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HomeMy WebLinkAbout04251955proved, City Hall, to Al't'o, California, April 25, 1955 The, Council .of the City of Palo Alto met In regular session 'on this date at 7130 P.M., with Mayor Simpson presiding'., Roll call as follows: Present: Bishop, Byxbee, Cashel, Corcoran, Cuthrnings, Drys= dale, .Huston', Marshall, Mitchell, Rodgers, Ruppenthal,.Simpson, Wickett. Absent Hanley, Porter. The minutes of the meeting of April 11, 1955, were .app Barron>?ark Annexation This was the:time to which the original hearing on.;pro tests to the annexation'. of the territory known as "Barron ?ark Annexation" was continued. The City Clerk reported that the protests which were-- filed against the annexation have been checked for accuracy:and sufficiency, and`that there are 798 valid and sufficient protests a majority of the •1.450 parcels in 'the area. The City Attorney advised that since theowners of a majority of the parcels had filed protests, the Council must terminate the annexation pro- ceedings.; Resolution 116. 26i3: -tern .hating all proceedings per tain.ing to the annexation of Barron Park Annexation to the City of Palo Alto was introduced, and on motion of Drysdale and Byxbee, was adopted by, unanimous vote on roll call. El Camino Real Annexation No. 2 This was the tithe set for hearing of protests to the an- nexation'of territory designated as "El Camino Real Annexation No-. 2" Therequrred notice of the hearing has been given as required. by: law.- ... The, City Clerk reported that no protests have,.been filed by property owners against the annexation; that communications. with. regard , to the :matter have been .received from the Los Altos School District,:the Mountain View Union High School District, and the Palo A1ta.Unified Se.hoo;l District. The communications were read. The letters from they Los Altos School District'and the. Mountain `View Union.High School District contained objections to the inclusion of the.`.areµd if annexed to Palo Alto, within the Palo. Alto' Unified'S`chool fiatrict: The letter from the Palo Alto Unified School Disstrict`.requested'that the area in question become I a part 'of :the Palo.' Alto 'Unified School District if it is annexed to Pao Alto The_hearing was declared open. Mr. John P. Marlais, re- ! presenting.; the Los;Altos'School District, addressed the Council, stating. that he has taken, the matter up with the three school dis- tricts and they are attempting to arrange a meeting to, work out an agreement':' regarding the .determination of school district boun- daries; ;that- they :;feel boundaries of school districts should be decided by' the districts' amid; not by city councils Mr Marlais stated that toe Los- Altos :School District would have - no objection if the Whole Of `Parik *as- included in the Palo Alto Unified School 1)istrict but objected to only the highway frontage being included' in, the Palo Alto district. He referred to. the Education Code which. provides for the manner of changing school district boundaries when property owners desire a change. A motion was ; made by Huston, seconded by Mrs Corcoran, that the matter be delayed for two weeks. Mr. Philip DiMaria, attorney for have applied for? annexation, addressed the issue :of th'e; school, ai.etrict be considered Council act favorably ,on the, annexation at Therebeing,no others who_ wished the hearing was closed. the property owners who Council urging that the separately and that the this time. to speak on the matter, Thee-motior to postpone action on the matter for two weeks, until the next Council meeting, was lost by the following vote on roll call: Ayes: Bishop, Byxbee, Corcoran, Cummings, Huston, Ruppenthal. Noes: Cashel, Drysdale, Marshall, Mitchell, Rodgers, Simpson, Wickett A motion was made; by Mitchell, seconded by Drysdale, that: the ordinances approving,, the annexation of "El Camino Real An- nexation: Na, 2." be adopted„with. the deletion of Section k which. provides that the'.territory after.. annexation shall become part of the r'ale Alto Unified School, District:. Councilman Cummings objected to annexing only the area zoned for .commercial •purposes. and not corsl.dering the whole Monroe Park area.; he