I.~to~~"-c-"A",m",.rI",ca",,,-n =E",ng ... lna=e",rin"aL!R~e~co:!!r<I~.!!# _______ .!:N",a!!!m~e.!:ofc..reposltory: Palo Alto Historlea' A.a •• lallon archive. Historic Resounces Survey Number (if assigned): Antonio Aguilar of the NPS determined that the property "appears to meet the National Register Criteria for Evaluation and will likely be listed in the National Register of Historic Places if nominated by the SHPO according to the procedures set forth in 36 CPR Part 60 02.06.2007. Project # 21121). 10. Geogrsphlcal Data Acreage of Property Less than an acre. (do not include previously listed resource acreage) UTM Refersnces {Place addltional UTM references on a continuation sheet} 10 574680 4144250 3 ---Zone Easting Northing Zone Easting Northing 2 4 Zone Eaeling Northing Zone Easting Northing Verbel Boundary Description (describe the boundaries of the property) The Palo Alto Medical Clinic (Roth) Building is located at 300 Horner Avenue 1 the City of Palo Alto, County of Santa Clara. State of California. on: A portion of Lot 1 in Block 24 as shown upon that certain map entitled "University Park," which was filed for record in the office of the Recorder ofthe County of Santa Clara on February 27 .. 1889. in Book D of Maps. page 69, more particularly described as follows: . Beginning at the intersection of the northeasterly line of Bryant Street, 60 feet wide. with the southeasterly line of Homer Avenue. 60 feet wide; thence along said Southeasterly line of Homer Avenue. North 39 degrees. 20 minutes, 51 seconds East 140,00 feet; thence parallel with the Northeasterly line of Bryant Street,.south 50 degrees 40 minutes 04 seconds East I.2S.00 feet; Thence parallel with the Southeasterly line of Horner Avenue, South SO degrees 20 minutes 51 seconds West 140 feet to the Northeasterly line of Bryant Street; thence along said Northeasterly line, North 50 degrees 40 minutes 04 seconds west 125.00 feet to the Point of Beginning, The portion of Lot I, Block 24 that is occupJed by the subject property isteferred to as Parcel B, Said parcel contains 17.500 square feet more or Jess. The Santa Clara County Assessors Property Number for the subject property is APN 120-11-093 (a portion). Boundary Justification (explain why the boundaries were selected) The building is located within a large parcel of land formerly owned and developed by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. The boundary includes property now owned by the City of PaJo Alto and under long-term lease to the Palo Alto History Museum. The boundaries of the lot currently occupied by subject property encompass the building and the site immediately surrounding the building envelope. Pala Alto Medical Clinic ~of Property .!!.:.form Prepared By Santa Clara, CA County and State nama/titis Palo Alto History Museum assisted by Sarah Hahn and Becky Urbano, Architectural Historian, organization Garavaglia Architecture, Inc, date 1111712009 straet & number 1 Sutler Street, Suite 910 telephone (415)391-9633 city or town !c!S~.n~F,-!ra!!n",c",is",co"-_________________ ",st",a,,,te,,-...:C::::A:.!-___ ::,zi"'p'-'co=d"'e'-'9"'4"'1O;;:.4::.-__ _ a-mail sArab@garayaglia,com Additional Documentation Submit the following Items Wnh the completed form; • Mapa: A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location, A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources. Key all photographs to this map. • Continuation Sheets • Additional items: (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional Hems) Photographs: Submit clear and descriptive black and white photographs, The size of each image must be 1600)(1200 pixels at 300 ppi (pixels per inch) or larger, Name of Property: Palo Alto Medical Clinic City or Vicinity: Palo Alto County: Santa Clara Stale: CA Photographer: George Koerner (all original digital image files held by photographer) Date Photographed: Various, see matrix, Description of Photograph(s) and number: -1'1101'0· r---Ii Nllll!.b~r i ._ .. _.l'~t .... ~~!t>_. __ ._i, _ ____. ____ ._~ __ ._ .!Itl}!oJ!lls.c!!J!lifjn_._._~.____. __ I ....... 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M_u!al: ~CIIiol!ric ~~at1linatio~; camera fac.itlg~orthe~L ... ______ J 0012 1 9 Nov 2009 ._Mu~~!;)\'om-"~~'J!ea1tI1Il)(alIlinati()nL"~I1l~r.f."il1gn()r.the.~~L._. __ ._1 \;: Palo Allo Medical Clinic Santa Clara, CA Name of Property County and State OOl-3~-~r~--9~N;~2009-M I Alb Sf' h-~-----" 1------I-'--~-~-~---'--, -.-., ___~!l@_:~._a",;c~"-m~r~.a..c!.~.g .. ~t. .. -"'_~L .. --.... --"--"'-"---1 , 0014 i 9 Nov 2009· ~1~~ ___ I\:I""~~.!'lIlQ1'{)s...C<>Jle exa!!ljll~ti()Il;_~~!)'lera f~cllls_so_uth"'-"-st_'_i ~=~Q(j;i __ r~~i~()v~QOJ=-.;-. .~!\V~l\:IllraIs.-=-gi~~()f-"lltra.n~~'~~!!l"r~ f~cin.llsp'ulh\Vest , __ ,1 ! _ •. 0.0..16'1 ~...9 1'Iov_2QOJ . . ... .B.~_\V .. lIill.ra!'.=-l,,,ft. of..e..m!.~c~i~~Il1e.!~laci.nli!,(),!~east___ I··~~~~-~~-r---~: ~:~:: }~~---~---.---------Me:i!:~~~;p~~=~t::;::::;a~i~~~~;::~~;~~------------I 1 ___ ()!lI~ __ L._~14 March 2()_O~ ____ L. __ ... _ ... ~.~ .. _._ .. __ l\:Iedallion: Pa~eur; ~!lme~i!('t~l!!<!':'the~!t --.. ---.------.. -.-1 i. 0020 __ .~ ~ . .J.±.l\:Iarch.2009_._ L ......... _ ._. ~ ___ M_e<!~lli()I!:Roentgen; camera faci!llt~l!.th_ea~L __ .. _ .... ___ J I_QQ2J ___ L_ :....!.4_~arcl1_ 2OQ9 __ ~I ___ . __ .. _______ ~Oll!ly!!'<!~_ta!!i_"~"!"f·"iI!i!outhe..'!sL~__-7------! Paperwork: Reductton Act Statement: This information Is being collected for applioatlons to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligIbility for listing, to list properlies. and to amend eXisting listings. Response to this reques1 is required fo obtain a benafit in accordance wfth the Nallonaf Historic Preservation Act, as amended (t6 U.s.C.460 at seq.). Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form Is estimated to average 16 hours per response including tIme for reviewing instructions. gathering and maintaIning data. and completing and reviewing the form, Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this form to the Chlaf. Admlnfstrative Services DM.ion. National Park Servlce, PO Box 37127. Washington, DC 20013-7127: and the Offioo of Management and Budgat, Paperwork Reductions Project (1024-0016), Washington, DC 20003. NPS Form 10·900·. (Rov.8I2oo2) OMB No. 1024·0018 (Explres5·31·2012) , United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic ; .s..a.~!~.q~!,~S.9~!:.!y'!_s~···············_··_··········1 National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 1 of 3 DESCRIPTION (continued) The noltheast elevation of 300 Homer Aven.ue is largely devoid of the decorative detailing found within the central courtyard. The stucco wall plane is broken by large window openings (all covered with plywood) and the same slightly projecting sills found in the courtyard. At the rear of this elevation, along the two·story spine, the wall is solid with no window or 900r openings. The southeast elevatina (rear) of the building has a more mndem stucco finish as the result of the recent removal of two later additions to the building. These wings connected to the building along the central spine, They were removed, and the surface was finished with a modem interpretation of the original stucco finish and scored to approximately indicate the former floor levels of the removed building sections. The remaining windows on this elevation are associated with the central circulation stair and elevator core and are a mixture of two arrangements of steel casements similar to the rest of the building and two arrangements of glass block. The final elevation is the southwest elevation facing Bryant Street. This street fa~de is quite different from the formal Homer Avenue entry, The Bryant Street side of the building was used for supply deliveries and other functional, non-pUblic activities. Toward the rear, as part of the two·story spine, a projecting one-story gable roof extends to the street wall. It is access by a small entry porch with a single wood column, with wood brackets at the porch roof. It is similar, although simpler in composition, to the courtyard balcony, The remainder of the elevation is marked by a series of multi-lite steel casement windows arranged similarly to those on the northeast elevation, This seciion marks the street-facing wall of the southern one story wing, Detailed Description -Interior The interior of 300 Homer continues to exemplifY the building's history as a medical clinic. Its first floor areas are arranged in a series of small examination rooms and office spaces that are both interconnected and accessed by a central hallway. Many of these rooms still retain their original flnishes while others have been modified, but traces of tbe original materials remain, Generally, the building is divided into three types of spaces -doctors' offices, administrative spaces and patient care areas. Today, the primary entrance through' the courtyard opens into a small foyer flanked by two smaller rooms and facing a series of very small rooms used f.or storage or as restrooms. Beyond this entry point, a modem reception desk and waiting room has been created by combining a series of the origlnal1aboratol'), and examination rooms at the rear of the building. Originally, the fr.ont doors opened to a large foyer and reception area with a black and rust colored clay tile flo.or. Beyond the reception area are the 1947 terrazzo Streamline Modeme stairs, They begin in the basement and rise to the second floor. The halusters are malle finish aluminum with a graceful walnut handraIl bending at each landing. Slightly less ornate stairs coatinue .on to the top ofthe elevator tower where the original machinery and switch panels remain in place. These stairs are lighted by the use of glass brick windows and original lighting fixtures. The adjacent Otis elevator was operable when the clinic moved out in 1999. Original center-opening doors remain on each floor, The elevator car has wood paneling with h.orizontal aluminum bands and rounded Moderne comers. Beyond the modem waiting room areas, an open, unfinished space marks the location of the central two-story spine, This area was formerly connected to two 1947 rear wings and to an adjacent building via a short hallway. These later additions and features were removed in 2003 and the space was left unfinished. Off the open unfinished central spine, two perpendicular hallways provide access to the one·story wings, Each .of those wings is dedicated to doctors' offices and examination rooms of various types. Many of the original offices retain their Flexwood wall paneling, decorative radiator plates, Art Nouveau door and window hardware and built in cabinetry. These highly refined rooms are generally arranged to face nae another across the central hallway. They are spread out throughout the one· story wings. Between the offices are small examination rooms. The original black and white tile backsplashes, hexagonal tile counters, black porcelain sQap dishes and gla .. sbelf brackets and sinks remain in several of the examination rooms, The rest NPS Form 10·900·. (Rev. 812002) OMS No. 1024·0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 7 Page 20f 3 (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .§.~D~.f!~!.'!So.~!:'ty!.s.~._._ .. _ ... _ ..... ______ _ have been replaced in whole or in part with c.1960s equivalents. Each of these rooms originally had a door that opened to a small hallway with access to a shared water closet. Generally two rooms shared a single water closet. Original restrooms are finished with green floor tile. Today. most of the restrooms have their original tHe but the fixtures have heen replaced. Where examination rooms have been combined, the restrooms have been removed or allocated to aCCeSS to a single examination room. All of the restrooms in the two single-story wings retain all or a significant portion of their original finishes. The second floor consislll of another open unfinished space along tile central spine with a suite of oflices and examination rooms toward the front of the buildings. These rooms were finished after original construction, but before the rear additions were added. As such, they exhibit slightly later finishes, but these finishes are original to the spaces, They consist largely of bleached wood paneled walls in the rooms and painted white wallboard in the hallways and restrooms. The entire suite is carpeted and shares a single waiting room that opens onto the balcony. Some walls have been relocated since original construction but the suite, in general, remains in its original configuration. Beyond the functional features of each room, the interior retains a good representation of period fixtures and lighting. On the first floor, small semi-circular globes are placed above each doorway of the original examination rooms_ While no longer functional, they were used to indicate whether the patient had been seen or not, or if they needed assistance. A corresponding switch was placed in each room to activate the light. On the second floor, light fixtures consisting of concentric rings of white metal are found in the office suite. They appear to date to the original finishing of the spaces in 1937. Drawer pulls, solid wood doors, doorknobs and plates, window hardware and switch plates remain. providing an authentic aesthetic to the entire space. AUerations 300 Homer Avenue was originally constructed in 1932 as a medical clinic. At that time the building was a U-plan design with a two story, hip-roof spine and two one-story gable roof wings. The first floor housed the medical clinic and the smailer s<rond floor contained an unfinished oflice suite. This suite was completed in 1937 to accommodate additional doctors' offices and examination rooms. In 1947, the building Was greatly expanded by the construction of a U-plan addition that connected at the rear of the building. Designed by the original architect, Birge Clark, this new construction was a full two· stories in height and consisted of a new two·Story spine and two, two-story wings. The spine contained a new circulation core consisting of a Modeme-Slyle Otis elevator and three-story telTazzo, metal and oak stair. The rest of the work was executed in mostly mass-produced materials and had greatly simplified interior linishes and detailing. The resulting structure had an H-pl.n and housed a number of additional medical services including expanded x-ray and surgery capabilities. Additional room was needed as the clinic continued to expand. In 1961, • new building was constructed just east of 300 Homer Avenue on the site of the .culTent playground. Known as the Lee Building, it was larger in size than 300 Homer Avenue. An opening was cut into the east wall of the 1947 spine to accommodate a hallway to connect the two buildings. At this time, the courtyard entry ceased to be the primary patient entry point. The lobby was converted into .·nurses' station and this is the configuration that remains today. The Palo Alto Medical Foundation (fonnerly the Palo Alto Medical Clinic) operated the facility until 1999 when they sold the property to the City of Palo Alto. In 2000, the Lee Building was demolished and the hallway opening in the east wall of 300 Homer Avenue waS filled in. In 2003, the 1947 wings at the rear of the building were also removed. Key character-delining features of these wings were salvaged (roof tile, gutters, wood trim elements) and the 1947 spine, including the central circulation corridor was relllined. This portion of the building was seismically retrofitted and left unfinished pending a new use for the building. NPS Form 10-900-e (Rev, 812002) OMB No, 1024-0018 United States Department Of the Interior National Park S,ervice National Register of Historic Places C,ontinuation Sheet (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic ,?<::rl!".S;:_~'!!"_S:.~u !:,:~y!. _<;.1:= ___ . __ .. __________________ _ Section number_7_ pa ge-=3=of::3==-______ ----_________ _ Of an unknown dete are the alterations that transformed Ihe original X-ray and surgery rooms in the 1932 west wing into the examination room, office and support spaces that are currently in place. The date of conversion of the east waiting room into examination rooms and support spaces is also unknown, However, many.of the existing walls and finishes appear to be original'even if their former configurations have been modified. The building's current form is approximately that of the original 1932 construction. It contains all portions from the original construction plus the form and volume of the 1947 spine. Representative rooms, displaying the original 1932 finishes and uses remain to provide a clear image of the patients' experiences and the doctors' work environments in the early years of this highly influential medical institution_ The overoB appearance, both inside and OU~ is that of an early mid-20· century medical cliniC, uniquely designed to fit within the architectural traditions of Palo Alto. CONCLUSION 300 Homer Avenue was constructed in 1932 to house the newly formed Palo Alto Medical Clinic. It has served as •. medical building for this organization until its sale to the City of Palo Alto in 2000. The ex terior design of the building is in keeping with the predominant architectural style executed in Palo Alto in the early part of the 20· century and the interior is specifically designed to create an efficient medical clinic operation, The decorative features throughout the building are of. high quality and design that is atypical for modern medical facilities and give 300 Homer Avenue an overall welcoming characteithat exemplified the Clinic's mission and dedication to the surrounding community of Palo Alto. It retains itS integrity despite years of continued use as a medical facility and recent alterations to later additions to the property. While currently unoccupied, it has been stabilized and protected for future use and is subject to regular inspections and maintenance. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev,1II2002) OMS No, 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park SelVice National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 1 of 9 NARRATIVE STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE (continued) (Expire. 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic ,~!:~!~S_!~!,~S:9.l:!!:':~!._~ _________ ._._. _______ ._ ... _ The continued rapid growth of the practice 800n necessitated the addition of more physicians, As such, Dr. Milton Saier. an internist and allergy specialist joined the practice in 1931, and Dr, Niebel, a family practitioner and specialist in anesthesiologY, joined c.l932. Dr. Williams. the elder oUhe group, retired'in 1929_· In the first years of the 1930s. the evolving group practice was stin operating out the crowded 60) Bryant Street location and plans were beginning to form for a new partnership and a new facility. THE FOUNDING MEMBERS' In 1932, six Palo Alto physicians formally agreed to join their practices in a new and innovative type of medical partnership in Palo Alto. The partnership agreement. just three pages long, offers little indication of how unusual their decision was at. time when many doctors viewed group practice as something close to communism.' Nor does it foretell how the fledgling Palo Alto Clinic, founded in a small college town several miles south of San Francisco, would become one of the largest and most well-respected physician groups in the United States! In addition to Dr. Russel Lee. the founding members are as followS! Dr. Edward Frederick (Fritz) Roth Known interchangeably as "Fritz" or "Butch" by those who knew him; Dr. Ro\h was born in Ukiah, CA and educated at Stanford University and SllIllford University Medical School. graduating from the latter in J 920. Roth later went to Boston where he received additional training in general surgery and obstetrics/gynecology. He joined Dr. Russell Lee in practice in 1925 initially handled most of the group's work in that specialty. Later, when more dOClors joined the clinic, he turned to his first love, orthopedics and sports medicine. Dr. Roth was noted for his outstanding work as an orthopedlstand became team physician for Stanford University in the 1930s. a position in which he continued throughout his career. Roth was a founding member of the group practice and the original clinic building at 300 Homer Avenue, the Roth Building, is named for him. Dr. Esther Clark Dr. Esther Bridgeman Clark, sister of famed Palo Alto Architect Birge Clark, was one of the first female doctors in Palo Alto and the first pediatrician in the Palo Alto area. Clark was born in 1900 and attended Stanford University and later Stanford University Medical School (then located in San Francisco), receiving her M.D. in 1925. She began her pediatric practice in Palo Alto after graduatiOll and joined tpe Palo Alto Clinic as a partner in 1927. She joined the clinical faculty of Stanford Medical Schoo! in the 1930s and in 1953 established the Children's Health Council. Dr. Clark retired in 1972 at age 72.'° 'R. Hewlett Lee. M.D., "Historical Note," (11 September 1989), 2. 1 Various accounts exist about the formation and deveJopment of the Palo Alto Clinic and its founding members. Some list only four founding members (Lee, Roth. Clark and Wilbur). lind some as many as nine. According to the «Historical Notes," written by Dr. R. Hewlett Lee (Dr. Russel Lee', son), the grQUP formally established illlelf as the Palo Alto Clinic in 1929. A 1953 Palo Alto Times article indicates that Palo Alto Clinic Ltd, incorporated in 1932, An August) 932 Palo Alro Times article entitled "Medical Staff In New Building" identifies the physicians present at the time the building at 300 Homer Avenue was originally occupied as the foHowing: Lee, Roth, Clark, Wilbur, Saier and Niobe), These six. physicians are also recognized as the founding members by the Palo Alto Medical Foundation (website) and in the publication entitled Palo Alto Medical Clinic: the FirSt 75 Years by Sara Katz O'Hara. A reproduction of another formal partnership agreement, dated 1 October 1936, is shown ill the latter publication on page 20 (same six doctors) . • Palo A,lto Thoe. (Palo Alto, CAl, "Redistribution of Stock Sta.r1ed by P.A. Clinic," 25 July 1953. Another early partnership agreement was made in 1936. see: Sarah Katz O'Hara, Palo Alto Medical Clinic. the First 75 years. Dr. Francis A. Marzoni. Editor, (Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA: n.d.), 20. 'The Palo Alto Clinic added the word "Medical" to its title in 1955 when. law passed by tile Californi.l..egislaturerequired it. " Palo Alro Times (Palo Alto. CAl, "Esther Clark," 27 March 1972. Also Online Archive of California (http://oac.cdlib.org).Guide to the Esther Bridgem.n Clark PHpers (accessed 22 October 2009. L ; NPS Form 10·900-. (Rev. 812002) OMS No. 1024·0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park SeIViClil Palo Alto Medical Clinic .~~_!!~~S.\~!.~S£.U.~ty!'.~.A." .. ,,_ ... __ ._ .... _ ... _ .. _ .. National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet . Section number 8 Page 2of9 Dr • Blake C. WUbur Born in San Francisco, Dr. Blake Wilbur, son of Stanford University president Ray Lyman Wilbur. attended Stanford and Harvard medical schools. graduating from Harvard in 1925. He tnilned at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester. Minnesota and practiced briefly in San Francisco before returning to Palo Alto in 1930. Dr. Wilbur joined the Palo Alto Medical Clinic that same year and became renowned for his work as. surgeon. For many years, he was a clinical professor of surgery at Stanford University Medical School and he practiced surgery up to the time of his death in 1974." Dr. MUtOD H. Saler Dr. Milton Saier joined the Palo Alto Clinic group practice in 1931. when the group wa, still operating out of an overcrowded office in a two-story house at 60 I Bryant Street. Born in Presno. California in 1902. he earned a biochemistry degree at Stanford University in 1924 and a medical degree from Stariford Medical School in 1928. Dr. Saier practiced internal medicine and specialized in allergies. When he joined the clinic. he was the only allergist between San Francisco and San Jose. and he created the first allergy department at the clink Dr. Saier retired in 1968." Dr. Herbert Lee Niebel An Ohio native, Dr. Herbert Niebel graduated from Stanford University with a degree in civil engineering in 1914, and following graduation served for a period as an assistant instructor in bacteriology at Stanford. The latter experience led to an interest in clean air and water as well as a decision to enter Stanford Medical School where he received his M.D. degree in 1923. Dr. Niebel entered into private practice in Palo Alto for a time before joining the Palo Alto Medical Clinic as n general practitioner skilled in anesthesiology. He remained with the clinic until his retirement in 1956." ' THE EARLY YEARS As common as it might seem today. group medical practices were relatively uncommon in 1932, when Dr. Lee and'the five partners incorporated as Palo Alto Clinic Ltd." Group medical practices bad existed in the United States from Ihe late 1800., when the Mayo Clinic was founded in Rochester, Minnesota. As Mayo-trained physicians spread throughout the country, some set up their own group practices. By 1932. there were approximately 125 group practices in the country, with nearly a third of them located in the Midwest." As medicine in the United States bad traditionally been practiced on an individualized, fee-for-service basis, the early group practices that did exist were seen by many independent physicians as fonns of corporate or "socialized" medicine that threatened their professional autonomy." At one point, a resolution was introduced in tbe Santa Clara County Medical Society barring any Palo Alto Medical Cllnlc physician from membership. This was a reaction both to the clinic's growing presence in the community. and to a 1946 agreement to provide pre-paid medical care to Stflllford University students -an " Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Dr.Blake Wilbur dies: ,urgeon for 49 years." 11 March 1974; Palo Alto Times (Palo AIIO, CAl. "Bloke Wilburs feted on Anniversary," 25 June 1973; Palo Allo Times (Palo Allo, CAl, "Scholarship for Surgeons established," 13 September 1972. Also see the Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "The Founding PhYSicians." accessed 22 October 2009. 1'1 Ftalo Alto Daily News (Palo Alto, CA). uD. Milton Saier, Founding Partner of Palo Alto Clinic!: 1 June 1996; San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA), "Dr, Milton H. Saier." n,d. " Palo Alto T!'mes (Palo Alto, CAl. "Dr. Herbel1 Lee Niebel." 26 February 1979. Also see the Palo Alto Medical Poundation web,ite, ''The Founding Physicians," accessed 22 October 2009. " Pa!c Alto Times (Palo Alto. CAl, "Redistribution of Stock Started By Palo Alto Clinic." 712511 953. 15 uA Brief History of Group Practice:-Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 2OOJ(accessed 17 November 2009), http://www.pamf.orglaboutlparnfhi.torylgrouppractice.html. 16 "The J9308: Medicine And Health: Overview,-American Decades The Gale Group. Inc, 2001. Encyclopedia.com http://www.encyclopedi •. comldoclIG2-3468301278 .htrnl (accessed 17 November 2009). Also, "The Boads of Brotherhood, Teamwork and the Group Practice," Mayo Foundation for MedIcal Education and Research,''http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritagelgroup practice.html (accessed] 7 November 2009}. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 8120(2) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service Palo Alto Medical Clinic National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 30f9 §_a.~.t.~S.!~!!:.~ll.!!tY.!..~~_._ ... _ ..... _ ........ ____ . __ . uncommon arrangement at the time and one that many independent practitioners saw as unfairly exclusive. " The group practice, however, became increasingly more common in the following decades and by 1969, it is estimated there were just over 6.000 group medical practices in the United States; in 1999 there were approximately 20.000." To accommodate the new Palo Alto Clinic's expanding operations, Palo Alto architect Birge Clark was contracted in 1931 to draw up plans for a new office and clinic building." The new location was designed to accommodate twelve doctors, thereby allowing for future growth. Notice of a building permit issued for the clinic was printed· on the front page of the February 10, 1932 issue of The Palo Alto Times," The building at 300 Homer A venue, which was at the outer edge of Palo Alto's commercial district at the time, opened latertbat year." An article in the Palo Alto Times on August 4, 1932. described the neW clinic as "a complete, self-contained unit, providing not only doctors' suites, but an X-ray department, an operating room, clinicallaooral<lry, I<lgether with bookkeeping office and other facilities."" The Palo Alto Clinic was the first group medical practice in Palo Alto, and one of the earlier group practices in California." Not only was the clinic a diffurent type of medical practice than was common in those days, it was also innovative in its application of that practice. Whereas the Mayo Clinic and most other clinics afthe time operated on a "referral" system, witb patients referred by outside physicians far "secondary" carc by a clinic's specialists, the Palo Alto Clinic's primary care physicians referred patients to specialists within the clinic if the need arose, thus providing both primary and secondary care in a single setting." The structure and operation of the organization itself was unique as well. The clinic was organized as a partnership and in the . early years each partner was assigned whatever percent of income the individual deemed appropriate for his or her services. Dr. Lee's philosophy was, "Give a guy What he wants and then make him earn it."" A separate corporation was also establisho;d by the group, in which each partner held stock, owned the real estate, the medical equipment and office furniture. Governing decisions were made as a group, with each physician's vote carrying equal weight." Prior to Palo Alto Clinic's opening in 1932, Palo Altans' local healtb care options had consisted primarily of individual physicians and a one hundred-bed hospital, which was built in 1929, owned by the City of Palo Alto, and operated by Stanford Medical School. The opening of the Clinic widened the scope of medical care available in Palo Alto by having specialists, a rare feature at tbe time, within the Clinic's practice. Further, the group practice setting made it possible for primary doctors and specialists to easily interact with one another within the cUnic when making a diagnosis of a petient." It also allowed for new technolngy to be mede available as it was developed, something that was often too expensive for individual doctors to afford. 17 "A Brief History of Group Practice." Palo Alto Medical Foundalion, 2001 (accessed 17 November 2009). http://www.pamf.orgiaboullpamfJ\istoryfgrouppractice.html. .. Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Marzoni, Ed.), Palo Allo Medical Clinic: The Firsl 75 Years 1930-2005, (Palo AlIo: Palo Alto Medical Foundation). " Architeclural Plans. Office Buiidingfi>r Doctors ue. Roth. Clark and Wilbur, by Birge Clark, 19 December 1931. "Palo Allo Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Three Building Permit. Issued. Total $93,400," 2110/1932. 21 Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Medic.1 Staff In New Building," 8/411932. 21 Ibid. " Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Franci. Marzoni, Ed.), Palo A 110 Medical Clinic: The Fim 75 Years 1930-2005, (Palo Alto: Palo All{> Medicol Foundation). 2< Ibid Also: Palo Alia Times (Palo Alto. CAl, Medicat Insert Section, "Facility Seek' Complete Community Care." 9115/1959. "Palo Allo Weekly (Palo Alto, CAl, "FA Medical Clinic Marks 50" Year," 311311980. 14 Sarah Katz O'Hara. Tile Firsl 75 Years, 13. " Sarah Katz O'Ha .. (Dr. Franci. M3J'zoni. Ed.). Palo Alto Medical Clinic: Tile First 75 Years 1930-2005, (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Medical \ Fouadation). . NPS Form 10·900-. (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Explr •• 5·31·2012) United States Department oftlle Interior National Park Stwice National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet I~~~~~~~~=-----I Section number 8 Page 4of9 Palo Alto, like the re,t of the nation in the 1930., felt the burden of the Oreat Depression. Clinic physicians often waived their fees -$3.00 for an office visit, $4.00 per daytime house call, and $10.00 per nighttime house call-since many patients could not afford to pay. Some patients brought in food from their gardens to offer a. compensation. After the war however, many patients returned to payoff old debts." POSTWAR BOOM Until 1946, the Palo Alto Clinic grew at a measured pace, adding doctors as they were needed. However, the large increase in thePeninsula's population following World War II created an urgent need for more doctors and the office space to accommodate them. In 1946 alone, 12 doctors joined the staff." The increased demand was mel by the 1947 opening of. U· shaped addition, designed by Ihe firm of (Birge) Clark and Stromquist, which a!lached 10 Ihe rear oflhe 1932 building.'· The rear addition lripled the clinic's capacity and was conslructed for an eslimaled $450.000." The clinic continued to grow, increasing the variety of speeialists and services offered. A 1953 Palo Alto Times article nOled that the Palo Alto Clinic had 1,000 patients a day filing through its doors, only one-fifth of thaI numher coming from Palo Alto. The same article states that by 1953, the clinic had 58 doctors and new palients were being added ata rale of 1,200 per month,n By 1961, Palo Alto Medical Clinic (as it became in 1955 to conform to a law requiring that "medical" be added to its name) had undergone further expansion into a new building on Ihe property, adjacent to Ihe original ROlhbuilding." The new building was named the Lee building in ilonor of Dr. Russel V_Lee, and the original building at 300 Homer Avenue became known as the Roth building after Dr. "Fritz" Roth." BOlh buildings provided medical offices and trealment rooms for clinic doctors. The Palo Allo Medical Clinic and the Palo Alto Medical Research Foundation were combined in 1981 to form the not-for· profil Palo Alto Medical Foundation (PAMF); the Palo Alto Medical Clinic continued 10 exist as a "separate for-profil corporalion under the Foundation umbrella"." In 1993, the Foundation became an affiliate of Suller Heallh. Today the Palo Alto Medical Foundation i. one of the largest multispecialty group practices in California." ACHIEVEMENTS From ils inception, innovalion and commitmenllo communilY health care were lenets of the Clinic's philosophy. In 1946, the Palo Alto Clinic became one of the earliest medical groups 10 work with managed care insurance plans when il contracled with Slanford University to care for sludenls under a prepaid medical plan. This was the first time in its hislory that Stanford had offered a comprehensive health service to its students." :28 Palo Alto Medica1 Foundation website, "Depression, War and a Population Explosion," http://parnf.org (accessed 1 October 2(08). 29 Ward Winslow and others, Palo Alto: A Centennial History, (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Historica1 Association, 1 8t edition), 174, '" Palo Alto Medical Foundation. A History oj Innovari"n: the Story oj the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 1987. " Palo Alto Times (Palo Alto, CAl "Work!l:) begin on $450,000 Clinic Addition." 25 July 1946. n Palo Alta Times (Palo Alto. CA) "P.A. Clinic major medical center," 30 July J953. Also. San Francisco Examiner (San FranciSCO. CAl, "Palo Alto Clinic TrealS 1000 A Day," 712611953. :» Palo Alto Medical Foundation, A History of lmwvalion: the Story of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 1987. :H Conversation between Dr. Robert Roth and Beth Bunnenberg, Palo Alto, CA, June 2004. " Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Morzoni, Ed.), Palo Alto Medical Clinic: The Firsr 75 Years 1930-2005. (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Medical Foundation). X> Palo Alto Medleal Foundation, A History o/Innovation: the Story cj the Palo Alto Medicallfoundation, 1987. J7 Palo Alto TImes (Palo Alto, CA) "Stanford now offers sfudents fun prepaid health program," 9 April 1946, NPS Form 10·900'8 (Rev. 6/2002) OMS No. 1024·0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 5 ot9 (Expire. 5·31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic • .?.aD!~.f.I~!.~SE~~~!,_Sf.... .. _. __ ............. _ ........ _ Known initially as prepaid health care, managed care first manifested in South\ll11 California when the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power contracted with a local clinic to provide medical care for its workers at the rate of $2.69 per month. Shortly thereafter, industrial baron Henry J. Kaiser made similar arrangements for workers at the Grand Coulee Dam and in his shipyards and steel mills." Though a handful of similar plans were set up following those models, prepaid health plans did not become common until the 1970's, when the Nixon Administration announced its plan (in 1971) to fund the development of prepaid health maintenance organizations or HMOs." The agreement between Stanford and tbe clinic was that the clinic would provide medical care for all university students for an advance fee of $5.00 per semester, taken out of tuition. Tbis was the first prepaid medical care plan on tbe Peninsula and it Initially caused a stir with the Santa Clara County Medical Society, promptingunsucce.sful efforts to remove the. clinic doctors from the membersbip organization. A similar prepaid plan was developed by tbe Clinic In the 1950's for Stanford faculty and staff." In 1950, the Clinic became one of the first facilities in the country to offer radiation therapy for cancer patients in an outpatient setting. In the same year the Clinic founded the Palo Alto Researcb Poundation, a separate legal entity, located in a separate building." Originally conceived to provide Palo Alto Clinic doctors witb tbe opportunity to engage in medical research, it instead developed into a facillty for scientists doing basic 'researcb; research tbat has produced a number of medical advances." Clinic doctor Estber Clark establisbed the Children'S Health'Council, as a separate entity, to care for disabled cbildren in 1953." Dr. Lee had long fostered an interest in care for tbe aged and in 1964, founded tbe retirement community Channing House, providing llfetime medical care by Palo Allo Medical Cllnic's doctors. Botb the Cblldren's Health Councll and Channing House were establisbed witb the help of the Palo Alto Clinic founded not-for-proflt Medical Research Poundation.44 Dr. Russel V. Lee bed long supported pre-paid health care and was a national advocate for the development of group practice. Tn ! 951, he was appointed to President Truman's Commission on Health Needs of tbe Nation, wbicb proposed a plan that later became a basis for Medicare." . The Clinic also "served as a model for otber nascent medical groups. Indeed, Dr. Lee claimed thaI the first partnersbip agreement oflbe Permanente system -'was worked out in my living room right after tbe war':'" The desire to bring innovative medical approaches and new technology to the community was an original goal of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic that still continues today. Examples are: tbe first mammograpby machine on tbe West Coast purcbased in 1965, the pioneering In the early .I970·s of outpatient surgery to reduce hospital stays, and. also in tbe 1970's, the establishment of one of tbe fIrst stand alone Sports Medicine Departments in tbe United States." This department was rooted in the work and interest of one of the Clinic's founders, Dr. UFritz" Roth.4S " Palo Alto Medical Founrullion website. "Early Experiments With Managed Care." hltp:/Ipamf.org (accessed: 10.23.2009). 39 Ibid . .., Palo Alto Medical Foundation website, "Early Experiments With Managed Care," http://pamf.org (accessed. 10.23.2009). 41 Ibid. " Palo Alto Medical Foundation, A HislOry of innovation: the Siory of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, 1987. 43 Ward Winslow and the Palo Aho Historica1 Association, Palo Alto: A Centennial History (Pa10 Alto: Palo Alto Historical Association> 1993), 179. "Sarah Katz O'Hara (Dr. Francis Marroni. Ed.), Palo Allo Medical Clinic: The FirsI75 Years 1930·2005, (Fillo Alto: Palo Alto Medical Foundation). 4:1 Artic1e: "Dr, Russel V. Lee: A Radical or Simply Ahead of His Time," no date. Palo Alto Historicai Association files. 4(, Ibid . • 7 "Timeline: 1930.2005." Palo Alto Medical Foundation (website). http://www.pamf.orglaboutlpamfhistoryltimeline.htrnl(accessed 17 November 2009). "Pa/o ALia Times (Palo Alto, CAl, "Letterfrom Russell V. Lee. Dr. Roth Linked Two Medic.ll3r ..... 41611972. NPS Form 10-900-. (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 6 of9 (Expi'~. 5-31-2012) , Palo Alto Medical Clinic ! ,?~_~t!l_9lir.!I __ c:.?1l.~ty!._~:A.: _______ ., .. _ .. _. __ ._ ....... _ Over the years, the Palo Alto Medical Foundation had expanded into variou.s neighboring buildings, A deCision was made to consolidate these facilities, and in September 1999, most of the facilities had been moved to a new building and campus in Palo Allo, approximately five blocks from its original home, The obsolete property of the Medical Foundation was sold, including the Roth building, which the City of Palo Alto purchased in 2000, The Palo Alto Medical Clinic's group medical practice, was a forerunner in the evolution of Palo Allo as a progl'e!'sive medical center, In 1959, in conjunction with the construction of a new hospital owned jointly by Palo Alto and Stanford University, Stanford moved the campus of its medical school in San Francisco 10 Stanford's main campus in Palo Alto. The Stanford Lane Hospital was also movnd from San Francisco and to the new Palo Alto/Stanford Hospital at that time. The Palo Alto Medical Clinic's long-standing and mutually beneficial relationship with Stanford University and its medical school played a significant role in facilitating this move, In the late 1960s, Stanford University bought out the City of Palo Alto's interest in the above-mentioned hospital and subsequently embarked on an extensive medical expansion program that has continued into the 2000's. A number of other medical facilities were subsequently developed. Among them were the Veteran Affairs Hospital, which opened on Stanford land adjoining Palo Alto's border in 1960, the Peninsula Children's Center (1960), and the Community Association for the Retarded (1963). Interplsst, Inc., providing free reconstructive surgery in third world countries, was founded in Palo Alto in 'the late 1960's." Today the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Stanford University Medical complex~ and groups ofindividual physicians, form Palo Alto', heaith industry· an industry which auraets regional, and to some degree, national and intemational patients. PAW ALTO MEDICAL CLINIC BUILDING The Palo Alto Medical Clinic building is an excellent example of the Spanish Eclectic style of architecture and retains many interesting decorative and functional features from its original conception. Birge Clark, an architect of major local importance, designed the building in 1931-32 in the architectural style for which he is best known. Victor Amauloff, a depression era artist of note in the Bay Area, painted the frescos at the entryway. They are the only known exterior frescoes visible to the public in Palo Alto. Birge Clark Birge Clark (I 893-J 989) was a significant Palo Alto architect whose work had a major impact on the City of Palo Alto. Paula Boghosian, an architectural historian. in 1979 wrote in Hislorical and Archilectural Resources oj the City 01 Palo Alto that Birge Clark's "Spanish Colonial Revival designs are largely responsible for the coherent Spanish Colonial Revival image of much of Palo Alto and for the consistency between the downtown commercial area and the Spanish Colonial Revival residential neighborhoods of the town."" A lifelong resident of Palo Alto, Clark earned an undergraduate degree from Stanford University, graduating in 1914 with a major in art and a minor in engineering. He earned his master's degree in architecture from Columbia University. Birge Clark used many architectural styles for his commercial and residential buildings but is best known for the Spanish Eclectic style. or what he called California Colonial." His three National Register listed buildings and all of his buildings in the National Register-listed Ramona Street Architectural District were designed in this style." It is also in this same style that the Roth building was designed at the height of Birge Clark's Spanish Eclectic period. 49 Ward Winslow and the Palo Alto Historical Assodatiou, Palo Alto: A Centennial History (Palo Alto: Palo Alto Historiclll Association, 1993). !lU Paula Boghosian, Architectural Historian, Historical and Architectural Resources of the City oj Palo Alto (1979). 13. 51 San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA), "PeninsuJa Architect Birge Clark, 96," 3 May 1989, 52 The listed National Register properties designed by Bjrge Cl~rk are the Norris House. Dunker House and the U.S. Post Office building in Palo Alto. NPS Form 10·900-. (Rev. 812002) OMS No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Contlnua.tion Sheet Section number L Page 7 of 9 (Expires 5-31-2012) According to Birge Clark's memoirs, at the time they began planning the new clinic building in 193 1 , clinic physician Russell Lee was in favor of using the Art Moderne style of architecrure, Though the architect made a numher of sketches for a Modern. building, he advocated for a design in the California Colonial style that be felt more comfortable with. As stated in bis memoirs, he felt that, "the 'moderne' was still in its infancy at best and would probably change a good deal as time went on, while the California Colonial waS a developed, mature style with its tile roofs, thick wa)l', wrought iron, balconies [and) arches." After much debate, the doctors settled on the "Califurnia Colonial" or Spanish Eclectic style promoted by Birge Clark and the building was completed in 1932. Birge Clark, and his architecture firm Clark & Stromquist, was employed by the Palo Alto Medical Clinic to design nUIllerous projects over the years including a sman office building at 321 Channing and the two-story rear addition to the Clinic building in 1946. They al.o finished the interiors on the second floor of the original clinic building in 1937. The last large addition, added in 1969, was completed in a more modem style than the first portions of the building, as it was intend to be the first three stories of a nine-story high rise." As is evident today, the building combined a commercial use with a predominately residential-type exterior design, Employing two single-story wings enclosing a courtyard with a mature oak tree, and using residential scale doors and windows, and French doors opening onto a gallery on tlie front elevation afthe recessed second story, Birge Clark enabled the Roth building to blend into its residential surroundings. Additionally, the familiar architectural.tyle made the building c.amfonable and inviting to patients who had, up to that point in time, largely been treated by medical practitioners working out of their own homes. VIctor Amautoff In 1931, Dr. Russell V. Lee commissioned Russian artist Victor Amautoff (1896 -1979) to painllb. fresco murals around the front entry to the new Clinic building. Alfred Frankenstein, San Francisco Chronicle's long-time art critic, described Am.utofrin 1955 as "one of the best mural painters in the United States"." Amautoff was born.in Russia in 1896 and emigrated to Mexico in the early 20" Century where he studied mural painting and became an assistant to Diego Rivera in the late I 920s: In 1931, the came to San Francisco and worked with Rivera on the mural commissioned for the San Francisco Art Institute." Arnautoff also studied art at the California School afFine Arts in San Francisco. His first solo commis,ion in California was for the Palo Alto Clinic, which was completed in 1932." In 1933-34 Amautoff was chosen by the Works Progress Administration as one of the artists for the murals at Coit Tower in San Francisco. Some ofhis other murals include the large fresco in the Maln Post Chapel in the Presidio (1935) as well as frescoes in high schools aod other buildings in the Bay Area. Arnautoff taught art at Stanford University from 1939 until his retirement in 1963 after which he returned to Russia, where he lived out his life," . The Roth building's frescoes have a medical theme contrasting modem medicine with. earlier medical methods, There are four fresco panels in color. Three of these panels depict the modem medical branches of pediatrics, surgery, and internal medicine, and include three doctors whose contributions to modem medicine Dr. Lee felt were most important. The fourth panel depicts mcdern technology. Underneath each of the colored fresco panels is a smaller monochromatic panel depicting a contrasting primitive method of treatment. Beginning on the left of the entrance wall, the first colored freseo is of Emmett Holt (1855-1924) a distinguished " An Architect Grows up in Palo Alto: Memoirs of Birge Malcom Clark, F.A.l.A., (typescript: 1982),69. 54 Ibid, The nine~story addition was never constructed. jj News and Notes-Medical Murals, Palo Alto Medl\:al Clinic, August 1959. Also, San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisc~ CA). "Artists Can Do Better Than A Diek McSmear," 1 0/3/1955. 16 Stanford Historical Society. Memorial Resolution: Victor Arnauto!l(1896·1979)1 n,d. ~1 Ibid. ""The Chapel, Hallowed Ground" at: http;/lwww.interfaith-prc.idio.orWthe_chapel.html(accessedlO.19.2009).Also .. Vic!orAm.molT. 18%~ 1979." at' http://www.helfenfinearts.comibiogslarn.utoftFset.html(aecessed 10.19.2009). , ') ,l NPS Form 10·900·. (Rev, 812002) OMS No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number.JL Page 8 of 9 (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic; ,~.!I~S.~~!~.S:':>'::!:Ity!..S'.\ ......... _ .................... . American pediatrician and a pioneer in children's diseases. The monochromatic panel beneath him has a Flathead Indian pressing a board against an infant's head to produce a sloping forehead, believed to be a sign of intelligence. The next color panel. located between the window and door, is of Sir William Osler (1849-1919) a Canadian internist, highly regarded teacher and writer on medicin~, His contrasting monochromatic panel depicts a witch dector exorcising evil spirits. The third colored panel, to the right of the entmnce door, is of Harvey Cushing (1869-1939) a Boston neurosurgeon who refined the use of the Albee saw. Beneath him the monochromatic fresco is of a wound being cauterized with. hot poker. The final color panel, between the right window and far wall. shows an early form of x-ray, a fluoroscope, being used. This panel is in contrast with the monochromatic fresco beneath depicting the use of horoscopes to diagnose illness. Underneath each window on the entrance wall is a monochromatic fresco with a reclining man and woman. The left-hand fresco depicts the woman holding." scythe and tbe man a set of scales; in the right-hand fresco the woman bolds a laurel wreatb and the man a sword. Beneatb the windows on the two end walls of the entrance loggia are monochrome frescoes depicting tbe modem microscope and Bunsen burner (left end) and the old remedies of herbs and roots (right end). Above the entrance deor is a narrow monochromatic fresco with a skull.nd a snakc surrounded by books representing knowledge." ArnaulOffs cohesive design integrated the frescoes with the wall's fenestration.nd door to produce. unified. rhythmic, and forceful composition. The ptedominant colors in the murals echo the warm tones of the red clay tile roof, the blUe green tones of the cornice molding, window and door trim, and the beige tones of the medallions. Similar colors appeared on tbe interior in the original tile floors, warm Flexwood walls and the berge window sill tiles, His subject mailer emphasizing tbe advancement of modern medicine and technology was appropriate for a newly opened medical building, and tbe depiction of pediatrics, internal medicine, surgery, and x-ray technology focused on tbe broad range of medical care that was avanable at the Palo Alto Clinic. The murals caused a minor scandal when the cJ.inic building opened in 1932, due to depictions of several patients receiving medical care in a state of partial undress. Palo Alto's reaction was so intense that the controversy was covered in San Francisco newspapers. Under the title, "Murals and Morals: Palo Alto's Pulse Quickens," a San Francisco Chronicle reporter wrote, "The builders, aided and abetted by the nationally known doctors who make up the staff, have gone in for art in a big way. and the startling result has set this little college town by the ears!" The article continued to state that, "the consensus is that a clinic ought to be a clinic, and not an art gaUery. Especially a modern art gallery!"'" On the first Sunday after the murals were unveiled. the steady stream of townspeople driving along Homer Avenue to see the mural for themselves caused • traffic jam and clinic surgeon Fritl Roth threatened to have the walls whitewashed hefore he would move in. In time. the uproar faded away and the artwork became a fixture.'l CONCLUSION From its conception, the Palo Alto Clinic was a leader in advancing Palo Alto's health care resources, The early group practice introduced new innovations in the practice of medicine and the use of new medical technology to both in Palo Alto and the Bay Area. It drew patients not only from the immediate community but from throughout the Peninsula, featuted specialists as part ofthe Clinic'. practice, and attracted accomplished physicians from around the nation that were interested in the Clinic's facilities and its use of new technology. The legacy of the Palo Alto Medical Clinic is closely associated witb the long pallern of events that helped to establish Palo Alto's health care industry as one of the leading medical networks in the country, 59 News and Notes, Palo Alto Medical Clinic, 1959, flO San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA), "Paintings of Seminudes In Clinic Stir Palo Alto", 21 Augusr 1932. (>1 Palo Alto Medical Foundation website. "A Moral Dispute Over Murals," http://www.pamf.org/aboutfpamfhistory/moral.html(Accessed 10,20,2009). NPS Form 10-900-9 (Rev. 812002) OMS No. 1024-0018 . United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 8 Page 90f9 (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Clinic .~~.!l!~S!~:~~~~.!l'!_SJ.': .. ____ .~ ________ ._ ...... _._ 300 Homer Avenue was constructed in 1932 to house the newly formed Palo Alto Medical Clinic. It served as a medical building for this organization until Its sale to the City of Palo Alto in 2000. The Spanish Eclectic style was the architectural style of choice in Palo Alto throughout the early part of the 2O~ century and the interior was specifically designed to form an efficient medical clinic operation. The decorative features throughout the building.,:e of a high quality and design that is atypical for modem medical facilities, imparting an overall welcoming character that exemplified the Clinic's mission and dedication to the surrounding community of Palo Alto. Overall, the building retains a high degree of integrity despite years of continued use .as a medical facility. The architectural design and historic character of the original clinic building is still intact, despite removal of the later rear wings. NPS Form 10-900-0 (Ray, B12002) OMS No, 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number.JL... Page 1 of 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY (continued) (Expires 5-31-2012) Palo Alto Medical Oink _s.~t.~g~!.~.S;~~p'!X!_~ .... __ .. __ ........ _ .. _,_ .. _, i, "An Architect Grows Up in Palo Alto", Memoirs of Birge M, Clark, P.AJ.A, Printed September 1982. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Fortney, Mary T. "Palo Alto Medical Clinic,.t age 50, Celebrates a String ofPirsts," The Peninsula Times Tribune (Palo Alto, Ca), 1J March 1980. Gullard, Pamela and Nancy Lund. History'ofPalo Alto: The Early Years. San Prancisco: Scottwall Associates, 1989. Hendricks, Rickey. A Model for National Healthcare: the History of Kaiser Pennonente. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1993. Lee. R. Hewlett, M.D. Historical Notes on the Palo Alto Medical Clinic. Presented to the Partnership 911111989 and revised in part from notes of Russel V. Lee, M.D. (Document held in the Palo Alln Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) MacColI, William A .. M.D. Group Practice and Prepayment oj Medical Care. Washington D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1966. Murray, Bruce. "Palo Alto Medical Clinic Marks 50~ Year," Palo Alto Weekly (Palo Alto, CA) 311311980, p, I J-12. News Report, Palo Alto Medical Foundation 1127/1982. "Dr. Russell V.A. Lee Medical Pioneer Dies At Home At-Age 86 After Long Illness" O'Hara, Sarah Katz, Dr. Francis A. Marzon;, ed. Palo Alto Medical Clinic. the First 75 years. Palo Alto: P.lo Alto Medical Clinic, m.d. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo AIIO Daily News, (Palo Alto: CAl. "Dr. Millnn Saier, Founding Partner of Palo Alto Clinic," 1 June 1996. Palo Alto Medical Clinic publication. News & Notes -Medical Murals: Aug. 1959. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo Alto Medical Foundation. Foundation Report: Winter 1990. 60f40 Anniversary Issue. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo Alto Medical Foundation. A History oj Innovation: Story oj the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, Palo Alto Medical Foundation: Palo Alto, 1987. Palo Alto Medic.1 Foundation: House Report. "Russ Lee -'He was the person with vision. ,n 29 January 1982. (Document held in the Palo Alto Historical Association Archives at the Palo Alto Main Library.) Palo Alto Medical Foundation: News Report. "Dr. Russel V.A. Lee, Medical Pioneer, Dies at Home at Age 86 After Long Illness" 2.7 January 1982. Palo Alto Times, (Palo AIIn, CA). "Three Building Permits Issued: Physicians' Office Structure and Two Homes, Total $93,400" 10 February 1932 . • -_. "Medical Staff in New Building," 4 August 1932. NPS Form 10-900-a (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 Page 2 of 3 Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara County, CA ---- "Have Our Murals Hurt Our Morals?" 30 August 1932. ---- Building Permits - PA Medical Clinic, 10/20/1937, ---- "Clinic Adds Eight Specialists, Will Erect $300,000 building" 24 December 1945. - --- "Board of Works Permits Moving of Two Old Residences so P.A. Clinic Can Expand," 18 June 1946. - "Work to Begin on $450,000 Clinic Addition," 26 July 1946. - --- "Palo Alto clinic buys site at corner of Bryant, Channing," 1 August 1946. - --- "Permits Granted for Addition to Clinic, New Store Building," 28 August 1946. ---- "Doctors Have Moved into the New Wing," 17 December 1947. ---- "Clinic Allows Materials for another wing," 23 May 1952. ---- "Home Bought for Diagnostic Center in PA," 19 September 1952. ---- "After 25 years - a Delay," 1 April 1953. ---- "Stanford Now Offers Students Full Prepaid Health Program," 29 April 1953. --- "Stanford Now Offers Students Full Prepaid Health Program," 29 April 1953. - --- "Redistribution of stock started by Palo Alto Clinic," 25 July 1953. - --- "P.A. Clinic Major Medical Center" (Photo lab area), 30 July 1953. ---- "Two Parcels of Property Acquired by Palo Alto Clinic," 24 July 1959. - "PAMC: Facility Seeks Complete Community Care," 15 September 1959. ---- "Butch Roth, retired team physician, dies," 4 April 1972. ---- Letter to the Editor by Russel V. Lee, M.D., "Dr. Roth Linked Two Medical Eras," 6 April 1972. ---- "Blake Wilburs feted on Anniversary," 25 June 1973. ---- "Dr. Blake Wilbur Dies, surgeon for 49 years," 11 March 1974. ----"Dr. Herbert Lee Niebel," (obituary) 26 February 1979. - --- "Harold Sox" Obituary, 18 June 1993. Palo Alto Tribune (Palo Alto, CA). "Dr. Russel V. Lee Dies - Was Health Care Pioneer," 27 January 1982. Palo Alto Weekly (Palo Alto, CA). "Seven Important Dates in PAMF's 70 Year Past," September 1999 - Special Edition NPS Form i0 -900-a (Rev. 812002) OMB No. 1024-0018 (Expires 5-31-2012) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Continuation Sheet Section number 9 . Page 3 of 3 Palo Alto Medical Clinic Santa Clara County, CA article titled "introducing the New Campus of the Palo Alto Medical Foundation" San Francisco Chronicle (San Francisco, CA). "Paintings of Semi -nudes in Clinic Stir Palo Alto," 21 March 1932. ---- "Palo Alto's Pulse Quickens," 21 August 1932 Birge M. Clark, obit, "Peninsula Architect Birge Clark, 92", n.d. ---- "Dr. Milton H. Saier," (Obituary, c. June 1996). San Francisco Examiner (San Francisco, CA). "Palo Alto Clinic Treats 1000 a Day," 7/26/1953. San Jose Mercury News (San Jose, CA). "Noted Dr. Suceumbs at Palo Alto: Dr Thomas M. Williams," 28 March 1947, Winslow, Ward and the Palo Alto Historical Association. Palo Alto: A Centennial History. Palo Alto: Palo Alto Historical Association, 1993. Web Resources Mayo Clinic Website: http://www.mayoclinic.org/tradition-heritage/ Palo Alto Medical Foundation website: http://www.pamtorg/about/history/ Attachment C The mlssion of the Department of the Interior is to protect and provide access to our Nation's natural and cultural heritage and honor our trust responsibilities to tribes. The National Park Service preserves unimpaired the natural and cultural resources and values of the National Park System for the enjoyment, education, and inspiration of this and future generations. The Park Servite cooperates with partners to extend the benefits of natural and cultural resource conservation and outdoor recreation throughout this country and the world. This material is partially based upon work conducted under a cooperative agreement with the National Conference oi'State Historic Preservation Officers and the U.S. Deparbnent of the Interior. Date of publication: 1990; revised 1991, 1995, 1997. Revised for Internet 1995, Cover (Top Left) Criterion B -Frederick Douglllss Home, Washington, D.C. From 1877- 1899, this was the home of Frederick Douglass, the former slave who rose to become a prominent author, abolitionist, editor, orator, and diplomat. (Walter Smalling, Jr,) (Top Right) Criterion D -Frllncis Cllnyon Ruin, Blanco viCinity, Rio Arribo County, New Mexico. A fortified village site composed of 40 masonry-walled rooms arranged in a cluster of four house blocks. Constructed ca. 1716-1742 for protection against raiding Utes and Comanches, the site has Information potential relllted to Na vRjo, Pueblo, and Spanish cultures. (Jon Samuelson) (Bot/om Left) Criterion C -Bridge ill Cllmytree Townsllip, Vena So Counly, Pennsylvania. Built in 1882, this Pratt through tru~~ bridge is significant for engi neering as a well preserved example of a type of bridge frequently used in northwestern Pennsylvania;n the lale 19th century, (Pennsylvania Department of Transportation) (Bol/om Right) Criterion A -Main Street/Market Square Historic District, Houston, Hams County, Texas. Until well into the 20th century this district marked the bounds of public and business life in Houston. Constructed between the 18706. and 1920., the district includes Houston's municipal and counly bui/dings, and served as the city's wholesale, retail, andfinaneial center. (Paul Hesler) PREFACE Preserving historic properties as important refloctions of our American heritage became a national policy through passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, the Historic Sites Act of 1935, and the National Historic Pres ervation Act of 1966, as amended. The Historic Sites Act authorized the Secretary of the Interior to identify and recognize properties of national significance (National Historic Land marks) in United States history and archeology. The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 authorized the Secretary to expand this recogni tion to properties of local and State significance in American history, ar chitecture, archeology, engineering, and culture, and worthy of preserva tion. The National Register of His toric Places is the official list of these recognized properties, and is main tained and expanded by the National Park Service on behalf of the Secretary of the Interior.J The National Register of Historic Places d()!;uments the appearance and importance of districts, sites, build ings, structures, and objects signifi. ------..... ---- cant in Our prehistory and history. These properties represent the major patterns of our shared local, State, and national experience. To gUide the selection of properties included in the National Register, the National Park Service has developed the National Register Criteria for Evaluation. These criteria are standards by whi€h every property that is nominated to the National Register is judged. In addition, the National Park Service has developed criteria for the recogni tion of nationally significant proper ties, which are designated National Historic Landmarks ·and prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System. Both these sets of criteria were developed to be consistent with the Secretary of the Interior's Stan dards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preservation, which are uni form, national standards for preserva tion activities.' This publication explains how the National Park Service applies these criteria in evaluating the wide range of properties that may be significant in local, State, and national history. It 'should be used by anyone who must decide if a particular property qualifies for the National Register of Historic Places. Listing properties in the National Register is an important step in a na tionwide 'preservation process. The responsibility for the identification, initial evaluation, nomination, and treatmen t of historic resources lies with private individuals, State historic preservation offices, and Federal pres ervation offices, local governments, and Indian tribes. The final evalua tion and listing of properties in the National Register is the responsibility of the Keeper of the National Register. This bulletin was prepared by staff of the National Register Branch, inter agency Resources Division, National Park Service, with the assistance of the History Division. It was originally is sued in draft form in 1982. The draft was revised into final form by Patrick W. Andrus, Historian, National Regis·· ter, and edited by Rebecca H. Shrimp ton, Consulting Historian. Beth L. Savage, National Register and Sarah Dillard Pope, National Reg ister, NCSHPO coordinated the latest revision ofthis bulletin. Antionette J, Lee, Tanya Gossett, and Kin Badamo coordinated earJier revisions. lPraperties listed in the National Register receive limited Federal protection and certain benefits. For mOre information concerning the effects of Usting, and how the National Register may be used by the general public and Certified Local Governments, as well as by local, Slate, and FederaJ agenciesr l'U1d for copies of National Register Bulletins, contactthe National Park Service, National Register, la49 C Streel, NW, NOmO, Washington, D.Ct 20240. Information may also be obtained hy viSiting the National Register Web site at www.cr.nps.gov/nr or by contacting any o( ihe historiC presetvationoIfices in the States and territories. t'fhe Secretary of the ;nlel'ivr's Standards and Guidelines for Archeology and Historic Preliervation are found in the Federal Rcgisler, VoL 48, N<t 190 (Thursday, September 29, 1983). A copy can be obtained by writing the National Park Service. Herilage Preservation Services {at the address above) TABLE OF CONTENTS Preface ...... n ....................... \ ....... H ......... , .............•••• H ............................. ~ ....... H ••••• ' ............................. H ...................................... ~.l I. I ntrod u cti on ., .. , , ................... "" .. ". "" .. "",, .. ,"" " .. " .. ,,''' .. , ........... ", ......... " ........ , .. " ........ " ... " "', .. " ......... "" .. , ........ ,' ,,,. "" ...... " ..... 1 II. . National Register Criteria for Evaluation ... " ... " .. " .. " .......................... ""." ....... """ ....... " ... " .... " .. " .... ,, ............................... 