thought the -matter should be delayed. A motion was made by Huston, seconded by Byxbee, to table the previous motion for twoweeks. The vote was as follows: Aye's: Bishop,' Byxb ee, Corcoran, Cummings, Huston, Rup- penthal, • Noes Cashel, Drysdale, Marshall, Mitchell, Rodgers, Simpson,: `Wickett_. The motion to'table the previous motion was lost :The Motion to,. adopt the ordinance approving the annexa- tion, with the :reference: to the schael: district deleted, was then considered and the> roll call `vote'or. this motion was as fellows Cashel ;Drysdale, > Marshall,-Mitchel3, Ruppenthal, Simpson, Wickett Noes : Bishop,,. Byxbee, orcoran, Curirairgs, Huston.. Rodgers. declared lost' A motion .'eras, then made by .Rodgerrs, seconded by hrickett,. that, the" original ordinance (Ordinance No. 1605) approving the annexation- of . "El Camiro.`;Rea1 Annexation No. 2" be adopted, this ordinan 'ce;pxyoviding..that the territory,; upon annexation, shall become part of the, ?'alo' Alto Unified Sc'wol District. The ordi- nance was adopted by . the. following vote on roll call: bishop,' Cashel, Drysdale, Huston, Marshall Nit- chells "Rodgers, Simpson, Wickett. j :Byxbee.,: s-brooran,, Cummings, Ruppenthal. Councilman Huston ,, suggested that the Council consider the: policy of -annexing 4rhe-. entire Monroe Park district. It was pointed" out that the question his already, been referred to Committee No: 3 Abandonment of Easementsr Tract Noe 1055 This was the time for a hearing on the proposed aban- donment of easements over portions of Lot 1, Block 1, and Lot 1, Block 2 of Tract No. 1055, the Bell Tract. An affidavit of pub- lication of the notice of ` this hearing was filed. The . City Engineer reported: that the abandonment was requested by the sub- divider who has offer'ed to ay the costs involved; that the easement to be abandoned is a."public utilities easement granted at the time the subdivision map was recorded and is not being used; and that it was the opinion of the Electric Division that the easement'is not necessary to serve the tract. The hearing was declared open. There being no one present who wished to 'be heard on the matter, the hearing was closed. :Resolution No. 26:14 ordering the abandonment of said ease'nents in Tracti*: 1055:. was introduced, and on motion, of Mitchell and Huston, Was adopted by unenimous vote on roll. call. Petition for .New- Taxicab Ordinance A reportewas.received from Committee No..3 advising that, Ithap .considered the ordinance regulating taxicabs as pro- pos,ed by. certain taxicab companies and taxicab drivers, and -re, commends to the Councilethat no action be taken on this ordinanced On motion of Mitchell and Bishop, the ,recommendation was.acceptedo Councilman Rodgers stated that the proposed ordinance was: very thoroughly drawn -and that Committee No. 3 had asked the City Attorney to review some of its provisions for possible in- clusior in the.C.ity`'s` ordinances regulating taxicabs, - Request of Las Encinas Sanitary District A report:*as received from Committee No. 3 advising that it.h_as,consideredethe request of the Las Encinas Sanitary District for ' modification of their contract to permit the ex oansion of:;sewer lines beyond Adobe Creek, and recommends that the, Council;;re-affirm its policy of no further extension of ser.iices- outside' the city limits. On motion of: Mitchell and Drysdale, the recommendation was adopted. 'Report on Bond Procedure Committee No 3. reported for the Council's information that, with the help of a group of citizens of Palo Alto, certain points have been brought out regarding the issuance of bonds. under the Palo Alto Improvement Procedure Code, and the City At- torney has been asked to prepare amendments to the code in ac- cordance with the" recommendations of Mr. George Herrington, at- torney on bond' proceedings - Amendment to Plumbing Code A report was received from Committee No. 3 recommending that.an ordinance amending Sec. 603 of the Plumbing Code to pro- vide that "any schooi'buildings which are one story in height may be. permitted to use standard grade soil lines as required" be accepted for first reading and referred to Committee No, 1. On motion of=Mitchell. and Rodgers, the proposed ordi nance amending Sec. 603 of the Plumbing Code was accepted for first reading and referred to Committee No. 1. Hospital Equipment' A report was submitted by Committee No. 3: recommending • rt • that the purchase o2'.;certain equipment for the Palo Alto Hospital. be :authors zed. from the Hospital Improvement Fund, at the prices set; forth -in letter of April ;18, 1955, from the Director otthe Hospital, and:' in accordance with action: taken at the March meeting of the governing board of..the-'Hospital. The total amount involved is ap proximately:$7,50000. 