2 III. How to Use this Bulletln to Evaluate a Property " ...... " .. ,., ....... " .. " .... "" .... "" ........... " ......................... ,."" .. "" .... "., .... , ...... 3 IV. How to Define Categories of Historic Properties " ... ""."." ..... """ .. ,"'" .. """ .. ," ...... , .. "" ..... " ..... " .......... " .... ,, ........ ,,"" .. ,," 4 Buildi ng ........................................... ' .. , .... , .. " .... ,,,., ... " ... ", ......... " .. ", .. " .............. "" ......... , " ............... , ...... " ...... '''' ......... """.".",, .. 4 Struc ture ............. "" ... " " ......... "." ........ "," .,"" ..... " "'" ...... "." ..... " .... " .................. ",,, ................ " ......... ,," """"""'"'''''''''''''''' " .... 4 Object .. """ ......... ' " ........ " ........... ,,,,,. " ... """""."".""" ' ........... , ...................................... " .............. , ............................... ,,,,,,, ..... 5 Site ...... ",'" .. :"" ..... " ..... " , .... , .... ",' ............ "" .. "" .. ", ............. ""." "." .............. ", .. , " .. " .... ", ."." ........ "" ........ ,,,.,, ... , ........ " ....... 5 District ......... " .................. " .................... "." .. , ........... " .......... " .. ,,, ..................... " ............. "" .. , ,,,,, ......... " .... ", ...... " .... , .... " .... ", .. ,' 5 Concentration, Linkage, & Continuity of Features ... ",,, ......... ,,""", .. ,,, ..... ,,, ... ,, .......... ,, ........... ,', ......... " .............. , .. , ... ,' 5 Significance ................. " ......... " ............ " ....... , ........... , ............ , ..... " .... , ", .... " ..... " .. " ............. " ........... "" ...... " .. " .............. , .. " 5 Types of Features " .. ,'" .. ,",.,. , .. , .. ,,, ...... , .. ,, .. ''',''', .... ,,, .... ,, ............ , ... ,,., .... ,, ......... ,,,, ......... "', ....... " .. " .. , .. " ..... " ... , ........ ,, ...... 5 Geographical Bou ndaries .......... " " .. , " .... "., ....................... ',., .. ' ................. " ..... , .... " ...................................... " .... " ............ , 6 Discontiguous Districts ........ , ........ " ........... ". ,,, .. ,'" " ... ,,,., .... " ....... , ... " ... , ..... , ..... " ...... " .... " ... " ... " ", ..... " ........... ,," "" ....... ,. 6 V. How to Evaluate a Property Within its Historic Context ......... " .... " ...... " ....... , ..... """"." ............... "" .. """,, ....... ,, .. " .. " .... 7 Understanding Historic Contexts ........................... " .... , .... , ................... " ............. " " .......... "" ............... """"'''''''''' ".", '" "" ",. 7 How to Evaluate a Property Within Its Historic Context " ............... "" ........ " ..... "."" .. " ............... " ..... " .............. " ...... " ...... 7 Properties Significant Within More Than on Historic Context .... " ............ " ... " ...... "."" ........... """",, ........................ 9 Comparing Related Properties , ......... " ... " .......................................................................................................................... 9 Local, State, and National Historic Contexts ....... , ...... , ........................................................................................................... 9 VI. How to Identify the 1)rpe of Significance of a Property ............................................. " ............ "'; ........ ,,, ................ " ...... 11 Introduction .............. " .......................... , ......................................................... , .............................. , ............................................ 11 Criterion A: Event ......................................................................................... , ........................................................................... 12 . Understanding Criterion A ................................... , .................................................................... , ........ , ........................... 12 Applying Criterion A ............... , ..................... , ...... " ................................. , ....... " .............................................................. 12 Types of Events ........ , ............................... , ... , ............................................................................................................. 12 Association of the Property with the Events ........................................................................................................... 12 Significance of the Association .................................... " ........................... , ........................... , .. , ............................... 12 Traditional Cultural Values ..... , ...................... , ........................................................................................................ 13 Criterion B: Person ............................................................................................................. , .. " ..... , .. , ......................................... 14 ~~~f;~::~;~~rf~~t~i~~.~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ Significance of the Individual ................................................... , .......... " .................................................................. 15 Association with the Property ................. , ....................... , ....................................................... , ............................... 15 Comparison to Related Properties .......................................... , ............. , .......................................................... , ...... 15 Association with Groups ................................................................................................... " ..................................... 15 AsSociation with Living Persons ............................................................................................................................. 16 Association with Architects! Artisans .................................................................................................................... 16 Native American Sites ......................................................................................................................................... , .... ' 16 Criterion C: Design!Construction ..................................... , ................................................................................................... 17 ~~~f;~~~~;U~r~~t~i~~.:..::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::.:::::::::::::::::::::.::: i~ ii Distinctive Characteristics of Type, Period, and Method of Construction ....... "" ...... ·"· ................. "" .......... " ..... ,,.18 Historic 'Adaptation of the Original Property ................ " ........ , .. ", ............. " ..... " ............................. "; .. ,',, .......... , ...... , 19 Works of a Master .. " ....................... , .... , ...... " .... , ........... , .. , .. " .. , .... , .... , .. , .............. ·····" .. " ........ , .. "',· ...... "·,, ............... , .... ,,,.20 Properties Possessing High Artistic Values .. " .. " ......... ,.", .. , .. ", .. " ....... ,", .. ,,,.,,"",, ... , .... , .... , ..... , ............................... , ... 20 Criterion D: Information Potential " ....... " .. , ............ , ... ,"" .. ' ... " ........... ,', .. "."" ............ " .. " ........................ , ................. , .. " .... , 21 Understa nding Criterion D .... " ... , .... " " .. " ......... ,., ............................... , ....... , .. , .. ", .... ,. ,., .... , ....... ' ..... , ....... " ...... ,' ............... , .. ,21 APPI)~~~I~:~~;~~1 ~i·i~;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::·:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~ Buildings, Structures, and Objects ....... , ....... " .. ,", ... , .. , ...... , .... " .. , .. , .. ,., .. , .. , .. , ... , ...... " ... " .. "·, .. ,, .. ,··· .............. , ..... , ..... 21 Association with Human Activity ......... , ..... " ....... "" ............ , .. '., ................ , .. , .................................... , .. ,', .............. 22 Establishing a Historic Context .. , ................................. , ... ,., .. , .................................. , .................. , ........................... 22 Developing Research Questions .... " .. , .................... , .. , ..... " .................. , ... , .. ',., .......................... , .. , ... ' .. , .................... 22 Establishing the Presence of Adequate Data , ........................................ , ........ ' ......................... , ............................ 23 I ntegri ty .... , .. : ................... , .. , .................................... , ............................ ,., ................. " ..... " ..... , .. , ................. , ... , .. " ....... 23 Partly Excavated or Disturbed Properties .,., .... , .................... , .... ,.", .................. , ... ,,,., .. ',, .................. ,.,"', ............. 23 Completely Excavated Sites .............. ,", ............................... ' ...... ' ....................... " ..................... ' ... , ........ , ................ 24 VB. How to Apply tbe Criteria Considerations ......................................................................................................................... 25 , lntrod ucHon ...... , ........... " .................. , ............................. " ... ,'" ...... " ................ , ... , ........................ , ......... " ........ , .......... '., .. , .... , .... 25 Criteria Consideration A: Religious Properties ... , ............ , .................. , .... , ..................................................... ".,', .. , ............ 26 Understanding Criteria Consideration A .............................................. , ............................................... " ....... , .......... , ... 26 Applying Criteria Consideration A .. ,.,.' ............................................................ , .................................... , ... " ............ , .... 26 Eligibility for Historic Events ................................ ', .............................. , ... , .. , ........................... · ............. , ....... " .. , .... 26 Eligibility for Historic Persons ................................. , ......................... " ...... " ............................................. , .. ,., .. , .. " .. 27 Eligibility for Architectural or Artistic Distinction .............................................................................................. 28 Eligibility for Infonnation Potential ..... , ... , ........ , .... , .......... , ...... , ..................... ', ................................. " .. , ....... , ........ 28 Ability to Reflect HisWric Associations ...................... , ... , .................... , ........ , ............ , ............................... , ....... " ... 28 Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properti.es ......... , ...... ,.,., ............................................................ ,., .. , .............. , ............. " ... 29 Understanding Criteria Consideration B ........... " ...................... , ............... , ........ , ........................................ " .. " ........... 29 A pplying Criteria Consideration B ....................... ' ............. , ..... ', .... , ........ " ....................... , ...................... ,." ... , .............. 29 Eligibility for Architectural Value ., ....... " .... , ................ , ... ,', .. , ......................... " .................... , .......... ,., .. , .............. , .. 29 Eligibility for Historic Associations ., ....................................................... ,', ..................... , ...................... , .. , ......... , .. 30 Setting and Environment .. , ... , ..... , .......................... , ................... , ................. , .................... · ..... , ... · ............................. 30 Association Dependent on the Site ................ '.' ... , ................. , ......... , .. , ................................ , .............. , ..... , ... ,., ... , ... 30 Properties Designed to Be Moved ............... , ...... , ................................................................................... , ................ 31 Artificially Created Groupings ........ , ......... ' ................................................. , .. , ........................................ , ........ , ...... 31 Portions of Properties ........................ , ... "., ....................................... " .......... , ....................... , .... " ........... ,,, .. , .......... , .. 31 Criteria Consideration C: Birthplaces and Graves ..... ", ........ " ............ , ......... , ............................. , ..... , ................................. 32 Understanding Criteria Consideration C ...... ' ............ "' .. , .. , .............. " ................................ ,, ........................................ 32 Applying Criteria Consideration C ............ "', .... , ..... " .................. ".,, ................ , ....... ,., .... , ............................. " .. " .......... 32 Persons of Outstanding Importance ........................... ,,, .... , ............................. ' ................ , ..................... ' ............... 32 Last Surviving Property Associated with a Person ............................................ ' ................................................. 32 Eligibility for Other Associations ................................ ' ....................... ,' ............................. , ................ , .............. , .... 33 Criteria Consideration D: Cemeteries ...................................................... , ........................................................... ,., .............. 34 Understanding Criteria Consideration D .... , .. ' ............. , ............................. , .......... " .................... " .... ' ........................... 34 A pplying Criteria Consideration D ... " ............................... , .............................. , ............................... " .................. , ....... 34 Persons of Transcendent Importance ................. , ..... ', ................................................. , ...... , .................... ' ............. , 34 Eligibility on the Basis of Age ...................................................................................... , .................................... ,',., .. 35 Eligibility for Design , .... ,." .. , ..................................................... , ... , .......................... , ... , ............................... "., .... , .... 35 Eligibility for Association with Events .. , ............. "" .... ".""" ..... , ... "" .. , ........ , .. '",."',, ...................... " ................... " 35 Eligibility for Information Potential ... " ..... "" ............... ', ... ' ...... " ................ ', .... " ................ , ....................... " ......... , 35 Integrity ........ , ................................................................... ,,, .................. "." ... ", .. , .......................... " ......... , .............. ,." 36 National Cemeteries ........... , ... , .............................. , .. , ........................ "." ... , ............................ , ........... " ............. , ... " .. 36 Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties " ............. "."" .. "", .. , ... "" .. "" ........... ", ........ """ .. " ... ".,, ........ "." ........ 37 Understanding Criteria Consideration E .. """ ..... " ................... " ............. " ....... "".' .. ",, .................... " .... "" .... " .... , ....... 37 Applying Criteria Consideration E ...... , .. , .... """" ....... " ...... ,,, ....... ,, ........ ,,, ..... , .. , ... ,," ... ,, ............... ""., ..... :"" ............. ,,' 37 Accuracy of the Reconstruction .......................................... "" ............. " .... ,'" ...... " ..... " ..... " .... "".,,, .................... :.,, 37 Suitable Environment ........... ,.,., ... "." ............. ,,, ...... " ........ " ... , .. " .... ',." ... "."." .. , .... " ....... ,;,.",."'" ... ,, .............. , ......... 37 Restoration Master Plans " .. , ... , .... " ......... " .... " .................. "', .. ',', ....... , ............ ".,,, .................. ,, .. ,, ....... ,, .. , ... , .. ,, .. ,, .. ,, 38 Last Surviving Property of a Tftpe ............................................................................................................................... 38 Reconstructions Older than Fi Iy Years ....................................................................................................................... 38 Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties ...................................................................................................... 39 Understanding Criteria Consideration F .......................................................................................................................... 39 Applying Criteria Consideration F ................................................................................................................................... 39 Eligibility for Design ................................................................................................................................................. 39 Eligibility for Age, Tradition, or Symbolic Value ................................................................................................. 40 Ineligibility as the Last Representative of an Event or Person ......................................................................... ..40 Criteria Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Past Fifty Years ........................ 41 Understanding Criteria Consideration G ......................................................................................................................... 41 Applying Criteria Consideration G ................................................................................................................................... 42 B1igibllity for Exceptional Importance ................................................................................................................... 42 Historical Perspective ................................................................................................................................................ 42 National Park Service Rustic Architecture ............................................................................................................ 42 Veterans Administration Hospitals ........................................................................................................................ 42 Comparison with Related Properties ..................................................................................................................... 42 . World War Il Properties ........................................................................................................................................... 42 Eligibility for Information Potential ....................................................................................................................... 43 Historic Districts ........................................................................................................................................................ 43 . Properties Over Fifty Years in Age, Under Fifty Years in Significance ............................................................ 43 Requirement to Meet the Criteria, Regardless of Age ............................................................................. : ........... 43 VIII. How to Evaluate the Intesrity of a Property .............................................................................................................. 44 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Understanding the Aspects of Integrity ........................................................................................................................ 44 Location ....................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Design .......................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Setting ....................................................................................................... · ............ ·· ............. · ..................... ; ................ 44 Ma terials ...................................................................................................................................................................... 45 Workmanship ............................................................................................................................................................. 45 Feeling .............................................................................................................. · ..... · .. · .................................................. 45 Association .................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Assessing Integrity in Properties .................................................................................................................................... 45 Defining the Essential Physical Features ............................................................................................................... 46 Visibility of the Physical Features ........................................................................................................................... 46 Comparing Similar Properties ............................. , ................................................................................................... 47 . Determining the Relevant Aspects of Integrity .................................................................................................... 48 IX. Summary of the National Historic Landmarks Criteria for Evaluation ............................................................... 50 X. Glossary .......................................... ~ ................................................................................................................................... 53 XI. List of National Register Bulletins ............................................................................................................................... 54 iv I. INTRODUCTION The National Register is the nation's inventory of historic places and the national repository of docu mentation on the variety of historic property types, significance, abun dance, condition, ownerShip, needs, and other information. It is the begin ning of a national census of historic properties. The National Register Cri teria for Evaluation dellne the scope of the National Register of Historic Places; they identify the range of re sources and kinds of significance that will qualify properties lor listing In the National Register. The Criteria are written broadly to recognize the wide variety of historic properties as" sociated with our prehistory and his tory. Decisions concerning the signifi cance, historic integrity, docUIl1enta tion, and treatment of properties can be made reliably only when the re source is evaluated within its historic context. The historic context serves as the framework within which the Na tional Register Criteria are applied to specific properties or property types. (See Pari V for a brief discussion of historic contexts. Detailed guidance for developing and applying historic contexts is contained in National Reg ister Bulletin: How to Complete the Na tional Register RegistraUon Form and National Register Bulletin: How to Com plete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form) The guidelines provided here are intended to help you understand the National Park Service's use of the Cri teria for Evaluation, historic contexts, integrity, and Criteria Considerations, and how they apply toproperlies un der consideration for listing in the National Register. Examples are pro vided throughout, illustrating specific circumstances in which properties are and are not eligible for the National Register. This bulletin should be used by anyone who is: • Preparing to nominate a property to the National Register, • Seeking a determination of a property's eligibility, • Evaluating the comparable sig nificance of a property to those listed in the National Register, or • Expecting to nominate a property as a National Historic Landmark in addition to nomina ting it to the National Register. This bunetin also contains a sum mary of the National HistoriC Land marks Criteria for Evaluation (see Pari IX). National Historic Land marks are those districts, sites, build" ings, structures, and objects desig" nated by the Secretary of the Interior as possessing national significance in American history, architecture, arche ology, engineering, and culture. Al though National Register documenta tion includes a recommendation about whether a property is signifi" cant at the local, State, or national level, the only official designation of national significance is as a result of National HistoriC Landmark designa tion by the Secretary of the Interior, National Monument designation by the President of the United States, or establishment as a unit of the National Park System by Congress. These properties are automatically listed in the National Register. II. THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION:3 The quality of significance in American history, architecture, arche ology, engineering, and culture is present in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects that possess in tegrity of location, design, setting, ma terials, workmanship, feeling, and as sociation, 'and: A. That are associated with events that have made a significant contribu tion to the broad patterns of our history; or B. That are associated with the lives of persons significant in our past; or C. That embody the distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of construction, or that represent the work of a master, or that possess high artistic values, or that represent a significant and distinguishable entity whose components may lack individual distinctioni or D. That have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS: Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, proper ties owned by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed his toric buildings, properties primarily tommemorative in nature, and prop erties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years shall not be considered eligible for the National Register. However, such properties will qitalify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet lhe criteria or if they fall within the following catego ries: a. A religiOUS property deriving primpry Significance from archilec tural or artistic distinction or hislorical importance; or b. A building or structure removed from its origin.llceation bul which is significant primarily for architec tural value, or which is the surviv ing structure most importantly associated with a historic person or event; or c. A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associated with his or her productive life; or d. A cemelery which derives its primary significance from graves 'of persons of transcendent impor tance, from age, from distinctive design features, or from association with historic even IS; or e. A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survivedi or f. A property primarily commemora tive in intent if design, age, tradi lion, or symbolic value hAS in vested it with its own exceptional significance; or g. A property achieving significance within the past 50 years if it is of exceptional importance. jThe Criteria for Evaluation IHe found in the Code of Ft'dl"'fil R~~~It1RljOlIS, Titlr :>6, ParI 6ft ;lIld (lfe reprinted here in full. 2 III. HOW TO USE THIS BULLETIN TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY For a property to qualify for the Nationaf Register it must meet one of the National Register Criteria for Evaluation by: • Being associated with an impor tant historic context and • Retaining historic integrity of those features necessary to con vey its significance, Information about the property based on physical examination and documentary research is necessary to evaluate a property's eligibility for the National Register, Evaluation of a property is most efficiently made when following this sequence: 1. Categorize the property (Part IV). A property must be classified as a district, site, building, structure, or object for inclusion in the National Register, 2. Determine which prehistoric or historic context(s) the property represen.ts (Part V), A property must possess significance in American history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture when evaluated within the historic context of >I relevant geographic area. 3, Determine whether the property is significant under the National Register Criteria (Part VI), This is done by identifying the links to important events or persons, design or construction features, or information potential that make the property important. 4, Determine if the property repre sents a type usually excluded from the National Register (Part VII). If so, determine if it meets any of the Criteria Consi<\erations. 5. Determine whether the properly retains integrity (Part VUl). Evaluate the aspects of location, deSign, setliflg, workmanship, ma terials, feeling, and association' that the property must retain to convey its historic Significance, If, after completing these steps, the property appears to qualify for the Na tional Register, the next step is topre· pare a written nomination. (Refer to National RegistliT Bulletin: How to Complele the National Register Registra tion Form.) \ I 3 IV. HOW TO DEFINE CATEGORIES OF HISTORIC PROPERTIES The National Reglsterof Historic Places includes significant properties, classified as "uildings, sites, districts, structures, or objects. It is not used to list intangible values, excepl in so far as they are associated with or re flected by historic properties. The Na tional Register does not list cultural events, or skilled or talented individu als, as is done in some countries, Rather, the National Register is ori ented to recognizing physlcall y con crete properties that are relatively fixed in location. For purposes of National Register nominations, slllall groups of proper ties are listed under a single category, using the primary resource. For ex ample, a city hall and fountain would be .categorized by the city hall (build ing), a farmhouse with two outbuild ings would be categorized by the farmhouse (building), and a city park with a gazebo would be categorized by the park (site). Properties with large acreage or a number of re sources are usually considered dis· tricts. Common sense and reason should dictate the selection of catego ries. BUILDING A building, such as a house, barn, ch urch, hotel, or similar construc tion, is created principally to sheller any form of human activity. "Build ing" may also be used to refer to a historically and functionally related unit, such as a courthouse and iail or a house and bam. Buildings eligible for the Nationa! Register must include all of their basic structural elements. Parts of build· ings, such as interiors/ facades, or wings. are not eligible independent of the resl of the existing building. The 4 whole building must be considered, and its significant features must be identified. If a building has lost any of its basic structural elements, it is usua Ily con sidered a Hruin" and is categorized .as a site. Ex","ples of buildings inchuJ.: administraiio/l blli/ding carriage house cllurell city or lown hall courthouse delaelled kilchen. barn, and privy dormitory {orl garage hotel hOLlse library mill building office building post office school social hall shed stobIe slore Iheater train slation STRUCTURE The term "structure'~ is used to distinguish from buildings those functional constructions made usu ally for purposes other than creating human shelter. Structures nominated to the National Regisler must include all 01 the extant basic structural elements. Parts of structures can not be consid ered eligible if the whole structure remains. For example. a truss bridge is composed of the metal or wooden truss, the abutments, and supporting piers, all of which, if extant, must be included when considering the property for eligibility. II a structure has lost its historic configuration or pattern of organiza tion through deterioration or demolj tion; it is usually considered a "'ruin" a nd is categOrized as a site. Examples of structures inclllde: aircraft apiary alltomobile bandstand boats and ships bridge cairn canal carousel corncrib dam eariliwork fence gazebo grain eleva/or highway irrigalion system kiln lighthouse railroad grade silo trolley car tunnel windmill OBJECT The term "object" is used to distinguish from b.uildinss and structures those constructions that ate primarily artistic in nature or are relatively small in scale and simply constructed. Although it may be, by nature or deSign, movable, an object is associated with a specific setting or environment. Small objects not designed for a specific location are normally not eligible .. Such works include trans portable sculpture, furniture, and other decorative arts that, unlike a fixed outdoor sculpture, do not possess association with a speCific place. Objects should be in a setting appropriate t6 their significant historic use, roles, or character. Objects relocaled to a museum are inappropriate for listing in the Na tional Register. Ex""'pfes of objects include: boundary mark"r founlai)! milepost monument scupture statuary SITE A site is the location of a signifi cant event, a prebistoric or historic occupation Or activity, or a building . or structure, whether standing, ruined, or vanished, where the location itself possesses historic, cultural, or archeological value regardless of the value of any exist ing structure. A site can possess associative significance Or information potential or both, and can be significant under any Or all of the four criteria. A site need not be marked by physical remains if it is the location of a prehistoric or historic .event or pattern of events and if no buildings, struc tures, or objects marked it at the time of the events. However, when the location of a prehistoric or historic event cannot be conclusively deter mined because no other cultural materials were present or survive, documentation must be carefully evaluated to determine whether the traditionally recognized or identified site is accurate. A site may be a natural landmark strongly associated with significant prehistoric or historic events or patterns of events, if the significance of the natural feature is well docu mented through scholarly research. Generally, though, the National Register excludes from the defini lion of "site" natural waterways or bodies of water that served as determinants in the location ·of communities or were significant in the locality's subsequent economic development. While they may have been "avenues of exploration," the features most appropriate to document this signifi cance are the properties built in association with the waterways. Examples of sites I"clude: balflefie1d campsite cemeteries significant for information pote"tial or historic associal ion ceremonial site designed landscape !rabitalion site natllral feature (such as a rock formation) having cultural significance petroglyph rock cq.rtJing rock shelter ruins of a building or structure shipwreck trail vii/age site DISTRICT Adi,trict possesses a significant concentration, linkage, or continuity of sites, buildinss, structures, or objects united historically·or aes thetically by plan Or physical devel opment. CONCENTRATION, LINKAGE, &; CONTINUITY OF FEATURES A district derives its importance from being a unified entity, even though it is often composed of a wide variety of resources. The identity of a district results from the interrelation ship of its resources, which can convey a visual sense of Ihe overall historic environment or be an ar rilngement of historically or illnction al.ly ,:"Jated properties. For "xample, a d Istnct can reflect one principal activity, such as a mill Or a ranch, or it can encompass several interrelated activities, such as an area that in cludes industrial, residential. or commercial buildings, sites, struc tures, or objects. A district can also be a grouping of archeological sites related primarily by their common components; these types of districts often will not visually represent a specific historic environment. SIGNIFICANCE A district must be significilnt, as well as b.eing an identifiable entity. It must be Important for hIstorical architectural, archeological. engineer ing, or cultural values. Therefore, districts thai are significa nl will usually meet the last portion of Criterion C plus Criterion A, Criterion B, other portions of Criterion C or Criterion D. TYPES OFFEATURES A district can comprise both features that lack individual distinc. tion and individually distinctive features that serve as focal points. It may even be considered eligible if all of the components lack individual distinction, provided that the group ing achieves significance as a whole within its historic context. In either case, the majority of the components that add to the district's historic cha,acter, even if they are individu ally u~distinguished, must possess mtegnty, as must the district as a whole. A district can contain buildings, structures, sites, objects, or open spaces that do not contribute to the significance of the district. The nu~b~r of noncontribUting properties a d,stnct can contain yet still convey its sense of time and place and historical development depends on how these properties affect the district's integrity. In archeologicaf districts, the primary factor to be considered is the effect of any distur bances on the information potential of the district as a whole. 5 QISC0NTIGl{Ol!S DISTRICTS A i&WdIJ tI!!U<illy a a\n~seo gtAl'W~l\~~f ¢&tllIRl,I~·" .. wtil: :!,r(.'l~; howeYer~ a .dllltrict can al&j ~~FBed of't.wo olUlate .. u .... "t..'''',1ii~ . ft.' "'.' tila' ,51! ar~" """,,..,,,,,.. . g",,, a . .~ p. 11_ i?1noU$lQAi.llt 1I1Jlll9. A dtlllJ0ntlguous district is most appro priatewnereJ .. BI_tJ:lll! 1\~m1~tt\lJ1y Illlla~) .. ~~bIItW~\tIe"'~l¥rents.js .ntit·rehltell to'lhe 'SIgnificance of the dlatrillt/ and • VIllual ~tylJ>not II fa!ltot . ~~~¢I!l.lte. IU adam~, .11 ~r_h:;m be treated a&;a.diSOJIIIJIu_4Is.trktwbl!n the ~~ro caI'l6Ji1t11'6f;@l)«mad!llllt!!lIlin\$ iif~int .. ~. ~lh l)e(1!/Oni GE >river, ~JlCllttered a : . . " ,Ii . . 'td:IJ~!e .wMJIi_·Qposlta 1II'1Uelatild to sach ot~ ~'b eldbuah£tilllltfQn, ~~tiJ'~fJf;lIl1t~. V. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT UNDERSTANDING HISTORIC CONTEXTS To qualify for the National Regis> ter, a property must be significant; that is, it must represent a significant part of the history, architecture, archeology, engineering, or culture of an area, and it must have tha charac teristics that make it a good represen tative of properties associated with that aSpect of the past. This section explains how to evaluate a property within its historic context.' The Significance of a historic property can be judged and explained only when it is evaluated within its historic context. Historic contexts are those patterns or trends in history by which a specific occurrence, property, or site is understood and its meaning (and ultimately its significance) within history or prehistory is made dear. Historians, architectural historians, folklorists, archeologists, and anthropologists use different words to describe this phenomena such as trend, pattern, theme, or cultural affiliation, but ultimately the concept is the same, The concept of historic context is not a new one; it has been fundamen tal to the stud y of history since the 18th century and, arguably, earlier than that. Its core premise. is that resources, properties, or happenings in history do not occur in a vacuum but rather are part of larger trends or patterns . In order to decide whether a property is significant within its historic context, the following five things must be'delermined: • The facet of prehistory or history of the local area, Stale, or the na tion tbat the property represents; • Whether that facet of prehistory or history is Significant; • Whether it is a type of property that has relevance and impor tance in illustrating the historic context; • How the property illustrates that history; and finally • .Whether the property possesses the physical features necessary to convey the aspect of prehistory or history with which it is associ ated, These five steps are discussed in detail below, If the property being evaluated does represent an impor tant aspect of the area's history or prehistory and possesses the requisite quality of integrity, then it qualifies for the National Register. HOW TO EVALUATE A PROPERTY WITHIN ITS HISTORIC CONTEXT Identify what the property repre sents: the theme(s), geographical limits, and chronological period that provide a perspective from which to evaluale the property's Significance. Historic contexts are historical patterns.that can be identified through consideralion of the history of the property and the history of the sur rounding area, Historic contexts may have already been defined in your area by the State historic preservation office, Federal agenciesror local governments. In accordance with the National RegiS ter Criteria, the historic context may relate to One of the following: • An eventl a series of events or ac tivities, or patterns of an area's de velopment (Criterion A); • Association with the life of an im portant person (Criterion B); • A building form, architectural style, engineering technique, or artistic values, based on a stage of physical development, or the use of a mate rial or method of construction thai shaped the historic identity of an area (Criterion C); Or • A research topic (Criterion 0). .. For a complete discussion of historic contexts, see NatioJla! Register Bilf/l'till: G!lidelilws lor Compfrtillg Nalional Register of Hislaric Places Rl.'slstmtioll Forms. 7 Determine ho.w the theme of the context is significant in the histo.ry o.f the local area, the State, o.r the nation. A theme is a means of organizing properties into coherent patterns based Dn elements such as envirDn- . ment, so.cial/ethnic grDups, transPo.r tation networks, technology,o.r political developments that have influenced the development ef an area during ene er more perieds ef prehis tory or history. A theme is considered significant if it can be demonstrated, through scholarly research, to. be important in American history .. Many significant themes can be found in the following list of Areas of Significance used by the National Register. AREAS OF SIGNIFICANCE Agriculture Architecture' Archeology Prehistoric Historic-Aboriginal Historic-No>l-Aboriginal Art Commerce Communicatio>ls Community Planning and Development Conservation Economics Education Engineering Entertainment/Recreation Ethnic Heritage Asian Black European Hispanic Native American Pacific Islander Other Exploration/Settlement Health/Medicine Industry Invention Landscape Architecture Law Literature Maritime History Military Performing Arts Philosophy Pol itics/Governnrell t Religion Science Social History Transportation Other 8 Determine what the property type is and whether It is important in Illustrating the'historic context. A context rna y be represented by a variety of important property types. For example, the context ef "Civil War Military Activity in Northern Virginia" might be represented by such properties as: a group of mid- 19th.century fortification structures; an open field where a battle occurred; a knoll from which a general directed troop movements; a sunken transport ship; the residences er public build ings that served as company head quarters; a railroad bridge that served as a focal point for a battle; and earthworks exhibiting particular construction techniques. Because a historic context for a community can be based on a distinct period of development, it might include numerous property types. For example, the context "Era of Industrialization in Grand Bay. Michigan, 1875 -1900" could be represented by important property types as diverse as sawmills, paper mill sites, salt refining plants, flour mills, grain elevators, furniture factories, workers hOUSing, commer cial buildings, social halls, schools. churches. and transportation facilities. A historic context can also be based on a Single important type of prop erty. The context "Development of County Government in Georgia, 1717 -1861" might be represented solely by courthouses. Similarly. "Bridge Construction in Pittsburgh, 1870 -1920" would probably only have one property type. Determine haw the property represents the context through specific historic aSSOciations, archi tectural Or engineering values, Or information potential HheCrlteria for Evaluation). For example, the context of county government expansion is represented under Criterion A by historic districts or buildings that reflect popUlation growth, development, patterns, the role'of gevernment in that sodety, and political events in the history of the State, as well as the impact of county government on the physical development of county seats. Under Criterion C, the context is represented by properties whose architectural tteatments reflect their governmental functions, both practically and symbolically. (See Part VI: How to . ldetllify /I.e Type of Significance of a Proper/y.) . Determine what phYSical features the property must possess in order for it to reflect the significance of the historic context. These physical features can be determined after identifying the following: • Which types of properties are as sociated with the historic context. • The wa ys in which properties Ca n represent the theme, and • The applicable aspects of integ rity. Properties that have the defined characteristics are eligible for listing. (See Pari vm: How /0 Evaluate the Integrity of a Property.) PROPERTIES SIGNIFICANT WITHIN MORE THAN ONE HISTORIC CONTEXT A specific property can be signifi cant within one or more historic contexts, and, if pOSSible, all of these should be identified. For example, a public building constructed in the 18305 that is related to the historic context of Civil War campaigns in the area might also be related to the theme of political developments in the community during the 188Os. A property is onlv required, however. to be documented as significant in one context. COMPARING RELATED PROPERTIES Properties listed in the National Register must possess significance when evaluated in the perspective of their historic context. Once the historic context is established and the property type is determined, it is not necessary to evaluate the property in question against other properties If: • It is the sole example of a prop erty type that is important in il ·luslrating the historic context Or • It clearly possesses the defined characteristics required to strongly represent the context. If these two conditions do not apply, then the propertywill have to be evaluated agilinst olher examples of the property type to determine its eJjgibility. The geographic level (local, Stale, or national) at which this evaluation is made is the same as the level of the historic context. (See Part V: How 10 Evaluate a Properly Within Its His/aric Context.) LOCAL, STATE, AND NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Historic.contexts are found at a variety of geographical levels or scales. The geographic scale selected may relate to a pattern of historical development, a political division, or a cultural area. Regardless of the scale, the historic context establishes the framework from which decisions about the significance of related properties can be made. LOCAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS A local historic context represents an aspect of the history of a town, dty, county, cultural area, or region, or any portions thereof. lt is defined by the importance of the property, not necessarily the physical location of the property. For instance, if a property is of a type found throughout a State, or its boundaries extend over two States, but its importance relates only to a particular county, the property would be considered of local signifi cance, The level of context of archeologi cal sites significant for their informa tionpotential depends on the scope of the applicable research design .. For example, a Late Mississippia n village site may yield information in a research design concerning one settlement system on a regional scale, while in another research design it may reveal information of local importance concerning a single group's stone tool manufacturing techniques or house forms. It is a question of how the available infor mation potential is likely to be used. STATE HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properlies are evaluated in a State context when they represent an aspect of the history of the State as a whole (or American Samoa, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, Guam, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands). These properties do not necessarily have to belong to property types found throughout the entire State: they can be located in only a portion of the State's present political bound ary. 1I1s the property's historic context that must be important statewide. For example, the "cotton belt" extends through only a portion of Georgia, yet its historical develop ment in the antebellum period af fected the entire State. These State historic contexts may have associated properties thM are statewide Or locally Significant representations. A cotton gin in a small town might be a locally, significant representa tion of this context, While One of the largest cotton producing plantations might be of State significance. A properly whose historic associa lions or information potential appears to extend beyond a single local area might be significant at the State level. A property can be significant to more than one community or local area, however, without having achieved State significance. A property that overlaps several State boundaries can possibly be significant to the State Or local history of each of the States. Such a property is not necessarily of nationalsignifi. cance, however, nor is it necessarily significant to all of the States in which it is located. Prehistoric sites are not often conSidered to have "State" signifi cance, per se, largely because States are relatively recent political entities and usually do not correspond closely to Native American political territo ries or cultural areas. Numerous sites, however, may be of significance to a large region that might geographi cally encompass parts of one, Or usually several, States. Prehistoric resources that might be of State Significance include regional sites that provide a diagnostic assemblage of artifacts for a particular cultural group or time period or that provide chronological control (specific dates or relative order in time) for a series of cullural groups. 9 NATIONAL HISTORIC CONTEXTS Properties are evaluated in a national ~ontext when they represent an aspect of the history of the United States and its territories as a whole. These national historic contexts may have associated properties that are locally or slatewide significant representations, as well as those of national significance. Properties designated as nationaUy signif!cant and listed in the National Register are the prehistoric and historic units of the National Park System and those pr~perties.that. have been designated Nahonal HIStone Landmarks. The National Historic Landmark criteria are the standards for nationally significant properties; they are focind in the Code of Federal 10 Regulations, Title 36, Part 65 and are summarized in this bulletin in Part IX: Summary ofNaliona/ Historic Land- marks Criteria for EVII/Wltion. . A property with national signifi cance helps us understand the history of the nation by illustrating the nationwide impact of events or persons associated with the property, ils architectural type or style, or information potentiaL It must be of exceptional value in representing or illustrating an important theme in the ·history of the nation. . Nationally significant properties do not necessarily have to belong to a property type found throughout th~ .... entire country: they can be located m only a portion of the present political boundaries. It is \heir historic context that must be important nationwide, For example, the American Civil. War was fought in only a portion of the United States, yet its impact was nationwide. The site of a small military skirmish might be a locally significant representation of this . national context,while the capture of the State's largest city might be a stateWide significant representation of the national context. When evaluating properties at the national level for designation as a . National Historic Landmark, please refer to the National Histork Land· marks ol!tline, History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the Nationa1 Historic Landmarks Program 1987. (For mOre information about the National Historic Landmarks program, please write to the Depart ment of the Interior, National Park SerVice, National Historic Land marks, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400, Washington, DC 20240.) VI. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE TYPE OF SIGNIFICANCE OF A PROPERTY INTRODUCTION When evaluated within its historic context, 0 property must be shown to be significant for one <" more of Ihe four Criteria for Evaluation -A, B, C, or D (listed earlier in PartllJ. The Criteria describe how properties are signifi cant for their association withimpor tant events Or persons, for their importance in design or construction, or for their information potential. The basis for judging a property's significance and, ultimately, its eligibility under the Criteria is Iristoric con/exl. The use of historic context allows a property to be properly evaluated in a nearly infinite number of capacities. For instance, Criterion C: Design/Construction can accom modate properties representing construction types that are unusual or widely practiced, that are innovative or traditional, that are "high style" or vernacular, tho t are the work of a famous architect or an unknown master craftsman. TlIe key to de/ermin ing whether the characterislics or associa /ions of a partiCHlnr property are signifi can/ is /0 consider tile property wit"in i/s historic cOil/ext. Alter identifying the ·relevant historic context(s) with which the property is associated, the four Criteria are applied to the property. Within the scope of the historic context, the National Register Criteria define the kind 01 significance that the properties represent. For example, within the context of "19th Century Gunpowder Produc tion in the Brandywine Valley," Criterion A would apply to those properties associated with important events in the founding and develop ment 01 the industry. Criterion B would apply to those properties associated with persons who are significant in the founding of the industry or associated with important inventio l1s related to gunpowder manufacturing. Criterion C would apply to those buildings, structures, o.r objects whose architectural form or style reflect important design qualities integral to the industry. And Crite rion D would apply to properties that can convey information important in our understanding of this industrial process. If a preperty guallfies under more than one of the Criteria, its Significance under each should be considered, if possible, in order to identify all aspects of its historical value. NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION' The Natienal Register Criteria recognize different types of values embodied in districts, sites, buildings, structures, and objects. These values fan into the following categories: Associative value (Criteria A and B): Properties significant for their association or linkage to events (Criterion A) or persons (Criterien B) impertant in the past. Design or Construction value (Criterion 0: Properties significant as representatives of the manmade expression of culture or teChnology. Information value (Criterion D): Properties significant for their ability to yield important information about prehistory er history. ·FOT i'I comple!e llstlng or the Crlh .. 'yj", for Evaluation, refer 10 Part II of this bulletin, 11 CRITERION A: EVENT Properties can be eligible for the National Register if they are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history. UNDERSTANDING CRITERION A: EVENT To be considered for listing under Criterion A, a property must be associated with one or more events important in the defined historic context. Criterion A recognizes properties associated with single events, such as the founding of a town, or with a pattern of events, repeated activities, or historic trends, such as the gradual rise of a port city's prominence in trade and commerce. The event or trends, however, must clearly be important within the associated context: settlement, in the case 0 I the town, or development of a maritime economy, in the Case of the port city. Moreover, the property must have an important association with the event or historic trends, and it must retain historic integrity. (See Pari V: How to Eva/llate a Property Within its Historic Context.) Several steps are involved in determining whether a property is significant lor its associative values: 12 • Determine the nature and origin ofthe property, • Identify the historic context with which it is associated, and • Evaluate the property's history to determine whether it is associ ated with the historic context in any important way. APPLYING CRITERION A: EVENT TYPES OF EVENTS A property can be associated with either (or both) of two types of events: • A specific event marking an im portant moment in American pre history or history and • A paltern of events or a historic trend that made a significant con tribution to the development of a community, a State, or the nation. Refer to the sidebar on the right for a list of specific examples. ASSOCIATION OF THE PROPERTY WITH THE EVENTS The property you are evaluating must be documented, through ac cepted means of historical or archeo logical research (including oral history), to have existed at the time of the event or pattern of events and to have been associated with those events. A property is not eligible if its associations are speculative. For archeological sites, well reasoned inferences drawn from data recovered at the site can be used to establish the association between the site and the events. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE ASSOCIATION Mere association with historic events or trends is not enough, in and of itself, to qualify under Criterion A: the property's specific association must be considered important as well. For example, a building historically in commercial use must be shown to have been significant in commercial history. EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH EVENTS Properties associated wilh specific events: • The site of a bailie. • Ti,e building in which an important inventioll was devetoped. • A foc/ory district where a significant strike occlirred. • All archeological site at whicll a ma jor new aspect of prehistory was dis covered, sl/ell as t Ite first evidence of IIIall a lid extinct Pleistocene animals being cOlltemporarleous. • A site where an importanl facet of European exploration occurred. Properties associated Wit/I a pattern of events: • A trail associated willI western mi gmUon. • A railroad station tilat served as the . fOClis of a community's transporta tion system and commerce. • A mill district reflecting the impor tance of textile manufacturing dur ing a given period. • A building Iised by an important 10- m/ social organization. • A site wllere prehistoric Na tive Americalls annually gathered for seasonally available resources and for social inleraction. • A dOU'ntown district representing a town's growth as tile commercial fo cus of tne surrou·nding agricultural area. TRAotnoNA1. CUt:ltlRA.L VALUES 13 ·ca·" ·;1"1("£; , ·R1'··O·'· . 'N; ,'" B' "., """·'10'/' ·N'·· .. '.' " .. ' .... ' .. ' ........ '.'. ',' :. " rmA> ". '. Proputl_ maY'fte6plliemr tltalllatiDlll1ke&laIer Ii the" anias:.m!llmd ~.tltdiYI/SJ)fp.et!llIn&sll/l1'lifit'ant in our paiiti- • tl1l1hllmeoJ an ,~porllWt mllrchun f .ot1libur 1811ilef, • The ,'Stm1i& of USIgn/flCflnl art/Sf, • Tlurlmsiness4eudq'Uarlrm of an im 'permit! i)Ji/u!iIt1uu!a(. . -! .'\ .. ·'For further informati:on 9f\ properties eligjble under Criterion S, refer wNationa{ RCS,'$ter Bulie-tiJl: GlddeJiucs Jor EVll/lUlli"g-and DCicutm:nting Propertie$ Assol'ii:"ed with Sign;fictmf Per$otu. ]4 APPLYING CRITERION B: PERSON SIGNIFICANCE OF THE INDIVIDUAL The persons assodated with the property must be individually signifi Cil nt within a historic context. A property is not eligible jf its only justification for significance is that it was owned or used by a person who is a member of an identifiable profes sion, class, or social or ethnic group. It must be shown that the person gained importance within his or her profession or group. Eligible • The residence of a doctor, a mayor, or a merchant is eli gible under Criter.ion B if the person was significant in the field of medidmi, politics, or commerce, respectively. Not Eligible • A property is not eligible un der Criterion B if it is associ ated with an individual about whom no scholarly judgement can be made because either re search has not revealed spe dfic information about the person's activities and their impact, or there is insufficient perspeclive 10 determine whether those activities or contributions were historically important. ASSOCIATION WIlli THE PROPERTY Properties eligible under Criterion B are usually those associated with a person's productive life, reflecting the time period when he Or she ac hieved Significance. In some instances this may be the person's home; in other cases, a person's business .. office, laboralory, or studio may best repre sent his or her contribution. Proper ties thatpre-or post-date an individual's significant accomplish ments.are usually not eligible. (See COll/parison 10 Related Properties, below, for exceptions to this rule.) The individual's assodation with the property must be documented by accepted methods of historical or archeological research, induding written or oral history. Speculative associations are not acceptable. For archeological sites, well reasoned inferences drawn from data recovered at the site are acceptable. COMPARISON TO RELATED PROPERTIES Each property associated wi.th an important indiVidual should be compared to other associated proper ties to identify Ihose that best repre sent the person's historic contribu tions. The best representatives usually are properties associated with the person's adult or productive life. Properties associated with an individual's formative Or later years may alSo qualify if it can be demon strated that the person's activities during this period were historically significa nt or if no properties from the person's productive years survives. Length of association is an imporlant factor when assessing several proper ties with similar assodations. A community or State may contain several properties eligible for assoda tions with thE! same important person, if each represents a different aspect of the person's.productive life. A property can also be eligible if it has brief but consequential associations with an important individual. (Such associations are often related to specific events that occurred at the property and, therefore, it may also be eligible under Criterion A) ASSOCIA TlON WITH GROUPS For properties associated with several community leaders or with a prominent family, it is necessary to identify specific individuals and to explain their Significant accomplish ments. Eligible • A residential districl in which a large number of prominent·or inlluential merchants, profes sionals, civic leaders, politi cians, etc., lived will be eligible under Criterion B if the signifi cance of one or more specific individual residents is expliC itly justified. • A building that served as the seat of an important family is eligible under Criterion B if the significant accomplishments of one or more individual family members is explicitly justilied. Not Eligible • A residential district in which a large number of influential per sons lived is not eligible uncler Criterion B if the accomplish ments of a specific indivi duaJ(s) cannot be documented. If the significance of the district rests in the cumulative impor tance of prominent reSidents, however, then the district might still be eligible under Criterion A. Eligibility, in this case, would be based on the broad pattern of community development, through which the neighborhood evolved into the primary residential <lrea for this class of citizens. • A building that served as the seat of an important family will not be eligible under Criterion B if the significant accomplish ments of individual family members cannot be docu mented. In cases where a suc cession of family members have lived in a house and col lectively have had a demon strably significant impact on the community, as a family, the house is more likely 10 be sig nificant under Criterion A for association with a pattern of events, 15 ASSOCIATION WITH LIVING PERSONS Properties associated with living persons are usually not eligible for inclusion in the National Register. Sufficient time must have elapsed to aSsess both the person's field of endeavor and his/her conlril:iution to that field. Generally, the person's active participation in the endeavor must be finished for this historic perspective to emerge. (See Criteria Considerations C and G in Pari Vll: How to Apply the Criteria Consider ations.) ASSOCIATION WITH ARCHITECTS/AR;'nSANS Architects, artisans, artists, and engineers are often represented by their works, which are eligible under Criterion C. Their homes and studios, however, can be eligible for consider ation under Criterion B, because these usually are the properties with which they are most personally associated. NATIVE AMERICAN SITES . Th~ known ~ajor Villages of , mdlvldualNahve Americans who were important during the contact period or later can qualify under Criterion B. As with all Criterion B properties, the individual associated with the property must have made some specific important contributlon to history., Examples include sites significantly associated with Chief Joseph and Geronimo! r For more-information, refer to Nutionol R,'gi5f('r 811/{{'lill: C"idt'lilit'S for Em/uating find D1X/l1Ilt'lIfillg TradiJiotJo} Cullllra/ Propcrtit's. 16 ; C· . D'I'TERION' C ...• '-.t. .................. ' .'.: .. . DESIGN/CONSTRUCTION ilNDll..STANDING CBlTBBION C: 'l:JBSlGNI CONSTRUCTION . 'n1i~.~n 'IIP1Ol!/lIll'O p~p<!l'ties lIignlfi!!aIlI'fortllli!fr'pb)TSitlll design or !JQUlIID:!ctlon,,'\nctudIn1l5u.ch elements Ill\ ~re, land~(I3pe ilr4.hllllc ~ (\t'igb:~J:I"S, and arlWgdt. To be ~ple .under Criterion C, II pIoperty muSt rnee!alleasl on~ of Ine following requirernenla: • Embody distinctive characteris tice of a type, period, or method of cons.lructlon. • Represent the work of a master. • POS$e5S high artislic value. ·.R~erlI a slgniftl:ant and dis till.lJllisha'tile enfity'Wl\Q$e 1Wm ~I.$.l'l\liy tltflk \ndi~\'1'l1 dis fin<ll'loll. ,. The first fe!iub;ement,that .pr.oper l"~ '''lI'rIII>odytbe distlMUv~~l1r!ta",. t;n1j~tic. of " ~ ,mod,ormethod £If consll'ulltlont" 1'e£e1'9>1o Ure way In . ~i¢h I!lfJ:!plit'Y was co.m:e.I~, d~~$ ,f>' ia'totlCl\ted \!y .. ~ple or lJUltune ItlpaS.t periods ofltislory. "ThlitWOl'k f)fa master" ferer, 10 the tilcllni.!:lil ~r 1Il!$lh'~c !ld'lI.evE!A\en,ts of MlI~MtectorCNalll\1al'l. "Hi$h It:tis'tii:: v.aluEIII': wncernatheex(lre9- /ljl);fI 01 ae&tlie!i.c'ii:leall>OT preflmmees ~I'IXI ilppUH .j .. ~~ adlle'il'~m~nt. R_mas "thai tepIesem .. slgnif. cantllml dlstin.8Uisltabll! en!lty Whos. <W!l!Ipone.n1s 1t'IlIr.llld: indiyid.t.lal dis Im~lion" Me cal ad "districts." In tm Crileriafor Evalua!lon (as published In .the Code of Federal Regulations and reprinted here in Part ill, districts are (iM/it Jlamlc,: s-e, /1ai»Qiclmt,y, Y~rk~~~t,.