0n motion of .Mitchell and Wickett, the recommendation of the committee .was adopted' and the purchase authorized, by unanl- mods; vote on roll Ball '(Councilman Mitchell le£tat this time, 8:45 P.M., and was absent for the rest of the meeting.) (A recess was -declared at this time and the Council reconvened at _.9: 00 P:M. ) Presentation of Mobile Junior Museum An invitation' was received 'from the Palo Alto Junior Women'_s Club !inviting-council'membera to attend the presentation of the new Mobile Junior_Museumd-on-Tuesday, May 3, 1955, at 11:00 A.M. at the Palo. Alto Junior Museum. South Palo Alto Orade Separation A letter:was: received from David B. Haight, President of the Palo. Alto Chamber of.commerce, . advising that the Board of Directors -of the:Chamber of Commerce have taken action supporting the recommendati.on-,that:engineering studies proceed on the pro- posed South Palo Alto grade separation. The City Manager reported that members of Committee No. are interviewingengineers7f"or the:project. The City Clerk was instructed to a;eknowledge_the letter from the Chamber of Commerce.- Naming of Parks: A, letter was received from David B. Haight, President of the Chamber of Commerce, submitting a recommendation of the Board of Directors that the:former city hall -park on Lytton Avenue be named ."Cogswell Plaza" .. in- :honor --of • Elinor V. Cogswell, former editor of the:.Palo,Alto Times., -and:, that the new 18 -acre park on East 'Meadow Drive be named J ` "Mitchell Park" after Councilman J. P. MItche 1. A motion was -made by Wickett, seconded by Drysdale, that_ these parks be named "Cogswell Plaza" and "Mitchell Park" as being most appropriate names, and that the Chamber of Commerce be thanked` for their suggestions. A motion was made by Ruppenthal, seconded by Byxbee, that action be deferred arid the ,matter, be referred to a committee of the ;Mayo _ . 'The -roll -call follows Ayes: Bishop, Byxbee, Cashel, Corcoran,. Cummings, ,ar shall,.. Rodgers', Ruppenthal. Noes Drysdale, .Huston;, Simpson, Wickett.- , motion - eras carried., °and the Mayor stated ire would appoint a;specia]. committee to consider the natter. Civil Air Patrol Building The City:Manager. read a letter to Major R. Clark Ells- worth, CommandingOfficer of the'Civil:Air Patrol, Palo Alto Squadron #70, putl nirg,'a'onditions under which permission would be granted to erect :an additional building at the Palo Alto Airport fr;im two smaller buildings owned by the Civil. Air Patrol., A re- port was received from '.Committee No. 1 'recommending that permission 215 be granted in accordance with the conditions outlined in this. letter,:yghich shall constitute a contract upon approval by the Courc;il-`and acceptance by. the Civil Air Patrol. The City Manager ! advised that all parties involved have approved the proposed location. for the building. A motion was made by Byxbee, 3econded by' Cashel, that. the Council grant approval in accordance with the -conditions out lined in .the letter ofagreement . On motion of Cummings and Wickett„ the letter efe agreement was amended to include a'condi- tior, that :no•other persons 'or organization shall be permitted to'use the;building.unless it is made to conform to Building Code s.tandards,and,that:the use of the building:shall:be limited to the termof the lease of the. Palo Alto Airport With San Mateo ':County 'which> expires on July 26, 1966, As amended; the motiori'.was adopted and the agreement approved, Bids on Parking Lot Construction A report was made by the City Manager on bids received' on April 22,;-1955, for'the construction of the parking lot in Block 38, Project No 52-14, 'with the recommendation that the low bid.;;of -Douglass & Woodhouse in the amount of $20,;517:73 be accepted Resolution':No. 2615 awarding the contract for this work to Douglass.