~JlP$ . ~~'lIil1~ 4i'tJ$dt> t1IIril.elt(~1 Crltm'irmC thr.eJlghtfte lXprJfSil1n at fles!hefil: Illeals 11I'p"efr.rt!ntes .. The Crant PRfflillla~#IIII, ~ ~. F~"al $lyle rMId~~, 1$ $/gn\li.allf for'llS temaik4.bly 'W1I1I.prli~eroed $tendle4 WIllI aecoratroe treatment in Ihe en1ryhatl and parlof. Pamt"d !lynn unk>lOWiI alliat ca. 1825, lliis!s n fine eXIIlI/ple of 19th cenl"1iI New Ens/and regicmal artlS/ie e~res5ion, (Phelo by Kirk F. Mohney). 17 EXAMPLES OF PROPERTIES ASSOCIATED WITH DESIGN! CONSTRUCTION Properties associated with design and cOils/ruction: o A house or commercia' building rep resenting a significant style of arelli tee/lire. o A designed park or gardeu associated with a particular landscape design philosophy. • A lIIouie IheateT embodying high ar UsUc vallie in its decorative feat liTes. • A bridge or dam representing tecllllO' . logical advances. APPLYING CRITERION C: DESIGN! CONSTRUCTION DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF TYPE, PERIOD, AND METHOD OF CONSTRUCTION This is the portion of Criterion C under which most properties are eligible, for it encompasses all archi· tectural styles and construction practices. To be eligible under this portion of the Criterion, a property must dearly illustrate, through "distinctive characteristics," the following: 18 • The pattern of features common to a particular class of resources, • The individuality or variation of features that occurs within the class, • The evolution of that class, or • The tr.ansi tion between classes of resources. Distinctive Characteristics: "Dis tinctive characteristics" are the physi cal features or traits that commonly recur in individual types, periods, or methods of construction. To be eligible, a property must clearly contain enough of those characteristics to be considered a true representative of a particular type, period, or method of construction. Characteristics can be expressed in terms such as form, proportion, struc ture, plan, style, or materials. They can be general, referring to ideas of design and construction such as basic plan or form, or they can be specific, referring to precise ways of combining particular kinds of matedals. ----~ Eligible oA building eligible under the theme of Gothic Revival archi· tecture mUst have the distinc tive characteristics that make up the vertical and picturesque qualities of the style, such as pOinted gables, steep roof pitch, board and batten siding, and ornamental bargeboard and veranda trim. o A late Mississippian village that illustrates the important concepts in prehistoric community design and plan ning will qualify. • A designed historic landscape will qualify if it reflects a his toric trend or school of theory and practice, such as the City Beautiful Movement, evidenc ingdistinguished deSign, lay· out, and the work of skilled craftsmanship. Not Eligible • A commercial building with some Art Deco detailing is not eligible under Criterion C if the detailing was added merely as an afterthought, rather than fully integrated with overall lines and massing typical of the Art Deco style or the trans.ition between that and another style. • A designed landscape that has had major changes to its his toric deSign, vegetation, origi nal boundary, topography I grading, architectural features, and circulation system will not qualify. Type, Period, and Method of Construction: "Type, period, or method of construction" refers to the way certain properties are related to one another by cultural tradition or function, by dates of construction or style, or by choice or availability of materials and technology. A structure is eligible as a speci men of its type or period of construc tion if it is an important example (within its context) of building practices of a particular time in history. For properties that represent the variation, evolution, or transition of construction types, it must be demonstrated that the variation, etc., waS an important phase of the archi tectura! development of the area or community in that it had an impact as evidenced by later bUildings. A property is not eligible, however, simply because it has been identified as the only such property ever fabri cated; it must be demonstrated to be significant as well. Eligible • A building that has some char acteristics of the Romanesque Revival style and some charac· teristics of the Commercial style can qualify if it illustrates the transition of architectural design and the transition itsel{ is considered an important ar chitectural development. • A Hopewellian mound, if it is an important example of mound building construction techniques, would qualify as a method or type of construc tion. • A building which illustrates the early or the developing technology of particular structural systems, such as skeletal steel framing, is eli~ gible as an example of a particular method of construe,. tion. tllill'mJf iHD:fBAlr AtilUvlflewJ~filSty. m. am, Cau»il1, A.'IliIlmua •. EXamplJ$!If 1111W(1.~I/ir 'IV~ f/! (Jr(!&IJcl:tt!/1I ~D~ITWIlifI1'ItIlllErcm,,:1l1nC. BullJ~ .. 1818. she Ii:wI'Ui'Jr H~"slll$. slH:fUj'II$tlt~f PO$~tbi$t lhe .!ftlltt"$ Illa"tq;lI1!1t JWII"~tory lJ~gh'j,1 type of dwel11ng .. ''1Jh~ dllftlli'ngIlJ1llIl.;j~tm' 1J/J~1II1ge. o!1lil1tflialt1]t '!/IllS II regllmltl bllilding respqnsc /0 the south61'll ~limate. (Ph%hy Ctlrotyn Scolf). 19 WORKS OF A MASTER A master is a figure of generally recognized greatness in a field, a known craftsman of consummate. skill, or an anenymQus craftsman whose work is distinguishable from others by its characteristic style and quality, The property must express a particular phase in the development of the master's career, an aspect of his or her work, or a particular idea or theme in'his or.her craft. . A property is not eligible as the work of a master, however, simply because it was designed by a promi nent architect. For example, not every build ing designed by FrankLloyd Wright is eligible under this portion of Criterion C, although it might meet other portions of the Criterion, for instance asa representative of the Prairie style. The work of an unidentified craftsman is eligible if it rises above the level of workmanship of the other properties encompassed by the historic context. 20 PROPERTIES POSSESSING HIGH AitTISTIC V AWES High artistic values may be ex-. pressedjnll\any ways, incl~ding . areas as diverse as COmmUnIty des'gn or 'plartning, engineering. and sculp ture. A property is eUgible fnrHs high artistic vidues if it so fully arti~ulates a particular concept of design that it expresses a.n. a.!(sthetic ideal. A property is not eligible, however; if it does not express aesthetic ideals or design contepts more· fully than other properties of its type. Eligible • A SCUlpture in a town square that "pitomil'es the design prindples of the Art Deco style is eligible. • A building that is a classic ex preSSion of the design theories of the Craftsman' Style, such as carefully detailed handwork, is eligible. • A landscaped park that syn thesizes early 20th century principles of landscape archi tecture and expresses an aes thetic ideal of environment Can be eligible. • Properties that are important representatives of the aesthetic values of a cultural group, suchaspetroglyphs and . :ground. drawings by Native Americans, are e!igible~ Not Eligible .• A sctHpture in a town square thans a typical example of sculpture design during its pe riod WO!lld not qualify for high artistic value, although it might be eligible if it were Sig nificant for other reasons. • A building that is a modest ex ample (within its historic con text) of the Craftsman Style of architecture, or a landscaped park that is characteristic of turn of the century landscape design would not qualify for high artistic value. A Significant ~nd l)istinglJi6haple EnHty Who~e COll)Pol'lents May Lack Individual Distinclioll. Thispor\iol) of Criterion C refers to districts. For detailed information on distriCts, tefer to P~rt IV of this bulletin. . CRITERION D: INFORMATION POTENTIAL Properties may be eligible for Ihe National Register if they have yielded, or may be likely to yield, information im- portant in prehistory or history. . UNDERSTANDING CRITERION D: INFORMATION POTENTIAL Certain important research ques tions about human history can only be answered by the actual physical material of cultural resources. Crite rion 0 encompasses the properties that have the potential to answer, in whole or in part, those types of research questions. The most com man. type of property nominated under this Criterion is the archeologi cal site (or a district comprised of archeological sites). Buildings, objects, a nd structures (or districts comprised of these property types), however, can also be eligible for their information potential. Criterion D has two requirements, which must bolh be met for a property to qualify: • The property must have, or have had, information to contribute to our understanding of human his tory or prehistory, and • The information must be consid ered important. Under the first of these require ments, a property is eligible if it has been used as a source of data and contains more, as yet unretrieved data. A property is also eligible if it has not yet yielded information but, through testing or research, is deter mined II likely source of data. Under the second requirement, the information must be carefully evalu ated within an appropriate context to determine its importance. Informa tion is considered "important" when it is shown to have a significant bearing on a research design that addresses such areas as' l) current data gaps or alternative theories tnat challenge eXisting ones or 2) priority areas identified under a State or Federal agency management plan. APPLYING CRITERION D: INFORMATION POTENTIAL ARCHEOLOGICAL SITES Criterion D most commonly applies to'properties that contain or are likely to contain information bearing on an important archeological research question. The property must have characteristics suggesting the likelihood that it possesses configura tions of artifacts, soil strata, structural remains, or other natural or cultural features that make it possible to do the following: • Test II hypotheSis or hypotheses about events, groups, or pro cesses in the past that bear on im portant research questions in the sodal or natural sciences or the humanities; or • Corroborate Or amplify currently available information suggesting that a hypothesis is either true or false; or • Reconstruct the sequence of ar cheological cultures for the pur pose of identifying and explain ing continuities and discontinu ities in the archeological record for a particular area. . BUILDINGS, STRUCTURES, ANDOBJECI'S While most often applied to archeological districts and sites, Criterion D can also apply to build ings, structures, and Objects that contain important informa lion. In order for these types of properties 10 be eligible under Criterion D, they themselves must be, or must have been, the principal source of the important information. Eligible • A building exhibiting a local variation on n standard design or construction technique can be eligible if study could yield important information, such as how local availability of mate rials or construction expertise affected the evolution of local building development. Nol Eligible • The ruins of a haciend a once contained murals/hat have since been destroyed. Histori cal documentation, however, indicates that the murals were significant for their highly un usual design. The ruins can not be eligible under Criterion D for the importance of the de stroyed murals if the informa tion is contained only in the documentation. 21 ASSOClATIONWIUl BUM"-)l ACl1VITY 22 ESTAlJUSHlNG A HISTORIC CONtIXl' ~ infOffi13fil'll,\ tbIIllipropetty yleids,.tit' wiD ~, mUst be /lvalu- a .•• t.iI!!' wlthin)ilnappl'Op:jatehi$tI:>rJ~ ,¢Qn~ Th\$ Wlll@l\Ill!l\ilNUlt1l\g the llod:rUflnfllrmllfioo.alteady ~1~tq:&om",lmttat'.properttes or «bef p.Ml~ ~I'$l~ In~ll1g modern lIrui histor!cw.riltel'l<reoords. th.litxeseal'clter must 1!e able to ;<\f.tfi(Sp!11d1ilM MWtl\iil PQte~lIAl ,inti>1tlfatlOJl Will iafftilf tbtIdefinlfi!i)11 oftileamlel{l. Theint_donllkely ,t~he Qbl\l1ne4 ~m a parttculllT :pro~fy. ,mustamflrm,;reEute, or $lpplen!e1:'tjnanJmpDttanI-way aldliU.\li MJlrmati1in- Apl1OJI'dy Is lIIItell8flile if it .:.annbl: be'1elabld to II partlculal' time '~:dod iilt<!dfbl;tl.d S"oIlFHlnd; as a ~ull, lal1~ IUlYhllltork ~Jl!~t wifhln whiehto ~alUate lhe Impor t3l\Ce of ,the IntQfmil.fl.on 10 begali!led. I;)BVIiWPING RE5EARCll OUESnONS Ha:ring established theimpor1:ance of~ b'lfln'ttulli<l.II tl'uu mil)' be ~red, ;11$ ~~ 10 be I!l<plidt in demONtmflng the connection between the important information aOOa IIpecifj;c propetty. One liP proach is to determtne if specific Important research questions can be answered by the data contained in the ESTABUSHING THE PRESENCE OF ADEQUATE DATA To su pport the assertion that ~ property has the data necessary. to provide the important l~forll1atJon, the property should be investIgated with techniques sufficient to establish the presence of relevant d~t~ catego ries. What constitutes appropriate investigation techniques would depend upon specific ~ircumstances including the property s Itlcatl0n, condition, and the research tjuestions being addressed, and could range from surface survey (or photographic survey for buildings), to the applica tion of remote sensing techniques or intensive subsurface testing. Justifica tion of the research potential of a property may be based on anal~gy to another better known property If sufficient similarities exist to establish the appropriateness of the analogy. Eligible • Data requirements depend on the specific research topics and questions to be ilddressed. To continue the example in "De veloping Research Questions" a bove, we might want to Mcer tain the following with refer enee to questions A, B, and C: A) The site contains Ceramic Type X in one or more occupa tion levels and we expect to be able to document the local evaluatloll of the type or its in trusi.ve nature. B) The hearths contain datable carbon deposits and are associated with more than one occupation. C) The midden deposits show good floral/faunal preservation, and we know enough about the physical evolution of food plants to interp~et ~igns that suggest domestlcatlOn. Not Eligible • Generally, if the applicable re search design requires clearly stratified deposits, then subsur face investigation techniques must be applied. A site com posed only of surface materials cim not be eligible for its poten tial to yield information that could only be found in strati fied deposits. INTEGRITY The assessment of integrity for properties considered for information potential depends on the data require ments of the applicable research design. A property possessing information potential does not need to recall <,jsllallv an event, person, process, or c'onstructi~n t~chnique. 1t is important that the slgmfIcant. data contained in the property remam sufficiently intact to yield the ex pected important information, if the appropriate study techniques ore employed. Eligible • An irrigation system-signifi cant for the information it will yield on early engineering practices Can still be eligible even though it is now filled in and no longer retains the ap pearance of an open canal. Not Eligible • A plowed archeological site contains several superimposed components that have been mixed to the extent that arti fact assemblages cannot be re' constructed. The site cannot be eligible if the da ta reqUire ments of the research design call for the study of artifacts specific to one component. '---.------------ PARTL YEXCA VATED OR DISTURBED PROPERTIES The current existence of appropri ate physical remains musl be ascer tained in considering a property's ability to yield important information. Properties that have been partly excavated or otherwise disturbed and that are being considered for their potential to yield additional impor tant information must be shown to retain that potential in their remaining portions. Eligible • A site that has been partially excavated but still retllins sub· stantial intact depOSits (or a site in which the remaining de posits are small but contain critical information on a topic that is not well known) is eli gible. Not Eligible • A totally collected surface site or a completely excavated bur ied site is not eligible since the physical remains capllble of yielding important informa tion no longer exist at the site. (See Completely Excavatea Sites, on page 24, for exception.) Likewise, a site tha t has been looted or otherwise disturbed 10 the e,tenl that the remain ing cultural materials have lost their important depositional context (horizontal or vertical location of deposits) is not eli gible. • A reconstructed mound or other reconstructed site will generally not be considered eligible, because original cui· tural materials Or context or both have been lost. 23 COMPLETELY EXCAVATED SITES Properties that have yielded important information in the past and that no longer relain additional research potential (such as completely exca vated archeological sites) must be assessed essentially as historic sites under Criterion A. Such sites must be significant for associative values related to: 1) the importance of the data gained or 2) the impact of the property's role in the history of the development of anthropology / archeology or other relevant disci plines. likE! other historic properties, the site must retain the ability to convey its association as the former repository of important information, the location of historiC events, or the representative of important trends. 24 EligibJe • A property that has been exca vated is eligible if the data re covered was of such impor tance that it influenced the di rection of research in the disci pline, as in a site that clearly es ta blished the antiquity of the human occupation of the New World. (See Criterion A in Pari VI: How lo1denfify lite Type Of Significance of a Properly and Criteria Consideration G in Pari VII: How to Apply tile Criferia Consideratio11s.) Not Eligible • A totally excavated site that at one time yielded important in formation but that no longer can convey either its histOric/ prehistoric utilization or sig nificant modern investigation is not eli gi ble. VII. HOW TO APPLY THE CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS INTRODUCTION Certain kinds of properties are not usually considered for listing in the National Register: religious proper ties, moved properties, birthplaces and graves/ cemeteries, reconstructed properties, commemorative proper ties, and properti.es achieving signifi cance within the past fifty years, These properties can be eligible for listing, however, if they meet spedal requirements, called. Criteria Consid erations/ in addition to meeting the regulilf requirements (that is, being eligible under one or more of the four Criteria and possessing integrity), Pari VII provides gUidelines for determining which properties must meet these special requirements and for applying each Criteria Consider ation, The Criteria Considerations need to be applied only to individual proper ties, Components of eligible districts do not have (0 meet the special req uirements unless they mn ke up the majority of the district Or are the focal pOint of the district. These are the genera I steps to follow when applying the Criteria Considerations to your property: • Before looking at the Criteria Considerations, make sure your property meets one or more of the four Criteria for Evaluation and possesses integrity, • If it does, check the Criteria Con siderations (next column) to see if the property is of a type that is usually excluded from the Na tional Register, The sections that follow also list specific examples of properties of each type, If your property clearly does 110/ fit one of these types, then it does not need 10 meet any special re quirements, • If your property does fit one of these types, then it must meet the special requirements stipulated for that type in the Criteria Con siderations. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONS* Ordinarily cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical figures, proper ties owned. by religious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings, properties prima rily commemorative in nature, and properties that have achieved signifi cance within the past fifty years shall not be consid~red eligible for the National Register, However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following categories: a, a religious property deriving pri mary significance from architec tural or artistic distinction or his torical importance; or b. a building or structure removed from its original location but which is significant primarily for architectural value, or which is the surviving structure most im portantly associated with a his toric person or event; or c, a birthplace or grave of a histori cal figure of outstanding impor tance if there is no appropriate site or building directly associ ated with his or her productive life; or d, a cemetery which derives its pri mary significance from graves of persons of transcendent impor tance, from age, from distinctive design features, from association with historic events; or e, a reconstructed building when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a res toration master plan, and when no other building or structure with the same association has survived; or f. a property primarily commemo rative in intent if design, age, tra dition, or symbolic value has in vested it with its 'own exceptional significance; Of, g, a property achieving significance within the past SO years if it is of exceptional importance. *The Criteria Considerations are taken from the Criteria (or Evaluation, found in the Coot' of federal Reg.tiatioIfS. Tille 36, Part 6V, 25 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION.A: RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES A religious property is eligible if it derives its priti1my significance from nrchitecturnl or artistic distinction or historical importance. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A: RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES A religious property requires justification on architectur~1, artistic, or· historic grounds to avoid any appearance of judgment by govern ment about the validity of any reli gion or belief. Historic significance for a religious property cannot be established on the merits of a reli gious doctrine, but rather, for archi tectural or artistic values or for important historic or cultural forces that the property represents. A religious property's significance under Criterion A, B, C, or D must be judged in purely secular terms. A religious group may, in some cases, be considered a cultural group whose activities are significant in areas broader than religious history. Criteria Consideration for Reli gious Properties applies: 26 • If the resource was constructed by a religious institu tion. • If the resource is presently owned by a religious institution or is used for religious purposes. • If the resource was owned by a religious institution or used for religious purposes during its Pe riod of Significance. • If Religion is seJected as an Area of Significance, EXllmples of Properties Hlat MUST Meet Criteria C01lsideratio1l A; Reli giotts Properties • A historic cilllrcil wilere all ill1l'01' fnnf.HOJl-rcligioHs ('ilt'lIl occurred, Sllcil as a sp"cch 1>.'/ Plltrick H"lIr)l, • A historic $.vllt1g0~'iIi(, tlmt is sigtlifi~ calli for archilecture. • A private! rl.'sidtl llCt.' is file sift' of n 111eetil18, imporlal1! to rl'l(r;:ioltS his lor.v· • A cOllllllcrcillllJlock lI,al is cllrrmlly oWllcd as all illt'eMllle,,1 properlyl>y t1 re1i~iotts illStitlifiOlL • A historic district ill 'wlliclt rd/~,,?ioN was eillier a predon/hllllll or siglllfi enllt {ullcfioll dllrillg Ihe period of slgllifim"ce. Example of Properties tlrilt DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria COl/sideratiolt A; Religiolls Properties • A residential or cOlllmercial distriel tllat currently cOlltai"s II small 1111111- ber of cilllrcl;es lital are HO/ a pre dOlllillall1 featil re of tire distriel. • A towlIlITeelillg hall thai Sewes as tlte cellter of cOll1l1amil.v aClivily and ilOuses a wide variety of public and primte meelings, including re/i' Sious service. Tbe resource is sig Ilificant for archilectllre and poli/ics, and tlte religious fwlttloll is incidell tal. • A lown ltall, significanl {or politics frol1l1875 to 1925, Ihal housed religious services duritiS the 19.105, Since the religiolls fUllctiol1 occurred afler tlte Period of Slgllificallce, Ihe Criteria COl/siaeratioll does /lot ap ply. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION A: . RELIGIOUS PROPERTIES ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC EVENTS A religious property can be eligible under Criterion A for any of three rea sons: • It is significant under a theme in the history of religion having secular scholarly recognition; or • It is Significant under another his torical theme, such as explora tion, settlement, sodal philan thropy, or education; or • It is significantly associated with traditional cultural values. RELIGIOUS HISTORY A religious property can be eligible if it is directly associated with either a specific event or a broad pattern in the history of religion. Eligible • The site of a convention at which.a signifleant denomina-. tional split occurred meets the requirements of Criteria Con sideration A. Also eligible is a property that illustrates the broad impact of a religious in stitution on the history of a lo cal area. Not Eligible • kreligious property cannot be eligible simply because was the place of religious services for a community, or was the oldest structure used by a reli gious group in a local area, ornER HISTORICAL THEMES A religious property can be eligible if it is directly associated with either a specific event or a broad pa ttern that is significant in another historic context. A religious property would also qualify if it were significant for its associations that illustrate the importance of a particular religious group in the soda I, cultural, eco nomic, or political history of the area. Eligibility depends on the importance of the event or broad pattern and the role of the specific property. Eligible • A religious property can qualify for its important role as a t~mporary hospital during the Revolutionary War, or if its school was significant in the history of education in the community. Not Eligible • A religious property is not sig nificant in the history of edu cation in a community simply because it had occasionally served as a school. TRADITIONAL CULTURAL VALUES When evaluating properties associated with traditional cultures, it is important to recognize that often these cultures do not make clear distinctions between what is secular and what is sacred. Criteria Consider ation A is not intended to.exclude traditionaLcultural resources merely because they have religious uses or are considered sacred. A property or natural feature important to a tradi tional culture's religion and mythol ogy is eligible if its importance has been ethnohistorically documented and if the site can be dearly defined. It is critical, however, that the activi ties be documented and that the associations not be so diffuse that the physical resource cannot be ad equately defined.' Eligible • A specific location or natural feature that an Indian tribe be lieves to be its place of origin and that is adequately docu mented qualifies under Crite ria Consideration A. ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC PERSONS A religious property can be eligible for association with a person impor tant in religious history, if that significance has scholarly, secular recognition or is important in other historic contexts. Individuals who would likely be considered significant are those who fonned or significantly influenced an important religious institution or movement, or who were important in the ~ocial, economic~ or politiCal history of the area. Proper ties associated with individuals . important only within the context of a single congregation and lacking importance in any other historic context would not be eligible under Criterion B. Eligible • A religious property strongly associated with a religious leader, such as George Whitefield or Joseph Smith, is· eligible. \ &For more inform!'ltion On applying Criteria Considerl'lHon A to traditional cultural properties, refer to National R{!gls/~r BlllI('till: Glliddiues for E.llallloting alia DCCUtrlt'lItillg Trnditicmal Culturat Propertit's. 27 EUGUnbI'fY FOR Alt(;MI'mCTURAL QR ARTISTIC DISTINCTION ELiGIBILllY fOR . ABILITY TO REFLBCT lNFORMAnON POTENTIAL HlSTORICASSOCIATIONS el!:glll!! ~ A, .. l!ltlt01'. t.~ "'. lI\I:1,p m.· ~.ling.giS,ti':u:t {hIlJ~i\I·tbI1re:q\llre' :mlm'!s:·ofCrilWion Cfor ibl siS :nlfi!!llIllreAS,al:ype pfrons.l1'l,lc illllll!!.(!11glble. .• A~e)j~s p~oPl!lty, wheth~ it dl~td~J" $Jtll, bwn.n~g. Sltu~re, Or ob~, :ls1!lIaMl! 1m ~u yield \mpot .tant ir<formationalmut Ihe.rel~llils praclicesoi acultural$1'Oup orolher l\l$,tPtk: thet!iel!. This'ldnd ofptoperty should \luvllllla~ 'lI$ are other ,p"~tleB'lUlderCrnerlon 0, in xelailon 1D iSimllll!" p"Jlf'ertLes, other ioiotlrtat:ioh'iiO:ulO1S, aild e)tlsting dill!> /}4p$· OffnlQ Crmsld_tJIffl )t -R.l~uslfmpn'6" . .4 r:il~s properly mnqlflllify 115 ilft~!f~~:tfJ fhl. Cf;iterlit if 11lf!/!!'~r41ly $lglll!i(fl!nf. '!'he ChI/I'IIh of tile ~1I'ltt.tg Itt R()ud)Qt',IbIlrt)tlle Par/sll, LouY$/Pitit, fJlI411fiirli tiMtareexalllpie in Ihe Stale .of a l!!th century small frame Gothic RMval sfyle chapel. (Rober! Ol>ier) 28 E¥IJ!' • Achwch built in the 18th ceo (<<1o/1I,!(llJlterl!d~Oild recog nition mII\1l1!il.tn c-en'tUrr is l!llgiMeunty If the additions ~ 11l'1po11lll'ltjl'lth.ll'nllelve\l ,as 111\ _pit! of Iale 19th l:Em ~:Y' .afclitli!~~:o.r 4s,a .r<!flee .li.lmW;l!nol~Il~tru:t1 p!!l'Io/l of r~~~a'tion'$ tr<>wth. Notm~glble • 1\ ayWiSogue built in the 1920s ~m 'I1j 1l1igtJ1i!lfl:>r th!ll:m k'0~tant4lcflvrtt~oOftfscp11gre gi!.(tOfi in the lllth aM 19th <!$)b.lJ.'I..i It IiWLllI;'(ly b;! I'll gib1e .tor &\~nlf!CRnCl! obtained «fler ,~S j;9I1struellon datt\- o A 1Ut.a11l/!/1 t!¢ntlll'}'·ll'aiJi.e chur;:h :ret;entlysttealhedin briek III nohlislbJebecausa it 1m~ lo§t 115 cbaracreristic liP p:ta.l'lj~ and tl1l!m(ol# C!UI nQ ~rconvey 1ta 1I!thceniury IIIgriliicanCl\. either for ar.chl ~1:YI'i\llla:lite 9f hi~tQricasso etitfion. CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B: MOVED PROPERTIES A properly removed from its original or historically,significant location can be eligible if il is significanl primarily . for archiledural value or it is Ihe surviving property most imporlantly associated with a historic person or event.' UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B:MOVED PROPERTIES The National Register criteria limit the consideration of moved properties because significance is embodied in locations and settings as well as in the properties themselves, Moving a property destroys the relationships between the property and its sur roundings and destroys associations with historic events and persons. A move may also cause the loss of historic features such as landscaping. fou nda lions, and chimneys, as well as loss of the potential for associated archeological deposits. Properties that were moved before their period of significance do not need to meet the special requirements of Criteria Consideration B. One of the basic purposes of the National Register is to encourage the preservation of historic properties as , living parts of their communities. In keeping with this purpose, it is not usual to list artificial groupings of buildings that have been created for purpos"s of interpretation, protection. or maintenance, Moving buildings to such a grouping destroys the integrity of location and setting, and can create a false sense of historic development APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION B: MOVED PROPERTIES ELIGIBILITY FOR ARCHITECTURAL VALUE A moved property significa nt under Criterion C must retain enough historic features to convey its architec tural values and retain integrity of design, materials, workmanship, feeling, a.nd association. Examples of Properties tllat MUST Meet Criteria COllsideratioll B: Moved Properties • A reSOllrce IJIOl!1!d from one {OcatiOIl Oil its origillll' sile /0 allOlher loca lion 011 tl,e properly, during or afler ils Period of Siglllfica lice. ' • A dlslricl ill widell a slgllificalli nllmber of resollrce:; lIave bee" lIIoved from tlleir originallocalion. • A dlslricl wlliel. "as aile moved bllilding Ilia/ makes an especia/It; sigllificalll con/ribu/io,. to Ihe dis tricl. • A portable resource, Sliell as" slrip or railroad car, Ihat is relocaled 10 a "lllce iI/compatible wit II its origilla/ f"nclion. < • A portable resource, such as n ship or railroad car, wllose imporlallce is critienlly linked to ils historic loca tioll or roule and thai is moved. Examples of Properties tIlt, t DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration B: Moved Properties • A property that is moved prior tO'ils Period of Significa,.ce. .• A dislrict in which only a small per celffage of typical bui/dings in n dis trict are moved. • A moved building that is pari of a complex but Is of less sigllificance Illan the remaining (unmoved) buildings. . • A portable resource, such as a ship or railroad car, that is eligible under . Criterion C and is moved within its natural setting (water, rails, etc.). • A property 1/101 is raised or lowered all its foundations. 29 ELIGIBILITY FOR HISTORIC ASSOCIATIONS A moved property significant under Criteria A or B must be demon· strated to be the surviving property most importantly associated with a particular historic event or an impor· tant aspect of a historic persol1's life. The phrase "most importantly associ ated" means that it must be the single surviving property that is most closely associated with the event or with the part of the person's life for which he or she is significant. 