& Woodhouse in accordance with their bid, and au- thorizing the Mayor to execute the contract, was introduced, and on notion of Byxbee and:Drysdale, was adopted by:unanimous vote on role call: .The City Manager also reported on the bids received on April 22;1.955, for the construction of a parking lot on the southwest -corner of Waverley Street and Hamilton Avenue, Project No. 55-2, ,with the, recommendation that the low bid of Sondgroth Bros In the amount of,$8108,20 be accepted. On: motion -Of Byxbee and ' ickett, the recommendation was adopted: and the Mayer was authorized to execute a contract -with Sondgroth Bros for this work in accordance with their bid, The C'ity,Manager recommended that a transfer of $8108,20. be made.froM':the';unappropriated balance of the Parking Meter Fund II to Account 906-99C:for the improvement of the parking lot at corder; of:-Waverley Street: ;and Hamilton Avenue. On , motion of Byxbee and Wickett, the recommendation was adopted and' the trans - fer:;of funds authorized by unanimous vote on roll cal ,LimitedParking Zones on. University Ave, and Waverleyr.'St A report was: received from Committee No.: 2 -recommending adoption of -a proposed ordinance: extending two-hour parking limit zones on -University Avenue from Webster Street to Middlefield Road, and on' Waverley Street from "Forest Avenue to Homer 'Avenue. .ordinance No. 1606' amending Ordinance No, 1433' estab- lishing limited -.parking zones on portions of University Avenue and Waverley Street was,given second reading, and on 'motion of Byxbee. and.: Marshall, was Adopted by unanimous Transfers for Goxf -Course Equipment The City Manager. recommended the following transfers be made for:t1W-acquisition1 of golf :course equipment $M.016.00` from the unappropriated balance of the Equipment Fund to -Account 901-99 for- .a: fairway.: tractor and a .dual ' wheel maintenance. truck and *11500.00 `.frogs' the°:Special Pro jects Account to Account 178F-1 for the purchaser; :of ;power mowers and spreaders, • 0n motion af=Wickett and Byxbee, the recommendation was adopted., and the ,transfer& were authorized by unanimous vote on roll call, s;. speed Limiter WillowRoad, Embarcadero Road and Quarry. Road s '"he.City :Manager ' reported that the portions of Willow Road, Embarcadero'Road Extension and Quarry Road within the city, limits, in the vicinity of -the -Stanford -,Shopping Center, have been, accepted as part :"of the: city's street and highway system, 'and recommended --that an"eMergency ordinance be adopted reducing the prima. facie .speed Limit ova said. streets within the. city limits to 15 :miles` per hour: Ordinance . Rio y 2607_:, ' amending Section 19.61 of Codified Ordinanee No. 5 decreasing the- speed limit on, portions of Willow Road, Embareadero-Road:Extension'and Quarry Road, was introduced, and on motion;of.Wickett and Byxbee, was adopted on roll call as amy emergency ordinanee,with 11 Ayes, Cashel not voting on the motion. ''ankh on Alma -Street -Councilman Cummings suggested that Committee No. 2 look into the. parking :,situationa on the westerly side of Alma Street be- tween -University Avenue 'andaForest Avenue, where a traffic problem is created - when commuter: trains ,are _loading. The City Manager re- ported that, this matter has already been brought to the attention of the staff, and:they are making a;` study of the problem to deter- mine' the,advisability of a --1 iminating :,parking in that area at certain times Park Site., Tentative Subdivision' Man A report was -made. by the City Manager on negotiations with Messrs . ,Brown. and Kauffmann, . owners and subdividers of a tract : of land deaignated as; ' portion: of Rancho Rincon de San Fran- cisquito, of approximately 260 lots,`l.ocated easterly of Middle- field'Road between Charleston. Road and:East Meadow Drive. He presented several. ootions .for the purchase by the City of a park: site in -this subdivision one opt1an 1.3 for a site of 3.31 acres having two street frontages afor a price of $25,000.00; another cption is for a site of .3 . }6 acres for $20,.500.00; a third optiona IS for, 3:66 acres for ,$15 0o:0.00, and 'the fourth option is for a . site of 3.32 acres for $26,000..00. It was explained.:that all four sites under consideration are adjacent to ,,the school site, and that it would probably cost_. around $30,000 or' $35,000 to develop the park in addition to the, cost of, acquiring the land,.' After discussion of the various sites, it was moved by Drysdale, seconded by.Hust_on, that the City exercise the option to. purchase the site of x;.'66 acres for the price of $15,000, desig- nated as Park Site "B' on sketch attached to the option. It was mated that the price. includes =the cost of street :pork. Councilman Rodgers objected to acquiring any park In this area because -he felt the l.o cattcri is unreasonable as it is within - half a.mile of the new I8 -acre park on East Meadow Drive. - After discussion, the- motion to purchase Park Site for be sump of $15,000.00,was:carried by vote on roll call, with 10 Ayes, Rodgers' -voting No and Cashel not voting on the motion. A report was received from Committee No. 1 advising that It'has considered the-.. tentative, map.' of the Brow:' and Kauffmann subdivision and Chas ;discussed: the .plans for the. subdivision with the developers andatneir engineer; that while the committee made no formal: recommendation.:, it.s.uggested that approval be granted in accordance with the conditions., recommended: by the Planning Com mission :except. that the minimum lot size shall be 6500 sq are feet. :A-motion'was made by:Huston,.seconded by Bishop, that the,` tentative map be approved subject to a minimum lot size of 6500• square feet and thee; other. conditions previously outlined by the Planning Commission.' Mr. Brown stated' that the final map would show minimum lots will be lot sizes of 6500 square feet and that many of the larger -in area Councilmen.:Cuinminge and,:Drysdale objected to. taking action.unti.l a revised map :is drawn A motion was made by Byxbee to :refer the map back to.:"committee, but there was no second. The City Attorney":pointed out that action must be taken at this time"either to approve: or -reject the tentative map unless the subdivider consents Wan extension of time; that the final map will be"before the:Council for action later. The motion to approve the tentative map subject to minimum lot size of 6500 square feet was then carried by the fol- lowing vote or roll call: Ayes: Bishop,.Cashel, Corcoran, Huston, Marshall, Rodgers, Ruppenthal, Simpson. Noes: Byxbee, Cummings, Drysdale. (Councilman Wickett had left during the discussion. on the above -`item and was absent for the rest of the meeting:) Application for Zone Change (McGrath, Lamb andJHansen): A report was received from Committee No. l advising that'it has considered the.'application of McGrath, Lamb and Hansen for the :rezoning -of Lots 1-3, Block 221, Tract No. 241, located in the ,2600 bl'ock of Middlefield Road, from: R-1 to C -2:S. The'commlttee recommended that the recommendation of the Plan- ning,Commi:ssion:for.'denial of the application be upheld. A telegram was received from Mr. McGrath and a letter from his attorney Mre Jahn C. Alaimo, requesting that'"action be poatponed and they be; given an opportunity to submit further in- formation; to' the Council or a committee. 0n motion of Byxbee and Drysdale, action was postponed and the matter referred. back to Committee No. 1, with instruc- tions that:interested parties both for and against the rezoning be notified; of the meeting of Committee No. 1 when the gUestion is to be. considered:" again. Amendment to Building Code (Signs' A report was submitted by Committee No.`1 recommending approval Of the proposed.;ordinance amending Section "k602 of the - Building Code by'` adding. a paragraph to read: "There{ shall -be no more than one billboard or independent free standirg sign at any placeof 'business or street exposure." 0rdinance'No. 1608, amending Section 4602 of the Building Code, was given second reading, and adopted by, vote on roll call, ;with 9 Ayes, Byxbee and Rodgers voting,No.: Appll"cation''for Amendment to P -C District A report wasreceived from the Planning C:oimiscion re- commending approval of the application of Marco Marenco for an amendment ‘ to" the'.development plan as it applies to the '-C Dis- trict at.