30 Eligible • A moved building occupied by a 11 business woman during the majority of her productive ca reer would be eligible if the other extant properties are a house she briefly inhabited prior to her period of signifi cance and a commercial build ing she owned after her retire ment. Not Eligible • A moved building associated with the beginning of rail transportation in a community is not eligible if the original railroad station and ware· house remained intact on their original sites. SETTING AND ENVIRONMENT In addition to the requirements above, moved properties must still have an orientation, setting, and generaf'etwironment that nre compa rable to those of the historic location and tha tare compnlible with the property's significance, Eligible • A property signifiamt as an example of mid·19th century rural house type can be eli· gible after a move, proVided that it is placed On it lot that is sufficient in si;ze and character to recall the bi\sic qualities of the historic environment and setting, and provided tl"1t the building is sHed appropriately in relation to natural and manmade surroundings. Not Eligible • A rural house that is moved into an urban area and it bridge that is no longer situ ated over a waterway are not eligible. ASSOCIATION DEPENDENT ON THE SITE For a property whose design values or historical associ.ations are directly dependent on its location, any Inove will cause the property to lose its integrity and prevent it from convey ing its significance. Eligible • A farm structure significant only as an example of'a method of construction pecu liar to the local area is still eli· gibleif it is moved within that local area and the new setting is similar to that of the original location. Not Eligible • A 19th century rural residence that was designed around par ticular topographic features, reflecting that time period's ideals of environment, is not eligible if moved . \ \ PROPERTIES DESIGNED TO BE MOVED A property designed to move or a property frequently moved during its historic use must be located in a historically appropriate setting in order to 'jualify, retaining its integrity of setting, design, feeling, and assoda tion. Such properties indude automo biles, railroad cars and engines! and ships. Eligible • A ship docked in a harbor, a locomotive on tracks or in a rnilyard, and a bridge relo cated from Olle body of water to another are eligible. Not Eligible • A ship on land in a park, a bridge placed in a pasture, or a locomotive displayed in an in door museum are not eligible. ARTIFICIALLY CREATED G~OUPINGS An artificially created grouping of buildings, structures, or objects is not eligible unless !thas achieved signifI cance since the time of its assemblage. It cannot be considered as a reflection of the time period when the indi vidual buildings were constructed. Eligible • A grou ping of moved historic build ings whose crealion lharked the beginning of a ma jor concern with past lifestyles can qualify as an early attempt al historic preservation and as an ilIustralion of that genera Han's values, Not Eligible • Arural district composed of a farmhouse on its origina I site and a grouping 01 historic barns recently moved onto the property is not eligible. PORTlONS OF PROPERTIES A moved portiDn of a building, structure, or object is not eligible because, as a fragment of a larger resource, it has lost integrity of design, setting, materials, workman-' ship, and location. , \ 31 CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C: BIRTHPLACES OR GRAVES A birthplace or grave of a historical figure is eligible if the person is of outstanding importance and if there is no other appropriate site or building directly assoda'ted with his or her productive life. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C: BIRTHPLACES AND GRAVES Birthplaces and graves oflen attain importance as reflections of the origins of important persons or as lasting memorials to them. The lives of persons significant in OUr past nor mally are recognized by the National Register through listing of properties illustrative of or associated with that person's productive life's work. Birthplaces and graves, as properties that represent the beginning and the end of the life of distinguished indi Viduals, may be temporally and geographically far removed from the person's significant activities, and therefore are not usually considered eligible. Examples of Properties tlwt MUST Meet Criteria Cons/deratioll C: Birtll places and Graves • The birrhplace Of a significant person wlro lived elsewhere during Iris or her Period of Significance. • A grave that is nominated for its as sociation with the significant person buried in iI. • A grave that is 1I0minated for illfor- mation potential. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideratiotl C: Birthplaces and Graves 32 • A house that was inhabited by a sig nificant person for his or lIfT mtire lifetime. • A grave locn ted on the grol/nds of the house where a significant perSall spent his or her productive years. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION C: BIRTHPLACES AND GRAVES PERSONS OF OUTSTANDING IMPORTANCE The phrase "a historical figure of outstanding importance" means tbat in order for a birthplace or grave to qualify, it cannot be'simply the birthplace or grave of a person significant in our past (Criterion B). It must be the birthplace or grave of an individual who was of outstanding importance in the history of the local area, State, or nation. The birthplace . or grave of an individual who was one of several people active in some aspect of the history of a community, a siate, or the Nation would not be eligible. LAST SURVIVING PROPERTY ASSOCIATED WITH A PERSON When an geographical area strongly associated with a person of outstanding importance has lost all oth,;,r properties directly associated with his or her formative years or productive life, a birthplaQe or grave mny be eligible. ELlGlJUL1l"'f:POROTHER AStIOQ'A,1.1ONS :n C.' ·n"TE'.·· '··RI.··· ·A'· ,C.····,Q.·· '·N·· '5·'.1·' .D· ". ED 4r-r1: .0' 'N.· .... D· • .lU .' " . '. .. ..... ~.l..... . .• CEME'ItERIES Acentelillf ille"&i~1e iHtdedws]t$ ;1tnr10/ s'lgruticanilefr.om ,..,1\'68 of per .sons of. triUllit'endent impottMo:e, from lIS<l,..~~1Il !UlItllld,lYe d~tll'\ featllrlll, lir (tQIt) v$odathlll wUh.hliltl'irI( eYIll\ts.. . &ll'mp~80rp'lJpertlI18fhttt.MUST Meet :fJrlteriR C.onHiJfJu4.tio:sD. Cflfwl~s EmmplelJ Ii! P-mpm:tIlS thlltDONOT NIfI1Il tpMl!et ·O<lterlll.Cllnsi4emtilm D, C,mll!tm~ • Acemefewthat is 1IIJmimteiJ a!olll wl.th its ll~tQ'J.ild ~1Ju(cJ,i, but the lihilteli i.!i.lh~mlll!ft'~·1J/)mi· IfI(leti. • A~m:ntf8J1l ihal ~./ll!1/Ilnated UJltler CtiJetirm D for /ji!flrmlJfiim pillen till!. • A ~met6'Y tb4lls I1Dmina/eti nit 1Mrl oj Q.dlslrl~lbul f~ n.Ql tllii /IJINI! point olthe dl!tr.icl. .' 'C~C,,#9Jlfl!ratloll D· Cll/lltteries. The HallQ(Jck C'fflllt,"1I, Quincy, Ncrfolk \4;l1!t.\ltl MflWlC/rulfctts melfls tlJe ex.ception /() the Cr/ler!!! because it IierlWl> its prlm4ry~nte from ils great age (the carUe.ql burials dale #_16401 and fr0111 the dl5f..Plcliuedesign features found in its riel! collection of late 171h and early 18th century fUlwrary art. (N. Hobart Holly) . 34 APPLYING CllITBB:tA CONSIDIUtATlON D:CEMETmUEB. PlUlSQNS,QP TRANSCBNDENT IMltOltTANCE . A cemalery··rontalnltlg. the graves 01 petsOO1~ cl tlanacend1a.nt nnp.<'lltance mlly~,!iI'g""l~cTIi! ~ oh~!lPsc.~Eirit impnrlatme l11e per,sons lllUlit .hav" beiin :dl',great eminemle in lheirfield.s qf 11¥rd.~jjYO'f(fr Aad", gr(t<l13~~Il.j)t upotr tnal1l!ltory of lheir..wnllllunlty., s.t'a~ PUIIIJiQn, 1A $illite grave &&1 is l!jt 1.'llldill p1l\.~ Of jI'I\ U\lp01\tlmt personarrdJalli!mtteii la a fllra"]' ee~y Old dl'lf!!l.nllhlull.lltr undli'T tliI. Cfl:tti~laC()rtetd'lir.tit.il'i).'t $h!)Wd be trJ!ll\ed' under Crit~ria CQnsideration C;· Bli'(hpla~es 'ana Glmves.) i!Jlgtb)e ·lb.hl~(!PC Gemellii}' ¢Dn!'ilinll1g the. gtaves of ell !lumber 'Of per- 1;1'105 whQ _re.ellceptlt!l'la~1Y .t!gmilCil'l\11n qeter.!Ul:i'lmg the ~t\tlli!.~fa fitattfs peJltielll or 'OOQllOnuc:· hl!lwrydunng a par lkula1 perloe:! Iseligitilll. NQtlll~ble • ""<i.I)m.et!!rycon~il)ing $ra~s of !;rta'fe lealslalors Is no! eli Wb1!!'ihhl!Y slmplypetfurmed ~be dally bu:sltiess (jt$lAte gov ernment aI)(! <lid nJilthaYe an out!itand!ng Impact upon the natureilnd direction of the Slate's history. ELIGIBILITY ON THE BASIS OF AGE Cemeteries can be eligible if they have achieved historic significance for their relative great age in a particular geographic or cultural context. Eligible • A cemetery dating from a community's original 1830s settlement can aitain signifi cance from its association with tha t very early period. ELIGIBILITY FOR DESIGN Cemeteries can qualify on the basis of distinctive design values. These values refer to the same design values addressed in Criterion C and can include aesthetic or technological achievement in the fields of city planning, architecture, landscape architecture, engineering, mortuary art, and sculpture. As for all other nominated properties, a cemetery must clearly express its design values and be able to convey its historic appearance. Eligible • A ViCtorian cemetery is eli gible if it clearly expresses the aesthetic principles related to funerary design for that pe riod, through such features as the overall plan, landscaping, statuary, sculpture, fencing, buildings, and grave markers. Not Eligible • A cemetery cannot be eligible for design values if it no longer conveys its historic ap pearance because of the intro duction of new grave markers. ELIGIBILITY FOR ASSOCIATION WITH EVENTS Cemeteries may be associated with historic events induding specific important events or general events that illustrate broad patterns. Eligible • A cemetery associated with an important Civil War battle is eligible. • A cemetery associated with the settlement of an area by an ethnic or cultural group is eli gible if the movement of the group into the area had an im portant impact, if other prop erties associated with that group are rare, and if few documentary sources have survived to provide informa tion about the group's history. Not Eligible • A cemetery associated with a battle in the Civil War does not qualify if the battle was not important in the history of the war. ' , • A cemetery aSSOciated with an area's settlement by an ethnic or cultural group is not eli gible if the impact 01 the group on the area cannot be estab lished, if other extant historic properties better convey asso ciation with the group, or if the information that the cem etery can impart is available in documentary sources. ELIGIBILITY FOR INFORMATION POTENTIAL Cemeteries, both historic and prehistoric, can be eligible if they have the potential to yield important information. The information must be important within a specifk context and the potential to yield information must bedemonstrated~ A cemetery can qualify if it has. potential to yield importarit informa tion provided that the information it contains is not available in extant documentary evidence. Eligible • A cemetery associated with the settlement of a particular cul tural group will qualify if it has the potential to yield im portant information about sub jects such as demography, variations in mortuary prac tices, or the study of the cause of dea th correlated wi th nutri tion or other variables. 35 INTEGRITY Assessing the integrity of a historic cemetery entails evaluating principal design features such as plan, grave markers, and any related elements (such as fencing). Only that portion of a historic cemetery that retains its historicintegrity can be eligible. If the overall< integrity has been lost because of the number and size of recent grave markers, some features such as buildings, structures, or objects that retain integrity may be considered as individual properties if they are of such historic Or artistic importance that they individually meet one or more of the requirements Hsted above. 36 NATIONAL CEMETERIES National Cemeteries administered by the Veterans Administration are eligible because they have been designated by Congress as primary memorials to the militMY history of the United States. Those areas within a deSignated national cemetery that have been used or prepared for the reception of the remains of veterans and their dependents, as well as any landscaped areas that immediately surround the graves may qualify. Because these cemeteries draw their significance from the presence of the remains of military personnel who have served the country throughout its history, the age of the cemetery is not a factor in judging eligibility, although integrity must be prl'sent. A national cemetery or a portion of a national cemetery that has only been set aside for use in the fu lure is not eligible, \ CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E: RECONTRUCfED PROPERTIES A reconstructed property <is eligible when it is accurately executed in a suitable environment aud presented in a dig nified manner as part of a restoration master plan aud when no other building or structure with the same associations has survived_ All three of these requirements must be met. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E: RECONSTRUCTED PROPERTIES )'Reconstruction" is defined as the rep rod uction of the exact form and detail of a vanished building, struc ture, object, or a part thereof, as it appeared at a specific period of time. Reconstructed buildings fall into two categories: buildings wholly con str<ucted of new materials and build ings reassembled from some ~istoric and some neW materials. Bot!ycatego ries of properties present proolems in meeting the integrity requirements of the National Register criteria. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration E: Recon structed Properties • A property in which most or all of the fabric is not original. • A district in which an important re sOl/rce or a significant nllmber of re sources are reconsJructions. Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration E: Reconstructed Properties • A property that is remodeled or reno vated arid still has Jhe majority of lis original fal>rlc. APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION E: RECONSTRUCTED PROPERTIES ACCURACY OF THE RECONSTRUCTION The phdse "accurately executed" means that the reconstruction must be bas<!d upon sound archeological, architectural, and his tor/(; data con cerning the historic construction and a ppearance of the resource. That documentation should include both analYSis of any above Or below ground material and research in written and other records. SUITABLE ENVIRONMENT The phrase "suitable environment" refers to: 1) the physical context provid<!d by ihe historic district and 2) any interpretive scheme, if the historic district is used for interpretive purposes. This mellns .thal the reconstruct<!d property must be located at the Same site as the original. It must also be situated in its original grou'ping of buildings, structures, and objects <as many as are extant), and that grouping must retain integrity. In addition, the reconstruction must not be misrepresented as an authentic historic property. Eligible • A reconstruct<!d plantation manager's office building is considered eligible because it is located at its historic site, grouped with the remaining historic plantation buildings and structures, and the planta tion as a whole retains integ rity. Interpretation of the plantation district includes an . explanation that the manager's office is notlhe original build ing, but a reconstruction. Not Eligible • The same reconstructed plan tation manager'S office build ing would not qualify if it were rebuilt at a location dif ferent from that of the original building, or if the district as" whole no longer reflect<!d the period for which it is signifi cant, or if a misleading inter pretive scheme were us<!d for the district or lor the reCOn struction itself. 37 RESTQRA TION MASTER PLANS Being presented "as part of a restoration master plan" means that: 1) a reconstructed property is an essential component in a historic district and 2) the reconstruction is part of an overall restoration plan for an: entire district. "Restoration" is defined as accurately recovering the fonnand details of a property and its setting as it appeared at a particular period by removing later work or by replacing missing earlier work <as opposed to completely rebuilding the properly). The master plan for the entire property must emphasize restoration, not reconstruction. In other words, the master plan for the entire resource would not be accept able under this conSideration If it calle<;\ for reconstruction of a majority of the resource. Eligible • A reconstructed plantation rna nager's office is eligible if the office were an Important component of the plantation and if the reconstruction is one element in an overall plan for restoring the plantation and if' no other building or structure with the same associations has survived . • The reconstruction of the plan tation managers office build ing can be eligible only if the majority of buildings, struc tures, and objects that com prised the plantation ar,e ex tant and are being restored. For guidance regarding resto ration see the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Historic Preservation Projects. ~' .. -------- 38 LAST SURVIVING PROPERTY OF A TYPE This consideration also stipulates that a reconstruction can qualify if, in addition to the other requu:ements, no other building, object, or structure with the same association has sur vived. A reconstruction that is part of a restoration master plan is appropri ate only if: 1) the property is the only one in the district with which a particular important activity or event has been historically associated or 2) no other property with"the same associative values has survived. RECONSTRUCtIONS OLDER THAN FIFTY YEARS After the passage of fifty years, a reconstruction may attain its own significance for what it reveals about the period in which it was built, " rather than the historic period it was intended to depict. On that basis, a reconstruction can possibly qualify under any of the Criteria. \ \ CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES A property primarily commemorative in intent can be eligible if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own historical Significance. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES Commemorative properties are designed or constructed after the OCcurrence of an important historic event or after the life of an important person. They are not directly associ ated with the event or with the person's productive life, but serve as evidence of a later generation's assess w ment of t he past. Their significance comes from their value as cultural expressions at the date of their cre ation. Therefore, a commemorative property generally must be over fifty years old and must possess signifi cance based on its own value, not on the value of the event or person being memorialized. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria ConsiderMio" F: Conmremora tive Properties • A property whose sole or primary fUllction is commemorative or in whiciJ the commemorative function is of primary significance. Examples of Properties tlwt DO NOT Need to Meet Criteria Consideration F: Commemorative Properties • A resotlrce IIwl ',as a nOIl comlllenroralive primary function or significance. • A single marker that is a component of a district (wlrether contribltting or /lo/l-con f ribut i IIg). APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION F: COMMEMORATIVE PROPERTIES ELIGIBILITY FOR DESIGN A commemorative property derives its design from the aesthetic values of the period of its creation. A com memorative property, therefore, may be significant for the architectural, artistic, or other design qualities of its own period in prehistory or history. Eligible • A commemorative statue situ ated in a park Or square is eli gible if it expresses the aesthet ics or craftsmanship of the pe riod when it was made, meet ing Criterion C. • A late 19th century sta tue erected on a courthouse square to commemorate Civil War vet erans would qualify if it reflects that era's shared perception of the noble character and valor of the veterans and their cause. This was commonly conveyed by portraying idealized soldiers or allegorical figures of battle, victory, or sacrifice. 39 ELIGIBILITY FOR AGE, TRADITION, OR SYMBOLIC VALUE A commemorative property cannot qualify for associa tion with the event or person it memorializes. A com memorative property may, however, acquire significance after the time of its creation through age, traditio/!, or symbolic value. This significance must be documented by accepted methods of historical research, including written or oral history, and must meet one or more of the Criteria. 40 Eligible • A commemorative marker erected by a cultural group that believed the place was the site of its origins is eligible if, for subsequent generations of the group, the marker itself be came the focus of traditional association with the group's historic identity. " A building erected as a monu ment to an important histori- · cal figure will qualify if through the passage of time the property itself has come to symbolize the value placed upon the individual and is , widely recognized as a re minder of enduring principles or contributions valued by the generation that erected the monument. • A commemorative marker erected early in the settlement or development of an area wHl qualify if it is demonstrated that, because of its relative great age, the property has long been a part of the historic identity of the area. No! Eligible • A commemorative marker erected in the past by a cul tural group at the site of an event in its history would not be eligible if the marker were significant only for association with the event, and it had not become significant itself through tradition. • A building erected as a monu-' ment to an important, histori cal figure would not be eligible if its only value lay in its asso dation with the individual, and it has not come to symbol ize values, ideas, or contribu tions valued by the generation that erected the monument. • A commemorative marker erected to memorialize an event in the community's ' history would not qualify sim ply for its associa tion with the event it memoria1jzed. INELIGIBILITY AS THE LAST REPRESENTATIVE OF AN EVENT OR PERSON The loss of properties directly associated with a significant event or person does not strengthen the case for consideration of a commemorative property. Unlike birthplaces and graves, a commemora tive property usually has no direct historic associa lion. The commemorative property can qualify for historic association only if it is clearly significant in its own right, as stipulated above. CRITERIA CONSIDERATIONG: PROPERTIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE LAST FIFil'y YEARS9 A property achieving significance within the last fifty years is eligible if it is of exceptional importance. UNDERSTANDING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION G: PROPERTIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED . SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE LAST FIFTY YEARS The National Register Criteria for Evaluation exclude properties that achieved Significance within the last fifty years unless they are of excep tional importance. Fifty years is a general estimate of the time needed to develop historical perspective and to evaluate significance. This consider ation guards against the listing of properties of passing contemporary interest and ensures that the National Register is a list of truly historic places. Examples of Properties that MUST Meet Criteria Consideration G: Prop erties that Have Achieved Signifi cance Within the Last Fifty Years • A property that is less than fifty years old. • A property that continues to achieve significance into a period less than fifty y,,,,rs before the nomination, • A property that has non-contiguous Periods of Significance. one of which is less than fifty years before the nomination. • A property t hI! t is more than fifty years old and had no significance until II period less than fifty years before the nom ina tion, Examples of Properties that DO NOT Need to Meet Critena Consideration G: Properties that Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years • A resource whose construction be gan over fifty years ago, but the completion overlaps the fifty year pe riod Vy a few years Or less, • A resource that is significant for its plan or design. which is over fifty years old, but the actual completion of the project overlaps the fifty year period by a few years. • A historic district in which a few properties are newer than fifty years old, but the majority of properties and the most important Period Of Significance are grea ter than fifly years old, ~ For more Information on Criteria Consideration G. refer to Nait'olUll Rt'gis/u BI/lldi,,: Guidelincs for Ellafuarillg ewd Nrmdrwlillg Properties/hal Haile Achit'lled S£~tlificalla Withm the Last rip!! Years. 41 APPLYING CRITERIA CONSIDERATION G: PROPERTIES THAT HAVE ACHIEVED SIGNIFICANCE WITHIN THE PAST FIFTY YEARS ELIGIBILITY FOR EXCEPTIONAL IMPORTANCE The phrase "exceptional impor tance" may be applied to the extraor dinary importance of an event or to an entire category of resources so fragile that survivors of any age are unusual. Properties listed that had attained significance in less than fifty years include: the launch pad at Cape Canaveral from which men first trave led to the moon, the home of nationally prominent playwright EugeneO'Neill, and the Chrysler . Building (New York) Significant as the epitome of the "Style Moderne" architecture. Properties less than fiftr years old tha t qualify as exceptiona because the entire category of resources is fragile include a recent example of a tradi tional salling canoe in the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, where because of rapid deterioration of ma terials, no working Micronesian canoes exist that are more than twenty years old. Properties that by their na tu re can last more than fifty years cannot be considered exceptionally important because of the fragility of the class of resources. 42 The phrase "exceptional impor tance" does not require that the property be of national Significance. It is a meaSure of a property's impor tance within the appropriate historic context, whether the scale of that context is local, State, or national. Eligible • The General Laundry Building in New Orleans, one of the few remaining Art Deco Style buildings in that city, was listed in the National Register when it was forty years old be cause of its exceptional impor tance as an example of that ar chitectural style. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE A property that has achieved significance within the past fifty years can be evaluated only when sufficient historical perspective exists to deter mine that the property is exception ally important. The necessary per spective can be provided by scholarly research and evaluation, and must consider both the historic context and the specific property's role in that context. In many communities, properties such as apartment buildings built in the 1950s cannot be evaluated because there is no scholarly research avail able to provide an overview of the nature, role, and impact of that building type within the context of. historical and architectural develop- ments of the 1950s. . NATIONAL PARK SERVICE RUSTIC ARCHITECfURE Properties such as structures built in a rustic style by the National Park Service during the 19305 and 19405 can be evaluated because a broad study, National Park Service Rustic Architecture (1977), provides the context for evaluating properties of this type and style, Specific examples were listed in the National Register prior to reaching fifty years of age when documentation concerning the individual properties established their significance within the historical and architectural context of the type and style. VETERANS ADMINISTRATION HOSPITALS Hospitals less than fifty years old that were constructed by the Veterans Bureau and Veterans Administration can be evaluated because the collec tion of forty-eight facilities buill be tween 1920 and 1946 has been ana lyzed in a study prepared by the agency. The study provided a historic and architectural context for develop ment of veteran's Care within which hospitals could be evaluated. The ex ceptional importance of specific indi vidual facilities constructed within the past fifty years could therefore be de termined based on their role and their present integrity. COMPARISON WITH RELATED PROPERTIES In j~stifying exceptional imp or-, tance, It,lS ne.cessary to identify other properlJes wlthm the geographical area that refiect the same significance or historic associations and to deter mine which properties best represent the historic context in question. Several properties in the area could become eligible with the passage of time, but few will qualify now as exceptionally important. POST·WORLD WAR II PROPERTIES Properties associated with the post World War II era must be identified and evaluated to determine which ones in an area could be judged exceptionally important. For eX ample, a publk housing complex may be eligible as an outstanding expres sion of the nation's post-war urban policy. A military installation could be judged exceptionally important because of its contribution to the Cold War arms race. A church building in a Southern city may have served as the pivotal rallying point for the city's most famous civil rights pro test. A post-war suburban subdivision may be the best reflection of contemporary siting and design tenets in a metro politan area. In each case, the nomi nation preparer must justify the excepliollal importance of the property relative to similar properties in the community, State, or nation. . ELIGIBILITY FOR INFORMA TION POTENTIAL A property that has achieved significance within the past fifty years can qualify under Criterion D only if it can be· demonstrated that the information is of exceptional impor tance within the appropriate context and that the property contains data superior to Or different from those obtainable from other sources, includ ing other cl.llturally relaled sites. An archeological site less than fifty years old may be eligible if the former inhabitants are so poorly documented that information about their lifeways is best obtained from examination of the material remains. Eligible • Da ta such as the rate of adop tion of modern technological innovations by rural tenant farmers in the 1950s may not be obtainable through inter views with living persons but could be gained by examina tion of homesites. Not Eligible • A recent arCheological site such as the remains of a Navajo sheep corral used in the 1950s would not be consid ered exceptionally significant for its information potential on animal husbandry if better in formation on the same topic is available through ethno graphic studies or living infor mants. HISTORIC DISTRICTS Properties which have achieved significance within the past fifty years can be eligible for the National. Register if they are an integral part of a district which qualifies for National Register listing. This is demonstra ted by docl.lmenting that the property dates from within the district's defined Period of Significance and that it is associated with one Or more of the district's defined Areas of Significance. Properties less than fifty years old may be an integral part of a district when there is sufficient perspective to consider the proper ties as historic. This is accomplished by demonstrat ing that: 1} the district's Period of Significance is justified as a discrete period with a defined beginning and end, 2) the character of the district's historic resources is dearly defined and assessed, 3) specific resources in the district are demonstrated to date from that discrete era, and 4) the majority of district properties are over fifty years old. In these instances, it is not necessary to prove exceptional importance of either the district itself or the less-than-fHty-year-old proper ties. Exceptional importance still must be demonstrated for district where the majority of properties or the major Period of Significance is less than fifty years old, and for less-than fifty-year-old properties which are nominated individually. PROPERTIES MORE THAN FIFTY YEARS IN AGE, LESS THAN FIFTY YEARS IN SIGNIFICANCE Properties that are more than fifty years old, but whose significant associations or qualities are less than fifty years old, must be treated under the fifty year consideration. Eligible • A building constructed early in the twentieth century (and having no architectural impor tance), but that Was associated with an important person during the 19505, must be evaluated under Criteria Con sideration G because the Pe riod of Significance is within the past fifty yea rs. Such a property would qualify if the person was of exceptional im portance. 'i' L-~ ______________ __ REQUIREMENT TO MEET THE CRITERIA~ REGARDLESS OF AGE Properties that are less than fifty years old and are not exceptionally important will 1101 au toma tica lIy qualify for the National Register once they are fifty years old. In order to be listed in the National Register, all properties, regardless of age, must be demonstrated to meet the Cri teria for Evaluation. 43 VIII. HOW TO EVALUATE THE INTEGRITY OF A PROPERTY INTRODUCTION Integrity is the ability of a prop erty to convey its significance. To be listed in the National Register of Historic Places, a property must not only be shown to be significant under the National Register criteria, but it a Iso must have integrity. The evalua tion of integrity is sometimes a subjective judgment. but it must always be grounded in an under standing ofa property's physical features and how they relate to its significance. Historic properties either retain integrity (this is, convey their signifi cance) or they do not. Within the concept of integrity, the National Register criteria recognizes seven aspects or qualities that, in various combinations, define integrity. , To retain historic integrity a property will always possess several, and usually most, of the aspects. The retention of specific aspects of integ rity is paramount for a property to convey its significance. Determining which of these aspects are most important to a particular property requires knowing why, where, and when the property is significant. The following sections define the seven aspects and explain how they com bine to produce integrity. 