>the northerly corner of Alma Street and San Antonio - Road"to.allow a, nursery, including retail sales,, with theunder- standing that .the retail sales facilities and any other features which ,might be considered objectionable be located as :close as practicable to the, 'westerly side of the property and away from, property.: zoned for residential purposes, these conditions to be carried out by the zoning Administrator in issuing a use permit for the nursery as.required by the P -C district zoning A..."motion was made by Byxbee, seconded by Rodgers, that the matter be referred to Committee No. 1 for review, with the be notified C21,3 Siderts considered near be -� applicants p� Gant and, q eS'�°r Wi �1$nx.n� ° ie both the wneo t that the one property h$t �neeti vised t only he hear pray*ao;oo�tntttee �ier. t�$ and that at t. re ounci•, the � �? bear. ., do protest to e 1 � e . a r ` "r , appeared and. ?peril(Grist, nrnS, held th vrnet , e ez t v�,r • co , ex, to. �;�;,� �, � � were '� oppaa'�' • wren a,aion :�10' •e • . 01g et the pr igr' permission attorney, owner, T�tx and against � '� the app��'c age,' 'r for a enco : etS ` .ae zone` cne oe bard�n ected " t t o ,cu spoXe n t for 'instead atea .e to � tto�,e� f revest "� ursery on �y;e property ?airfield fat e � e,� thematter cai1- ' }, e Ile people in the rear the mot ,o re er t on to fol vaCotto .pe ter discussion, ed by the v m i a F lkod w ,5 c , Co..c r '� Co�m���ee Na . _ 8�,�1�oPr -Bisbee � p�entYai i Simpson. Ayea ' �exa.: ,sha,l.'1, ��gtOXi t .. pia rje.. • Cashel., Commi`si o, �.5C3� ha t =o • i Qe ?� aT'i o� �rac Lot 3 `3 i a1 ' r o Tra 17:°e1 o. 1:u d1v' al'n port Ao� u > st;b,9,etVtl bore uses t1e 3 i ? got ,2C ,, ,or. �µy ho•�-rtna -. .A re. vat o 5 $1,oc e- .„,oats. and riar` v r; Mme ether o midi a 3. ' © ° .,•0,,r '11.: of �x foot' 'Pedt to some taa v;a>ther ;.der b= i r �'�'. � Mme a;.e: Subdi at car' tro 1C yr street elf the aU r; tha -_�., +c Se eatod ',ear natiol of o.: tie` 1.n nuebe nded tha t,n,e 'ab d. o- axe tIl. o 'c, e etmtona�' ng �.c'a1ty rec0mca, d� v.� a� tter 1? the ditf neex is hi ,< ;,:\ oe :sre an,r to r:1.(1C rty= ?S gatpub ;X:95.1.5:10.:s:eoscsea;:ib, ' at,, ree�tod e �� a ,-0 ri.Plal' :503: el mina .a ran roaoee4 r the bract o.teQ ore ie as ac o ' 1" ora • m,p o , as dc� location Tract and, pr ovine tt e Caah°� C ad e'i G r culation 2616, 6 6 ap min dSe r a voting, . ter so. ution l lotion ariali aria x'�e i on t+lar� ioal �. an. cep., r ` irrodu vi �ye.r . , erdi mu rya �; s call., fora gee ra °::::::::01,617 ipaA ire' cn } �'� � An 0 �-rarca prr�v�.�� � �, tre p"�p�ri '�� ��eCti �� , 109 � ti .�,���' a� .�otir° Cu'�miri�� Crd e held 0;10;p -tile 1°' pupo o f ,,T o� be and �?' • .� , . C -- : • s eieG vi1 c l n aria cod' on ro . 6. Yic'� fide., Chu. aina�;c�, d wad adapte ti Z�'he k -S, 5, . oto i y *a s d ptea b` �r Cummings Ron'�Q°ber xainar�ce, pxd me s.ri'�r°d�' s vote Lots 1 Ana � � �. w by m cK r�artio�a 1a3 Bryant o?: $�0 zoni g p and an C'na'o e Q re t � �'� di,na�`oe �pa,rX P: �-oG n soo�r� �rs�.�oua vo qr t i�� _ � n g�2, a a a ec- a. L nay_. ad$ : s : gna 'ink f 4r ;, R" and, D� seGta d 'cede accepted 'Ordinance ring an *as . ren nee ��' apoae'a`� Cady-}�'� � t. f Ol'}� reading, d o� motion i^ call'. te on authori- zation request . . � Controller antro � e,"�� installment a► in da from ,,h second Tn to wsa to pay enta of the t. �a� 'r'eg g dup��'G$ ,duplicate n Ramou�'t shoe to refund os' as fo 7 �.3.9 try 195W-5$ 7.2,11.1=0.1:1 ;.2.61 6131 TaxBill` No. 734 856 3397 5684 ,. 8718 9322 9411 10809 11256 Amount $ 17.1..3 3558 20.94 143.56. 56.82 23.14 29.63 3.41 and also to refund overpayment of the second installment 1954 -55.taxes as follows Tax Bill:No. Amount $ 1.16 3.00 .On` motionof .Byxbee and Cummings, these tax authorized by unanimous vote on roll call. 'It was moved by-Byxbee, seconded and carried that the City Manager be ,authorized; to make an expenditure of $50.00 from the`Contingent Ruudfor feed for ducks at the Yacht Harbor. There, being no further business to come before the Council, the meeting was adjourned at 11:00 P.M. APPROVED: ATTES t : C ly% Cierk Mayor 1