44 $EVEN ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY • Location • Design • Setting • Materials • Workmanship • Feeling • Association UNDERSTANDING THE ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY LOCATION Location is the place where the historic property was constructed Or the place where the historic event occurred. The relationship between the property and its location is often important to understanding why the property was created or why some thing happened, The actual location of a historic property, complemented by its setting, is particularly important in recapturing the sense of historic events and persons. Except in rare cases, the relationship between a property and its historic associations is destroyed if the property is moved. (See Criteria Consideration B in Part VII: How to Apply Ille Criteria Consider aliotls, for the conditions under which a moved property can be eligible.) DESIGN Design. is the combination of elements that create the form, plan, space, structure, and style of a property. It results from conscious decisions mflde during the original conception and planning of a prop erty (or its Significant alteration) and a pplies to activities as diverse as community planning, engineering, architecture, and landscape architec ture. Design includes such elements as organization of space, proportion, scale, technology, ornamentation, and materials. A property's design reflects historic Eu nctions and technologies as well as aesthetics. It includes such consider ations as the structural system; massing; arrangement of spaces; pattern of fenestration; textures and colors of surface materia 15; type, amount, and style of ornamental detailing; and arrangement and type of plantings in a designed landscape. Design can also apply to districts, whether they are important primarily for historic association, architectural value, information potential, or a combination thereof. For districts significant primarily for historic association or architectural value, design concerns more than just the individual buildings or structures located within the boundaries. It also applies to the way in which buildings, sites, or structures are related: for example, spatial relationships be tween major features; visual rhythms in a streetscape or landscape plantings; the layout and materials of walkways and roads; and the relation ship of other features, such as statues, water fountains, and archeological sites. \ SETTING Setting is the physical environ ment of a historic property. Whereas loeation refers to the specific place w here a property was built or an event occurred, setting refers to the clraracler of the place in which the property played its historical role. It involves how, nol just where, the property is situated and its relationship to sur rounding features and open space. Setting often reflects the basic physical conditions under which a property WaS built and the functions it was intended to serve. In addition, the way in which a property is posi tioned in its environment can reflect the.designer's concept of nature and aesthetic preferences. The physical features that constitute the set ting of a historic property can be either natural or manmade, includ ing such elements as: • Topographic features (a gorge or the crest of a hill); • Vegetation; • Simple manmade features (paths or fences); and • Relationships between buildings and other features or open space. These features and their relation ships should be examined not only within the exact boundaries of the property, but also between the prop erty and its surroundings. This is particularly important for districts. MATERIALS Materials are the physical ele ments that were combined or depos ited during a particular period of time and in a particular pattern Or configuration to form a historic property. The choice and combination of materials reveal the preferences of those who created the property and indicate the availability of particular types of materials and technologies. Indigenous materials are often the focus of regional building traditions and thereby help define an area's sense of time and place. A property must retain the key exterior materials dating from the period of its historic Significance. If the properly has been rehabilitated, the historic materials and significant features must have been preserved. The property must also be an actual historic resource, not a recreationi it recent structure fabricated to look historic is not eligible. Likewise, a property whose historic fea tures and materials have been lost and then reconstructed is usually not eligible. (See Criteria Consideration E in Pari V/l: How 10 Apply lite Criteria Consider atiolls for the conditions under which. a reconstructed property Can be eligible.) WORKMANSHIP Workmanship is the physical evidence of the crafts of a particular culture or people during any given period in history or prehistory. It is the evidence of artisans' labor and skill in constructing or altering a building, structure, object, or site. Workmanship can apply to the property as a whole or to Its indi vidual components. It can be ex pressed in vernacular methods of construction and plain finishes or in highly sophisticated configurations and ornamental detailing. It can be based On common traditions or innovative period techniques. Workmanship is important because it can furnish evidence of the technol ogy of a craft, illustrate the aesthetic principles of a historic or prehistoric period, and reveal individual, local, regional, or national applications of both technological practices and aesthetic principles. Examples of workmanship in historic buildings indude tooling, carving, painting, graining, turning, and jOinery. Ex amples of workmanship in prehistoric contexts include Paleo-Indian clovis prOjectile points; Archaic period beveled adzes; Hopewellian birdstone pipes; copper earspools and worked bone pendants; and lroquoian effigy pipes. FEELING Feeling is a property's expression of the aesthetic or historic sense of a particular period of time. It results from the presence of physical features that, taken together, convey the property's historic character. For example, a tural historic district retaining original design, materials, workmanship, and setting will relate the feeling of agricultural life in the 19th century. A grouping of prehis toric petroglyphs, unmarred by graffiti and intrusions and located On its original isolated bluff, can evoke a sense of tribal spiritual life. ASSOCIATION Association is the direct link' between an important historic event or person and a historic property. A property retains association if it is the place where the event or activity occurred and is sllfficiently intact to convey that relationship to an ob server. Like feeling, association requires the presence of physical features that convey a property's historic character. For example, a Revolutionary War battlefield whose natural and manmade elements have remained intact since the 1 St h century will retain its quality of association with the battle. Because feeling and association depend on individual perceptions, their retention a/olle is never suffiCient to support eligibility of a property for the National Register. ASSESSING INTEGRITY IN PROPERTIES Integrity is based on Significance: why, where, and when a property is important. Only after significance is fully established Can you proceed to the issue of integrity. The steps in assessing integrity are: • Define the essential physical fea tures that must be present for a property to represent its signifi cance. • Determine whether the essential physical features are visible enough to convey their signifi cance. • Determine whether the property needs to be compared with simi lar properties. And, • Determine, based on the signifi cance and essential physical fea tures, which aspects of integrity are particularly vital to the prop erty being nominated and if they are present. Ultimately, the question of integ rity is answered by whether or not the property retains the identity for which it is significant. 45 DEFINING THE ESSENTIAL PHYSICAL FEATURES All properties change over time. It is not necessary for a property to retain all its historic physical fealures or characteristics. The property must retain, however, the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic identity. The essential physical features are those features that define both why a property is significant (A pplicable Criteria and Areas of Significance) and whell it was significant (Periods of Significance). They are the features without which a property can no longer be identified as, for instance, a late 19th century dairy barn or an early 20th century commercial district. CRITERIA A AND B A property that is significant fOr its historic association is eligible if it retains the essential physical features that made up its character or appear ance during the period of its associa lion with the important event, histori cal pattern, or person(s). If the property is a site (such as a treaty site) where there are no material cultural remains, the setting must be intact. Archeological sites eligible under Criteria A and B must be in overall good condition with excellent preser vation of features, artifacts, and spatial relationships to the extent that these remains are able to convey important associations with events or persons. CRITERIONC A property important for ill ustrat ing a particular architectural style or construction technique must retain most of the physical features that constitute that style or technique. A property that has lost some ~i~tork . materials or detaIls can be ehglble if It retains the majority of the features that illustrate its style in terms ofthe massing, spatial relationships, propor tion, pattern of windows and doors, texture of materials, and ornamenta tion. The'property is not eligible, however, if it retains some basic features conveying massing but has lost the majority of the features that once characterized its style. Archeological sites eligible under Criterion C must be in overall good condition with excellent preservation 46 of features, artifacts, and spatial relationships to the extent that these remains are able to illustrate a site type, time period, method of construc tion, or work of a master. CRITERIOND For properties eligible under Criterion D, including archeological sites and standing structures studied for their information potential, less attention is given to their overall condition,than it they were being considered under Criteria A, B, or C. Archeological sites, in particular, do not exist today exactl y as they were formed. There are always cultural and natural processes that alter the deposited materials and their spatial relationships. For properties eligible under Criterion D, integrity is based upon the property's potential to yield specific data that addresses important. research questions, such as those identified in the historic context documentation in the Statewide Comprehensive Preserv~tion PI~n or in the rese~rch design for projects meeting the Seeretory.of the Illterior's StOl1d.rd, for tlrc/le%gieai Doclllllell/o" lion. INTERIORS Some historic build'ings ~re virtu ally defined by their exteriors; and their contribution to the built environ ment can be appreciated even'if their interiors are not accessible. Examples of this would include e~rly examples of steel-framed skyscraper construc tion. The great advance in American technology and engineering made by these buildings can be read from the outside. The change in American popular taste during the 19th century, from the symmetry and simplicit~ of architectural styles based on claSSIcal precedents, to the expressions of High Victorian styles, with .their combma tion of textures, colors, and asym metrical forms, is readily apparent from the exteriors of these buildings. Other buildings "are" interiors. The Cleveland Arcade, that soaring 19th century glass-covered shopping area, can only be appreciated from the inside. Other buildings in this category would be the great covered train sheds of the 19th century. In some cases the loss of an interior will disqualify properties from listing in the National Register-a historic concert hall noted for the beauty of its auditorium and its fine acoustic qualities would be the type of prop erty that if it were to lose its interior, it would lose its value as a historic resource. In other cases, the over arching significance of a property's exterior can overcome the adverse effect of the loss of an interior. In borderline cases particular attention is paid to the significance of the property and the remaining historic fe~tures. HISTORIC DISTRICTS For a district to retain integrity as a whole, the m~jority of the compo; nents that make up the district's historic character must possess integrity even if they Ille individually undistinguished. In addition, the relationships among the district's components must be substantially unchanged since the period of signifi Cance. When evaluating the impact of intrusions upon the district's integ rity, take into consideration the relative number} size, scale, design, and location of the components that do ,not contribute to the significance. A district is not eligible if it contains so many alterations or new intrusions that it no longer conveys the sense of a historic environment. A component of a district cannot contribute to the significance if: • it has been substantially altered since the period of the district's significance or • it does not share the historic asso ciations of the district. VISIBILITY OF PHYSICAL FEATURES Properties eligible under Criteria A, B, and C must not only retain their essential physical features, but the features must be visible enough to convey their significance. This means that even if a property is physically intact, its integrity is questionable if its significant features are concealed under modern construction. Archeo logical properties are often the exception to this; by nature they usually do not require visible features . to convey their significance. .. \ . NON-HISTORIC EXTERIORS If the historic exterior building material is covered by non-historic material (such as modern siding), the property can still be eligible if the significant form, features, and detail· ing are not obscured. J( a property's exterior is covered by a non-historic false-front or curtain wall, the prop erty wit! not qualify under Criteria A, B, or C, because it does not retain the visual quality necessary to convey historiC or architectural significance. Such a property also cannot be considered a contributing element in a historic district, because it does not add to the distrid's sense of time and place. If the false front, curtain wall, or non-historic siding is removed and the original building materials are intact, then the property's integrity can be re-evaluated, PROPERTY CONTAINED WITHIN ANOTHER PROPERTY Some properties contain an earlier structure tha t formed the nucleus for later construction. The exterior property, if not eligible in its own right, can qualify on the basis of the interior property only if the interior property can yield significant infor mation about a specific construction technique or material, such as rammed earth or tabby. The interior property cannot be used as the basis for eligibility If it has been so altered that it no longer contains the features that could provide important infor mation, or if the presence of impor tant information cannot be demon strated. SUNKEN VESSELS A sunken vessel can be eligible under Criterion C as embodying the distinctive characteristics of a method of construction if it is structurally intact. A deteriorated sunken vessel, no longer structurally intact, can be eligible under Criterion D if the remains of either the vessel or its contents is capable of yielding signifi cant information. For further infor mation, refer to National Register Bulletin: Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Regisler Of Historic Places. Natural Features A natural feature that is aSSOciated with a historic event or trend, such as a rock formation that served as a trail marker during westward expansion, must retain its historic appearance, unobscured by modern construction or landfill. Otherwise it is not eli gible, even though it remains intact. COMPARING SIMILAR PROPERTIES For some properties, comparison with similar. properties should be considered during the evaluation of integrity. Such comparison may be important in deciding what physical features are essential to properties of that type. In instances where it has not been determined what physical features a property mUst possess in order for it to reflect the significance of a historic context, comparison with similar properties should be under taken during the evaluation of integ rity, This situation arises when scholarly work has not been done on a particular property type or when surviving examples of a property type are extremely rare. (See Comparing Related Properties in Part V: HIJW to Evaluate a Property within its Historic Context.) RARE EXAMPLES OF A PROPERTY TYPE Comparative information is particularly im portant to consider when evaluating the integrity of a property that is a rare surviving example of its type, The property must have the essential physical features that enable it to convey its historic character or information. The rarity and poor condition, however, of other extant examples of the type may justify accepting a greater degree of alteration or fewer features, provided that enough of the property survives for it to be a Significant resource. Eligible. • A one-room schoolhouse thai has had all original exterior siding replaced and a replace ment roof that does not exactly replicate the original roof pro file can be eligible if the olher extant rare examples have re ceived an even greater degree of alteration, such as the sub division of the original one room plan. Not Eligible • A mill site contains informa tion on how site pa tterning re flects historic functional re quirements, but parts of the site have been destroyed. The site is not eligible for its infor mation potential if a compari son of other mill sites reveals more intact properties with complete information. 47 DETERMINING THE RELEVANT ASPECTS OF INTEGRITY Each type of property depends on certain aspects of integrity, more than others, to express its historic signifi cance. Determining which of the aspects is mostimportant to a particu lar property requires an understand ing of the property's significance and its essential physical features. CRITERIA A AND B A property important for associa tion with an event, historical pattern, or person(s) ideally might retain some features of all seven aspects of integ rity; location, design, setting, materi als, workmanship, feeling, and association. Integrity of design and workmanship, however, might not be as important to the signifiea nee, and would not be relevan.t if the property were a site. A basic integrity test for a property assodated with an important event or person is whether a historical contemporary would recognize the property as it exists today. For archeological sites that are eligible under Criteria A and B, the seven aspects of integrity can be applied in much the same way as they are to buildings, structures, or objects. It is important to note, however, that the site must ha ve demonstrated its ability to convey its significance, as opposed to sites eligible under Crite rion D where only the potential to yield infonnalion is required. Eligible A mid-19th century waterpowered mill important for its association . with an area's industrial develop ment is eligible if; • it is still on its original site (Location), and • the important fealures of its setting are intact (Setting), and • it retains most of its historic materials (Materials), and • it has the basic features expres sive of its design and function, such as configuration.. propor tions, and window pattern (Design). 48 Not Eligible A mid-19th century water powered mill important for its association with an area's indus trial development is not eligible if: • it has been moved (Location, Setting, Feeling, and Associa tion)"or • substantial amounts of new materials have been incorpo rated (Materials, Workman ship, and Feeling), or • it no longer retains !xlSIe de sign fea tures that convey its historic appearance or function (DeSign, Workman ship, and Feeling). CRITERION C A property significant under Criterion C must retain those physi cal features that characterize the type, period, or method of construction that the property represents. Retention of design, workmanship, and materials will usually be mbre important than location, setting, feeling, and associa tion. Location and setting will be important, however, for those proper ties whose design is a reflection of their immediate environment (such as designed landscapes and bridges). For archeological sites that are eligible under Criterion C, the seven aspects of integrity can be applied in much the same way as they are to buildings, structures, or objects. It is important to note, however, tha t the site must have demonstrated its ability to convey its significance, as opposed' to sites eligible under Criterion D where only the pote"tial to yield information is required. Eligible A 19th century wooden covered bridge, im~ortant for illustrating a constructlon type, is eligible if; • the essential features of its de sign are intact, such as abut ments, piers, roof configura tion, and trusses (Design, Workmanship, and Feeling), and • most of the historic materials are present (Materials, Work manship, and Feeling), and • evidence of the craft of wooden bridge technology re mains, such as the form and assembly technique of the trusses (Workmanship). • Since the design of a bridge re lates directly to. its function as a transportation crossing, it is also important that the bridge still be situated over a water way (Setting, Location, Feel ing, and Association). Not Eligible For a 19th century wooden cov ered bridge, important for its construction type, replacement of some materials of the flooring, Siding, and roofing would not necessarily damage its integrity. Integrity would be lost, however, if: • the abutments, piers, or trusses were substantially altered (De Sign, Workmanship, and Feel ing) or • considerable amounts of new materials were incorporated (Materials, Workmanship, and Feeling). • Because environment is a strong factor in the design of this property type, the bridge . would also be ineligible if it no longer stood in a place that conveyed its function as a crOSSing (Setting, Location, Feeling, and Association). CRITERION D For properties eligible under Criterion D, setting and feeling may not h"ve direct bearing on the property's ability to yield important inform<ttion. Evaluation of integrity probably will focus primarily on the location, design, materials, and perhaps workmanship . . Eligible A multicomponent prehistoric site important for yielding data on changing subsistence pdtterns can be eligible if: • floral or faunal remains are found in dear association with cuHural rna terial (Materials and Association) and • the site exhibits stratigraphic separation of cultural compo nents (Location). Not Eligible A multicomponent prehistoric site important for yielding data on changing subsistence patterns would not be eligible if: • floral Or faunal remains were so badly decomposed as to make identification impossible (Materials), or • floral or faunal remains were disturbed in such a manner as to make their association with cultural remains ambiguous (Association), or • the site has lost its strati graphiC context due to subse quent la nd alterations ( Location). i Eligible A lithic sea tter site important for yielding data on lithic technology during the Late Archaic period can be eligible if: • the site contains lithic debitage, finished stone tools, hammers tones, or antler ' flakers (Material ilnd Design), and • the site contains datable mate- rial (Association). Not Eligible A lithic scatter site important for yielding data on lithic technology during the Late Archaic period would not be eligible if: • the site contains naturill de posits of lithic materials that are impossible to distinguish from culturally modified lithic material (Design) or • the site does not contain any temporal diagnostic evidence that could link the site to the Late Archaic period (Associa tion). \ \ 49 IX. SUMMARY OF THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION . A property being nominated to the National Register may also merit consideration for potential designa tion as a National Historic Landmark. Such consideration is dependent upon the stringent application of the following distinct set of criteria (found in the Code of Federal Regula tions, TiIle:36, Pari 65). NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS CRITERIA The qualily of national significance is ascribed to districts, siles, buildings, structures, and objects thai possess exceptional value or quality in illus trating or interpreting the heritage of the United States in history, architec ture, archeology, engineering, and culture and thai possess a high degree of inlegrity of localion, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feeling, and association, and: 50 1. That are associated with events . that have made a significant con tribution to, and are identified with, or that outslandingly repre sent, the broad national patterns of United States history and from which an understanding and ap preciation of those patterns may be gained; or 2. That are associated importantly with the lives of persons nation ally significant in the history of the United States; or 3. That represent some great idea or ideal of the American people; or 4. That embody Ihe dislinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable for a study of a period, style or method of construction, or that represent a significant, distinctive and exceptional entity w~ose components may lack in dividual distinction; or 5. That are composed of integral parts of the environment not suf ficiently significant by reason of historical association or artistic merit to warrant individual rec ognition but collectively compose an entity of exceptional historical or artistic significance, or out standingly commemorate or il lustrate a way of life or culture; or 6. That have yielded or may be likely to yield information of ma jor scientific importance by re vealing new cultures, or by shed ding light upon periods of occu pation over large areas of the United States. Such sites are those which have yielded, or which may reasonably be ex pected to yield, dala affecting theories, concepts and ideas to a major degree. NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARK EXCLUSIONS Ordinarily, cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by religiOUS institutions or used for religious purposes, structures tha t have been moved from their . original locations, reconstructed his toric buildings and properties that have achieved significance within the past fifty years are not eligible for des ignation. If such properties fall within the following categories they may, nevertheless, be found to qualify: 1. A religious property deriving its primary national significance from architectura I or artistic dis tinction or historical importa nee; or 2. A build ing or structure removed from its original location but which is nationally significant primarily for its architectural merit, or for. associ a tion with per sons or events of transcendent importance in the nation's his tory and the association conse quential; or 3. A site of a building or structure no longer slanding but the per son or event associa ted with it is of transcendent importance in the nalions's history and the associa tion consequential; or 4, A birthplace, g~a ve or burial if it is of a historical figure of tran· scendent national significance and no other appropriate site, building, or structure directly as· sociated with the productive life of t hat person exists; Or 5, A cemetery that derives its pri· mary national significance from gr" VI'S of persons of transcendent im portance, Or from an exception· ally distinctive design or an ex ceptionally significant event; or 6, A reconstructed building or en semble of buildings of extraordi nary national significance when accurately executed in a suitable en vironment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a res toration master plan, and when no other buildings or structures wi th the same association have s ut."vived; or 7, A property primarily commemo rative in intent if design, age, tra· dition, or symbolic value has in· vested it with its own national historical significance; or 8. A property achieving national significance within the past 50 years if it is of extraordinary na· tional importance, COMPARING THE NATIONAL HISTORIC LANDMARKS CRITERIA AND THE NATIONAL REGISTER CRITERIA ln general, the instructions for preparing a National Register nomina tion and the guidelines stated in this bulletin for applying the National Register Criteria also apply to Land mark nominations and the use of the Landmark criteria. While there are specific distinctions discussed below, ParIs IV and Vof this bulletin apply equally to National Register listings and Landmark nominations, That is, the categories of historic properties are defined the same way; historic con- texts are identified Similarly; and comparative evaluation is carried out on the same principles enumerated in Pari V. ihere are Some differences between National Register and National Historic Landmarks Criteria, The following is an explanation of how each Landmark Criterion compares with its National Register Criteria counterpart: CRITERION 1 This Criterion relates to National Register Criterion A. Both cover properties associated with events, The Landmark Criterion, however, requires that the events associated with the property be OUlstandingly represented by that property and that the property be related to the broad national patterns of U.S. history. Thus, the quality of the property to convey and interpret its meaning must be of a higher order and must relate to national themes rather than the narrower context of State Or local themes, CRITERION 2 Tl1is Criterion relates to National Register Criterion B, Both cover properties associated with Significant people, The Landmark Criterion differs in that it specifies that the association of "a person to the property in question be an important one and that the person assodated with the property be of ,mliona! Significance. CRITERION 3 This Criterion has no counterpart among the National Register Criteria. It is rarely, if ever, used alone, While not a landmark at present, the Liberty Bell is an object that might be consid ered under this Criterion. The appJi cation of this Criterion obviously requires the most careful scrutiny and would apply only in rare instances involving ideas and ideals of the highest order. CRITERION 4 This Criterion relates to National Register Criterion C. Its intent is to qualify exceptionally important works of architecture or collective elements of architecture extraordinarily signifi· cant as an ensemble, such as a historic district. Note that the language is more restrictive than that of the National Register Criterion in requir ing that a candidate in architecture be "a specimen exceptionally valuable for the study of a period, style, or method of construction" rather than simply embodying distinctive characteristics of a type, period, or method of con. struction, With regard to historic districts, the Landmarks Criterion requires an entity that is distinctiVe and exceptional. Unlike National Register Criterion C, Ihis Criterion will not qualify the works of a master, per so, but only such works which are exceptional or extraordinary, Artistic value is considered only in the context of history's judgement in order to avoid current conflicts of taste, CRITERION 5 This Criterion does not have a strict counterpart among the National Register Criteria, It may seem redun dant of the latter part of Landmark Criterion 4, It is meant to cover collective entities such as Greenfield Village and historic districts like New Bedford, Massachusetts, which qualify for their collective association with a nationally Significant event, move· ment, or broad pattern of national development. CRITERION 6 The National Register counterpart of this is Criterion D, Criterion 6 WaS developed specifically to recognize archeological sites, All such sites must address this Criterion, The following are the qualifications thai distinguish this Criterion from its National Regis ter counterpart: the information yielded or likely to be yielded must be of major scientific importance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation OVer large areas of the United States. Such sites should be expected to yield data affecting theories, concepts, a'ld ideas to a major degree, The data recovered or expected to be recovered must make a major contribution to the eXisting corpus of information. Potentially ,recoverable data must be likely to revolutionize or substantially modify a major theme in history Or prehistory, resolve a sub stantial historical or anthropological . debate, or close a serious gap in a major theme of U. S, history or prehis tory. 51 EXCLUSIONS AND EXCEPTIONS TO THE EXCLUSIONS This section of the National His toric Landmarks Criteria has its counterpart in the National Register's "Criteria Considerations." The most abundant difference between them is the addition. of the qualifiers "na tional," I'exceptional," or lI ex traordi .. nary" before the word significance. Other than this, the following are the most notable distinctions: EXCLUSION 2 Buildings moved from their original location, qualify only if one of two conditions are met: 1) the build ing is nationally Significant for 52 architecture, or 2) the persons or events with which they are associated are of transcendent national signifi cance and the association is conse quential. Transcendent significance means an order of importance higher than that which would ordinarily qualify a . person or event to be nationally signifiean t. A consequential associa tion is a relationship to II building that had an ev ident impact on events, rather than a connection that was incidental and passing. EXCLUSION 3 This pertains to the site of a struc ture no longer standing. There is no counterpart to this exclusion in the National Register Criteria.' In order for such a property to qualify for Landmark designation it must meet the second condition cited for Exclu sion 2. EXCLUSION 4 This exclusion relates to Criteria Consideration C of the National Register Criteria. The only difference is that a burial place qualifies for Landmark designation only if, in addition to other factors,. the person buried is of transcenden t na tional importance. When evaluating properties at the national level for designation as a National HistoriC Landmark, please refer to the National Historic Land marks outline, History and Prehistory in the National Park System and the National Historic Landmarks Program, 1987. (For more information about the National Historic Landmarks program, please write to Department of the' Interior, NaHonal Park Service, National Historic Landmarks, 1849 C Street, NW, NC400', WaShington, DC 20240.) \ x. GLOSSARY Associative Qualities -An aspect of a property's history that links it with historic events, actjvities~ or persons. Code of Federal Regulations Commonly referred to as "CFR." The part containing the National Register Criteria is usually referred to a536 CPR 60, and is available from the National Park Service. etC -Certified Local Government. Culture - A group of people linked together by shared values, beliefs, and historical associations, together with the group's social institutions and physical objects necessary to the operation of the institution. Cullural Resource -See Historic Resource. Evaluation -Process by which the significance and integrity 01 a historic property are judged and eligibility for Na tiona I Register listing is determined. Historic Context -An organizing structure for interpreting history that groups information about historic properties that share a common theme, common geo graphical area, and a common time period. The development of historic contexts is a foundation for decisions about the planning, identification, evaluation, registra tion, and treatment of historic properties, based upon compara tive historic significance. Historic Integrity -The unimpaired a bility of a property to convey its historical Significance. Historic Property -See Historic Resource. Historic Resource -Building, site, districi, Object, or structure evalu ated as historically significant. Identification -Process through which information is gathered about historic properties. Listing -Ti,e formal entry of a prop erty in the National Register of . Historic Places. See also, Registra tion. Nomination -Official recommenda tion for listing a property in the National Register of Historic Places. Property Type - A grouping of . properties defined by common physical and associative a\tributes. negistration -Process by which a historic property is documented and nominated or determined eligible for listing in the National Register. nesearch Design - A statement of proposed identifica tion, documen tation, investigation, or other treatment of a historic property that identifies the project's goals, methods and techniques, expected resuits, and the relationship 01 the expected results to other proposed activities or treatments. XI. LIST OF NATIONAL REGISTER BULLETINS The Basics How to Apply National Register Criteria for Evaluation' Guidelines for Completing National Register of Historic Places Form Part A: How to Complete the National Register Form • Part B: How to Complete the National Register Multiple Property Documentation Form * Researching a Historic Property' Property Types Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aids to Navigation' Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering America's Historic Battlefields' Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Historical Archeological Sites Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Historic Aviation Properties Guidelines for Evaluating and Registering Cemeteries and Burial Plares How to Evaluate and Nominate Designed Historic Landscapes' Guidelines for Identifying, Evaluating and Registering Historic Mining Sites How to Apply National Register Criteria to Post Offices * Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties Assodated with Significant Persons Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Properties That Have Achieved Significance Within the Last Fifty Years • Guidelines for Evaluating and Documenting Rural Historic Landscapes' Guidelines for Evaluaiing and Documenting Traditional Cultural Properties' Nominating Historic Vessels and Shipwrecks to the National Register of Historic Places Technical Assistance Defining Boundaries for National Register Properties' Guidelines for Local Surveys: A Basis for Preservation Planning' How to Improve the Quality of Photographs for National Register Nomina tions National Register Casebook: Examples of Documentation' " . Using the UTM Grid System to Record Historic Sites To order these publications, write to; National Register of Historic Places, National Park Servi<:e, 1849 est., NC 400, NW ( Washington, D,C, 20240, or e-mail at: ncreference@nps,gov, Publications marked with an asterisk {Of) are also available in e\e(!tronic form at www.cr.nps.gov/nr. 54 US Govf::RNM£NT PRINTING OFFICE: 2005--1i7-7S8 Attachment D ITATE SF CALIFORNIA -THE RESOURCES AGENCY ARNO,D SCHWARZENEGGER, Governor ::lFFlceOF.HISTORIC PRESERVATION lEPAR'tMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION ). BOX 9428911 ,CRAMeNTO, CA 94296·0001 9H') 1153-6624 F",,: (916) 563·9824 ;alshpO@lOhp.plItks.ca.gov vww.ohp,parks.ca,golJ December 14,2009 Kathy Marx City of Palo Alto 250 Hamilton Avenue Palo Alto, California 94301 l"~\, ;--. :~('-" RE: Pillo Alto Medical Clinic Nomination to the National Register of Historic Places Dear Ms. Marx: The Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) has received a nomination package to consider the above referenced property for the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). The National Register is the official list of the Nation's cultural resources worthy of recognition and preservation. The nomination identifies you as the property's owner of record. • A copy of the nomination is enclosed for your information. OHP will review the nomination for accuracy and completeness. The current nomination is a preliminary draft subject to change upon completion of the OHP review. The property will be reviewed In accordance with the eligibility criteria for the National Register program. If the nomination is complete and the property meets the National Register criteria, OHP will schedule the nomination for hearing by the State Historical Resources Commission (Commission). The Commission is a nine member body appointed by the Governor to evaluate the eligibility of properties for listing on registration programs. The Commission meets four times a year. Please review the draft nomination. If you are opposed to the nomination, you are requested to submit a notarized tetier of objection to the above address. Please see the enclosed instructions on how to support or oppose designation. If the nomination is presented to the Commission for hearing, this office will notify you of the date and location of the meeting. The meetings are open to the public and you may attend to present commEints. Or, you may wish to submit written comments directly to OHP fifteen days before the Commission meeting. Time, date, and lcoatlon of scheduled Commission meetings are also posted on the OHP website at www.ohp.parks.ca.gov. Information on the National Register program is also posted on the website. . Please do not hesitate to contact the Registration Unit at (916) 653-6624 should you have further questions on the nomination or the National Register program. Sincerely, ~~,~~ Milford Wayne Donaldson, FAIA State Historic Preservation Officer Enclosures: Nomination and How to ObjectlSupport STATE OF CALIFORNIA -THE RESOURCES AGENCY OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION P.o. BOX 94~896 SACRAMENTO. CA 94296·0001 (916) 6S 3-6624 Fax: (916) 653'9824 catshpo@ohp.par'ks.ca.gov NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES HOW TO SUPPORT OR OBJECT TO USTING Arnold Schwarzenegger, i Under federal law, a privately owned property may not be listed in the National Register ovar the objection of Its owner or, in the case of a property with multiple owners, over • tI:le objection of a majority of owners. A district may not be listed in the National Register over the objection of a majority of owners of private property within the proposed district. Each owner or partial owner of private property has one vote regardless of what part of the property that person owns; Within a district, each owner has one vote regardless of how many buildings he or she oWns. If a majority of private property owners should object, the property or district will not be listed. Howevar, in such cases, the State Historic Preservation Officer Is required to submit the nomination to the Keeper of the National Register for a determination of ellglbHlty for the National Register. If the property or district is determined eligible for listing, although not formally listed, it will be given the same protection as a listed. property in the federal environmental review process. A property determined eligible for listing is not eligible for federal tax benefits until the objections are withdrawn and the property is actually listed. The laws and regulations regarding this process are covered In the National Historic Preservation Act Amendments of 1980 and In 36 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations), Part 60. Supporting a National Register Nomination: Private owners who seek National Register listing for their properties are not required to submit statements of concurrence. However, letters of support, from owners or any others, are welcomed and become a permanent part of the nomination file. Objecting to a National Register Nomination: If you object to the listing of your property, you will need to submit a notarized statement certifying that you are the -sole or partial owner of the property, as appropriate, and that you object to the listing. Owners who wish to object are encouraged to submit statements of objection prior to the meeting of the State Historical Resources Commission at which the nomination is being considered. However, statements of objection may be submitted and will be counted up until the actual date of listing. Listing usually takes place 45 days after the nomination is mailed to the Keeper of the National Register follOWing the State Historical Resources Commission meeting. Send letters of support or objection to: State Historic Preservation Officer Office of Historic Preservation P.O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 Revl,ed March 8, 2006 ::>FFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ::lEPARTMENTOF PARKS AND RECREATION ',0, QI"'\X 942896 'ill: :NTO. CA 94296·0001 91 VI , .. 3-6624 Fax: {916} 653·9824 alshpo@ohp.parks,ca.goV' February 24.2010 Dennis Backlund Planning Department PO Box 10250 Palo Alto, California 94303-0862 RE: Historic Preservation Commission Review and Comment on the Nomination of Palo Alto Medical Clinic to the National Register of Historic Places . Dear Mr. Backlund: Pursuant to the Certified Local Government Agreement between the Office of Historic Preservation (OHP) and your governmental entity, we are providing your historic preservation commission with a sixty (60) day review and comment period before the State Historical Resources Commission (SHRC) takes action on the above-stated National Register of Historic Places (National Register) nomination at its next meeting. Details on the meeting are enclosed. As a Certified Local Government under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, your commission may prepare a report as to whether or not such property, in its opinion, meets the criteria for the National Register. Your commission's report should be presented to the Chief Elected Local Official for transmission, along with their comments, to California State Parks, Attn: Office of Historic Preservation, Milford Wayne Donaldson, FAIA, State Historic Preservation Officer, P.O. Box 94286, Sacramento, California 94296-0001. So that the SHRC may have adequate time to consider the comments, it is requested, but not required, that OHP receives written comments fifteen (15) days. before the SHRC's meeting. If you have questions or require further information, please contact the Registration Unit at (916) 653-6624. . As of January 1. 1993, all National Register properties are automatically included in the California Register of Historical Resources and afforded consideration in accordance with state and local environmental review procedures. Supplemental information on the National Register is available at our website at the following address: www.ohp.parks.ca.gov. Milford Wayne Donal son, FAIA State Historic Prese ation Officer Enclosures: Nomination, Meeting Notice NR_ClG Commission_Finatdoc OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION DEPARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION ",.. BOX 94,896 '<AMENTO, CA 94296·0001 ,. ,J) 653-6624 fax: (916) 653·9824 <:arsnpo@pad;s.(a.gov February 24,2010 Kathy Marx City of Palo Alto 250 Hamilton Avenue Palo Alto, California 94301 Arnold RE: National Register of Historic Places Nomination for Palo Medical Clinic Dear Ms. Marx: I am pleased to inform you that the State Historical Resources Commission (SHRC) intends to consider and take action on the nomination of the above named property to the National Register of Historic Places (National Register). Details regarding the meeting are enclosed. The National Register is the United States' official list of historic properties worthy of preservation. Listing in the National Register provides recognition and assists in preserving California's heritage. Listing in the National Register assures review of federal projects that might adversely affect the character of the historic property, I n addition, as of January 1, 1993, all National Register properties are now automatically listed in the California Register of Historical Resources (California Register) and afforded consideration during the State (CEQA) environmental review process, This includes properties formally determined eligible for the National Register. Listing in the National Register does not mean that the federal or state government will attacn restrictive covenants to the property or try to acquire it. Public visitation rights are not required of owners, National Register listed properties may qualify for state and federal benefits. Additional information may be found at our website at www.ohp.parks.ca.gov. You are invited to attend the SHRC meeting at which the nomination will be considered and acted upon by the SHRC, Written comments regarding the nomination may be submitted to California State Parks, Attn: Office of Historic PreserVation, Milford Wayne Donaldson, FAIA, State Historic Preservation Officer, P.O. Box 94296, Sacramento, California 94296-0001, So that the $HRC may have adequate time to consider the comments, it is requested, but not required, that written comments be received by the Office of Historic Preservation fifteen (15) days in advance of the SHRC's meeting, An electronic copy of the nomination is available in PDF format on our website at http://www.ohp.parks.ca.govl?page id=24368, Should you require a hard copy or have questions, please contact the Registration Unit at (916) 653-6624. JO LlL Milford Wayne Dona dson, FAIA State Historic Prese ation Officer Enclosure: Mealing Notice, Fact Sheet How to ObjecVSupport SHPO L TR.doe STATE OF AGENCY OFFICE OF HISTORIC PRESERVATION ARTMENT OF PARKS AND RECREATION P .u. BOX 942896 SACRAMENTO, cA 94296~OO01 (916) 853~8824 Fax: {SiS) 65.3~9824 calshpo@parks.ca.gov www.ohp.parks.ca.gov FOR: DATE: TIME: PLACE: MEETING NOTICE State Historical Resources Commission Quarterly Meeting April 30, 2010 9:00 A.M, Historic City Hall Historic Hearin~ Room 915 I Street, 2n Floor Sacramento, California 95814 This room is accessible to people with disabilities, Questions regarding the meeting should be directed to the Registration Unit (916) 653-6624 April 13, 2010 Milford Wayne Donaldson State Historic Preservation Officer Office of Historic Preservation P,O. Box 942896 Sacramento, CA 94296-0001 Attachment E RE: Palo Alto Medical Clinic, Roth Building, 300 National Register of Historic Places Nomination Dear Mr, Donaldson, The Palo Alto City Council, acting in the the ptoperty owner, finds the above nominated listing on the National Register of Historic Places Preservation Act of 1966, as amen<fil Resources Conunission: 1) The property known as the Roth 4atl.Onlll Register under events important to the first multi-specialty group be(:anl~ a model within the healthcare Criterion A at the its development of Palo medical practi(~~ industry . natiorivvic community ~~1th(:are local Clark, Constructed remains for the Victor Arnautoff primitive medical Sincerely, Patrick Burt Mayor conunitment to iffilovative !It\!tt1o'n for the progressive healthcare i!JIllding is eligible for the National Register at the ~sellta1:ive of the work of a master architect, Birge autc)U: and as a resource displaying high artistic value. :lec)tic style, the concrete structure with a terra cotta roof since constructed in 1932, Exterior frescoes created by contrasts between modern medical practices of the era and are of high artistic value to the conununity, " I 1= ==::=::::!\ X X , / \Vli'Vu ,'" ,.. APPROX 7.S PI!llTFROM BU1LDlNO TO LEAse I..JNll '1,~r.;:r--'~ ,,, .. ,I'PPROXIMA'11l 8,3 FTFROM :J BUlL DING TO l'SASE park Attachment F j/ " park • • / • • park / ~ .' • ROTH BUILDING i>\JI\Ln; NTS Attachment E HISTORIC RESOURCES BOARD MINUTES MEETINGS ARE CABLECAST LIVE ON C',oVERNMENT ACCESS CHANNEL 26 NEW BUSINESS Public Hearings Wednesday, March 3, 2010 REGULAR MEETING -8:00 AM Council Chambers Civic Center, 1st Floor 250 Hamilton Avenue Palo Alto, California 9430 I I. 300 Homer Avenue (Roth Building): Request by the Department of Planning and Community Environment on behalf of the City of Palo Alto, for Historic Resources Board review and recommendation to the City Council authorizing staff to send a letter of support for the nomination of the Category 2 Roth Building to the National Register of Historie Places. Beth Bunnenberg recused herself. Steven Tumer, Advance Planning Manager: Good morning, Chair Bower and HRB members. I'd like to introduce Kathy Marx, Projeet Planner for this project. Kathy is our CDBG Coordinator for the City, but she also has extensive experience with historie projects in other jurisdictions and she will be making the staff presentation this morning. Chair Bower: Welcome, Kathy. Kathy Marx, Project Planner: Thank you. Good morning, respected Chair and members of the Board. As you know, in your partieular order you read the Staff recommendation first, so I want to let you know that Staff recommends the Historic Resource Board recommend to the City Council support for the nomination of the Roth Building to the National Register of Historic Places, and authorize Staff to prepare a letter of support to send from the Mayor to the State Historic Resources Commission prior to the April 30, 20 I 0 meeting date. With that said, I'd like to give you a brief summary of my Staff report. The first is a background portion. Staff received a letter on December 17t~ from the Office of Historic Preservation, and I'm going to use OHP after this time just to make it a little faster, requesting review of a National Register nomination for the category two building located at 300 Homer Avenue, and it's known locally as the Roth Building, for historic significance at the local level. The applicant was the Palo Alto History Museum, and the City of Palo Alia I1RB -March 3. 2010 Page J application was prepared by Garvalia Architecture. The City is the property owner, and as a certified local government, the HRB is required to recommend to the City Council either opposition or approval of a National Register Nomination. A letter indicating the recommendation needs to be sent to the OHP from the chief elected local official, which would be our Mayor, prior to the schedule of the review, which I've indicated was April 30'". So, we're trying to move forward with that and we will go to Council with either your approval or lack of support for this nomination. Two letters have been received to by City Staff after the distribution of your packets. You all had those sitting at places. Both of those letters are from the OHP. The letter addressed to Mr. Backlund regards the CLG status of the City, and as a representative of that certified local government status, that you all need to have a copy of that letter. It indicates that the HRB may prepare a report as to whether or not the property, in its opinion, meets the criteria for the National Register. In discussion with Jai Correa, and he's the Supervisor of the Registration Unit at OHP, I spoke with him about this and he said really a letter indicating the criterion for approval, if that was the decision of the HRB, is an adequate report. They really don't need a lengthy report; they already have the nomination with a lot of detail. So, if the City objects to the nomination, it is necessary to send a notarized letter of objection. So, that would be the way that would happen. Now r d like to just give a brief description of this project. It was a health care clinic, as far as the building was utilized as a health care clinic. It was the first group medical praetice in Palo Alto, and it was designed by an architect, who is certainly not only locally familiar and has a lot of notoriety, but also nationally, and that's Birge Clark. The date of construction was 1932. The period of significance is important here; it's 1932 to 1999. That represents the building's timeframe in use as a medical clinic, so that's the timeframe we're discussing in this nomination. Alterations did occur to the actual structure; in 1947 there was an addition of two wings to the south and rear fayade. There were also interior renovations to remodel and change things around slightly during all of the period of significance, and that just reflects an attempt by an operating clinic to maintain some since of modem layout necessary for that type of use. The rear fayade was removed in 2003, but it retained the spine of the addition that included the central corridor, and that portion has been seismically retrofitted and it's been left unfinished pending a new use for the building. The areas of significance that are applicable to this nomination is criterion A, and that's where property associated with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of history, so that's one thing we need to remember. And criterion C, and that's a distinctive arehite<.,'tural type, or method of construction, or work of a master, or possessing high artistic values. So, those are the two criterion that the nomination includes. So, it's thc task of the HRB, by utilizing the methodology included in the National Register Bulletin on how to apply the National Register criteria for evaluation of a historic property to either support or refute the above criteria that I just mentioned. That bulletin is in your packet as Attachment C. The following points are points that I gleaned from the nomination (there may be more) as highlights of this nomination. The first is it was the fIrst multi-specialty group practice in the community, and it served as a model for health care practices nationwide. It was City ojPalo Alto HRB -March 3. 20 J 0 Page 2 highly innovative to have a mUlti-group practice at that time; it was quite controversial actually. It was a leader in advancing Palo Alto in health care resources, research and new technology in the practice of medicine, and consequently it really did provide a foundation for this unbelievably progressive health care network we have in Palo Alto today. The building is a work of a master architect, Birge Clark. The frescos at the entrance of the building are the work of a highly recognized aItist, Victor Amautoff, with very high artistic value in the community, and not duplicated elsewhere in the community. The building is a Spanish, eclectic style, kind of coined by Mr. Clark. The interior features, some are still intact in their entirety, some of the examination rooms, physician's offices, etc. relating to the function of a medical clinic, not all but some. So, that's certainly positive. With that, in determining the significance of the property the HRB will look at the criteria of ho,w to determine a register, and that includes identifying events and people, architectural design and construction methods that make the property important, and then the other aspect is determining whether that property actually maintains integrity. That's to evaluate in a larger context location, design, setting, workmanship, materials, feelings, and association. And if those elemen~ are retained, in order to convey significance, then that's considered the goal. That concludes my Staff report. I certainly am open to any questions. Martin Bernstein: If for some reason this building, through its processing, does not be placed on the National Register, does that put the building more at risk for any unapproved changes or demolitions? Kathy Marx: It is a category two building already here on our register, so it has certainly an element of review associated with any change t11at would go forward, whether it was on the register or not. The register just basically, as you all know, gives the propelty, it deems it its value at a, I don't even want to say a higher level, but certainly a broader leveL Also, lays a foundation for ooy group to move forward with changes to that structure, they can receive tax credits, there's certainly benefits to a nomination that are kind of beyond the scope of just what we all value as the historic presence of that property. Chair Bower: Do we have an applicant presentation? I guess you're the applicant. I meoo we are the applicoot. Kathy Marx: Actually, this is in the process, the applicaIlt to the Office of Historic Preservation is the Palo Alto History Building. They brought forward the application. In this review process the City is basically the applicant, so you're correct. Chair Bower: I think then that I'd like to hear from the public. We have one person, Steve Staiger. Will you come up? Please tell us your name when you get there. Steve Staiger: Steve Staiger. I'm the President of the Palo Alto History Museum. The one thing I wooted to make clear ood sort of answer [unintelligible] question was one of the reasons for this application is that it makes the building eligible for investment tax credits, which will help with the renovation of the building. So it's not so much that it presents negatively if we don't do it, it's a positive if we do do it. 111ank you. City oj Palo Alta HRB -March 3. 2010 Page 3 1 Chair Bower: Can I ask you a question, Steve? Of coU(se walking by the building I notice there's a sign prominently displayed saying that it's the future home of the Palo Alto History Museum. Steve Staiger: Yes. Chair Bower: So there are plans to develop it for that purpose? Steve Staiger: Yes. We are working with the architect, we're working attempting to raise the funds that the City ... we have an option to lease with the City for the building, and should we, when we raise the sufficient amount of funds, presumably that will change into an option, I mean a lease, and then we will then go forward with making it Palo Alto's History Museum. Chair Bower: Thank you. So do you have a timetable for that, even though it's not firm, when you'll move forward with the constructipn or reconstruction? Steve Staiger: It's all contingent upon when we raise the funds, and it's not the greatest time of the century or the decade to try to do that, but we're working hard on that and we're over halfway there, but we're not all the way there. Chair Bower: Thank you. I don't have any other public questions. Michael, you have a question? Michael Makinen: The only question I have is really not a question, but when you camc up with the period significance 1932 to 1999, was it any rationale you can give for that? I guess I was looking at the period of significance might be associated when the original was still intact, 1932 to 1946. The wings were added in 1947 and then removed in 2003. Just a little of yoU( thought process when you came up with the period of significance. Kathv Marx: I understand your question and that's a thoughtful question. The 1932 to 1999 obviously is the use of the building as a medical clinic. So, that would address one of the criterion that talks about the use. So it's not talking about the architecture, it's talking about the use and its significance to the community. Though obviously the other criterion does talk about, which is C, criterion C, does talk about the architecture. So we have kind of two separate criterion and I can't really speak on behalf of the architects that produced this nomination, but I believe they were trying to look at the significance of not just the structure but the overall use and integrity of that use to this community, and so consequently chose the broader date. Concluding 1999 was when it no longer functioned as a medical clinic and was closed. Michael Makinen: For criterion C you have like one year of significance, 1932, rather than a continual. Kathy Marx: No, the period of significance is 1932 to 1999; that is the period of significance. Michael Makinen: Then I look at the second line and it says C 1932. Kathy Marx: Oh, okay, let me take a look. City of Palo Alto HRB -March 3, 20 iO Page 4 Michael Makinen: Look at the nomination form. Chair Bower: That's Attachment B. Is that what you're looking at? Kathy Marx: Oh, I do see what you'rc saying. Yes, you are correct. Michael Makinen: I would think: it would be a period of time whatever you ... Kathy Marx: Rather than a date. You have the discretion to ask for modifications to this nomination. Is that a suggestion? Michael Makinen: That's a suggestion. Kathy Marx: So you'd like to sec 1932 to 1946 or 417 Michael Makinen: That would be a personal suggestion, but it's up to the board. Kathy Marx: Okay. Roger Kohler: The present building is the 1932 building plus a portion of the 1947 addition. The two wings ... if you think: of the original building as beirlg a U and then the 1947 was another U with the two bottom parts put together, one upside down from the other, then the two legs of the second addition, the '47 addition, were removed but the spine from '47 remains there as part of the building today. So you really want to include that; that's part of what's trying to be protected. Chair Bower: Any other discussion while we're in open, before we close the hearing? I don't see any, so let's close the public hearing and then let's have a discussion by the board members. Natalie? Natalie Loukianoff, Vice-Chair: . Just addressing the comment about period of significance, I actually think: we should leave it as it is. The majority of this is really focusing on the use of the building and it was used until '99 in the medical capacity. The reason it says C 1932 there is '32 actually applies to criterion C, which if that were the sole criterion would be the period of significance. But since A is use, I really think: that period of significance should stay as it is. Other than that I think: this nomination is good to go and we support this ... I support it wholeheartedly. Patricia DiCicco: I agree with Natalie that the application should remain unchanged. I think: it should just sayeriterion C 1932. ???: I guess I'm just having a little confusion. It says period of significance, so is one year considered a period? ???: Yes, it is. ???: It is? Okay. Chair Bower: It's a short period. Michael? City of Palo Allo HRB ~ March 3, 2010 Page 5 Michael Makinen: It's probably not going to affect anything in the end, it's just a question of how you look at this. I guess I've looked at a number of these nomination forms and they usually have some interval of years rather than just a year. <:;:hair Bower: Martin, any comments? I would agree with Pat and Natalie that I think we should leave this application as it's presented to us, because I think it's the entire duration of the use of the building that is the appropriate issue. Any other discussion? So, do I hear a motion? Natalie Loukianoff, Vice-Chait1???): I motion that we recommend to the City Council to write the approval letter for support on the nomination of the category two Roth Building to the National Register ofllistoric Places. Martin Bernstein: I second that motion. Chair Bower: Okay. Do we want to discuss this further? So the motion is to approve the application as it was presented? ???: Yes. ???: I think it makes perfect sense. I've been by that building for many years. I think it's fine to leave it as is. It is a little confusing to me. Over ,he years we've looked at that and I don't think I've ever seen it where it said there was one year as a,period of significance, but if everyone who has much more experience with these is fine with that, that's fine. So, I support the motion. ???: Kathy, I have one quick question for you, Who actually filled out the application? Did the state fill this out? [unintelligible] Chair Bower: I think it was fascinating reading and I leamed a lot about the Palo Alto Medical Foundation, or Medieal Clinic as it was then called. Esther Clark was my pediatrician; I did not realize that she was the first woman doctor and that there was a gender issue when she joined. It's pretty interesting to hear about that in this era when gender, of course, is not supposed to be considered at alL So I'm actually quite pleased that this has come up for nomination and I would wholeheartedly support this recommendation. . Martin Bernstein: The reason I supported the motion, or seconded the motion, was to also say that I think this will be a real gem and a real jewel in the City of Palo Alto to receive this recognition, and look forward to having it to serve as a real educational resource to what good architecture can do, what good thoughts can do, and what good public art can do. Chair Bower: I second that. Also, I'm thrilled that the Palo Alto History Society is going to move in there. It's totally appropriate that a building of this &'ignificance in the community will have the community history located in it. Ifthere is no other discussion, I would call for a vote. Any other discussion? I don't see any, so all in favor? Motion unanimously passed. City of Palo Alto HRB -March 3, 2010 Page 6